...Western Drug Companies and the AIDS Epidemic in South Africa In December 1997, the government of South Africa passed a law that authorized two controversial practices. One, called parallel importing, allowed importers in South Africa to purchase drugs from the cheapest source available, regardless of whether the patent holders had given their approval or not. Thus South Africa asserted its right to import “generic versions” of drugs that are still patent protected. The government did this because it claimed to be unable to afford the high cost of medicines that were patent protected. The other practice, called compulsory licensing, permitted the South African government to license local companies to produce cheaper versions of drugs whose patents are held by foreign companies, irrespective of whether the patent holder agreed. The law seemed to be in violation of international agreements to protect property rights, including a World Trade Organization agreement on patents to which South Africa is a signatory. South Africa, however, insisted that the law was necessary given its own health crisis and the high cost of patented medicines. By 1997, South Africa was wrestling with an AIDS crisis of enormous proportions. It was estimated that over 3 million of the country's 45 million people were infected with the virus at the time, more than in any other country. However, although the AIDS epidemic in South Africa was seen as primary reason for the new law, the law itself was applied...
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...Western Drug Companies and the AIDS Epidemic in South Africa In December 1997, the government of South Africa passed a law that authorized two controversial practices. One, called parallel importing, allowed importers in South Africa to purchase drugs from the cheapest source available, regardless of whether the patent holders had given their approval or not. Thus South Africa asserted its right to import “generic versions” of drugs that are still patent protected. The government did this because it claimed to be unable to afford the high cost of medicines that were patent protected. The other practice, called compulsory licensing, permitted the South African government to license local companies to produce cheaper versions of drugs whose patents are held by foreign companies, irrespective of whether the patent holder agreed. The law seemed to be in violation of international agreements to protect property rights, including a World Trade Organization agreement on patents to which South Africa is a signatory. South Africa, however, insisted that the law was necessary given its own health crisis and the high cost of patented medicines. By 1997, South Africa was wrestling with an AIDS crisis of enormous proportions. It was estimated that over 3 million of the country's 45 million people were infected with the virus at the time, more than in any other country. However, although the AIDS epidemic in South Africa was seen as primary reason for the new law, the law itself was applied...
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...Running head: WESTERN PHARMACEUTICALS Case Analysis 6 and 7: Western Pharmaceuticals (A&B) MGT 309 Mirtha Professor 20 th September 20, 2015 WESTERN PHARMACEUTICALS Case Analysis 6 and 7: Western Pharmaceuticals (A&B) Background George's grandfather established Western Pharmaceutical (An) in Los Angeles. George, who is the CEO of the recently framed United Pharmaceuticals, chose to have Western Pharmaceuticals (A) merge with one of the biggest over-the-counter icy core business, Atlantic Medical. This merger was to assist ensure coastal market entrance for both Western's disturbed stomach items and Atlantic's coughing syrups. Western Pharmaceutical (B) is an expansion of Western Pharmaceutical (A). It obliges a stock examination concentrating on deciding inventory prerequisites. In spite of the fact that the firm needed a far-reaching inventory investigation, the data accessible was constrained because of the merger and a concurrent move to an Enterprise Resource Planning System. Issues Addressed The case utilizes an unordinary methodology of duplicating the demanded quantity at the service level to gauge the resultant sales rather than demand. The procedure will focus on a weighted service level. Sections, AN, AO, and AM, shows the weighted sales for each DC item joined. The AQ segment is the aggregate amount of deals in DC and section AR is the total quantity of the interest for DC. The usual service rate is indicated in section AQ and AR. The...
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...the creation of healthcare insurance, companies have to conform themselves to two kinds of systems: 1) The universal system applied for example in France, with less demand in new technologies. 2) The very selective anglo-saxon system which is looking for high technologies, excluding people who can pay for treatments. As we know the industry have to work on growing political focus on healthcare. Indeed, global governments are looking for healthcare savings especially in this time of economic crisis. Furthermore, as the European Union is trying to harmonize healthcare between its 27 members, pharmaceutical companies will have to introduce reference in pricing and to deal with increasing pressure on pricing. Economic: Due to the context of global economic crisis, the main threat for the industry stands in the reluctance of consumers to spend on healthcare. Like most of the sectors, pharmaceutical industry copes with a reduction in its growth, even if the market perspectives are positive. To emphasize: pharmaceutical growth is following the GDP growth. Social: As the over-65’s consume 4 time more than other citizens, the aged population represents an opportunity for the pharmaceutical companies which will have to respond to increasing demand from this part of the population. Moreover, patients are more and more aware of treatments and diseases and are expecting more transparency about drugs and price policy. Thus, the companies will have to face with pressure on customer...
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...Merck & Company Project Selection Decision Introduction As Merck & Company’s lead project manager I have to decide whether to invest its resources in one of two projects. One project is to pursue a cure for river blindness, a disease that has plagued third world countries for a number of years now and the second project is to re-package a very popular and profitable anti-depression drug for the Western market. In this concise report I plan to look at both options through SWOT analysis. I will be drawing on other relevant project selection strategy and making an informed decision from the analysis conducted. Merck & Company was founded on “medicine for the people”. This statement from George W. Merck, the company founder’s son and former chairman has not always sat comfortably with all senior executives within the business. He had a strong sense of morality within business and that philosophy has seen the company to where it is today. Discussion The case to pursue with the project to cure river blindness raises a number of questions. When comparing the two I am going to look at what decision is best for the company to align its business strategy with the project selection. | River Blindness Project | | Anti-Depression Repackaging Project | Investment | $2,000,000 | | $500,000 | Annual Savings | $50,000 | | $500,000 | | | | | Payback Period | 40 years | | 1 year | Looking at Financial models, in this case it is clear that repackaging...
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...the highest level of corruption in their system. As different cultures has different problem like in United States you have an option of working from home if you had some urgent issues to attend at home. I will try to implement the same option for the people so that they feel comfortable and be more efficient. Also like few companies like Deloitte Company in United States provides day care and day support for elderly people and cleaning services for their employee. They don’t want their employees to get home burnout out from work and then indulge themselves in more tedious activities. This will effect in the performance of their employees when they comeback next day to work. I will try to implement something similar to that for the employees in Asia too. Will try to understand their cultural barriers like giving them time off. Arranging consular’s for them if they are facing any kind of issues related to work or personal issues. Answer 2. In my opinion I don’t think so that globalization is the cause of increasing crimes, divorce and drug abuse. First of all I will say that drug abuse was already existed in Asia long before they became globalized. Drug Abuse was one of the most feared and worst thinks found in countries like Philippines, Thailand, Japan and China. The divorce rates are not caused by globalization...
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...| Pharmaceutical companies | Research Paper | | Daren Smith | 5/21/2012 | | Abstract There is a lot of discussion about pharmaceutical companies, intellectual property, and the global AIDS epidemic. Do pharmaceutical companies have a responsibility to distribute drugs for free or low cost in developing countries? Why is intellectual property such a big deal? What impact would South Africa’s decision to levy duties on drugs in the country have on the international distribution of drugs? Was the change that provided patent protection for pharmaceutical companies an appropriate change or a dangerous precedent? Was it necessary to relax intellectual property rules in order to ensure that adequate supplies of AIDs medications would be available for distribution in the developing world? What role to multi-national corporations have in providing funding or other assistance to international organizations such as the Global Fund? All these questions have many arguments for and against but the right answers probably lie somewhere in between. Having and providing access to affordable medication is one of the greatest challenges we face in today’s world. Many people see that pharmaceutical companies are irresponsible. The evidence is in the high prices individuals have to pay for medications. Although I don’t care for higher priced medications I do believe in the right for a business, or individual, to make money. To come up with medications it takes...
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...WESTERN DRUG COMPANIES AND THE AIDS EPIDEMIC IN SOUTH AFRICA | | | | | | | | INTRODUCTION The AIDS epidemic in South Africa is at an extreme where 4.2 million of the country’s 43 million citizens are afflicted. This translates into one in every ten citizens being infected with the virus. Additionally 34 million Sub Saharan African citizens have been afflicted and 11.5 million have died and that total accounts for 83% of the world’s AIDS related deaths. Treatment is available in the form of an anti-retroviral, but it is very costly and as such unaffordable for the already impoverished nations in Africa. The AIDS crisis and the expensive treatment have caused the government of South Africa to pass laws authorising the practice of parallel importing and compulsory licensing. Parallel importing allows importers to purchase the medication from the cheapest source whether or not the patent holders gave approval and compulsory licensing allows the government to license local companies to produce cheaper versions of the drug patented by foreign companies with or without their consent. The passing of the law by the South African government caused a legal dispute with the US drug companies regarding intellectual property rights, compulsory licensing and parallel importing. The dispute caused a debate among public health officials, activists, law makers and the drug companies over the importance of public health versus corporate profits and the bad public relations...
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...© MICHAEL NEWMAN/PHOTOEDIT Managing Human Resources, 14e, Bohlander/Snell - © 2007 Thomson South-Western c hapter 13 Employee Rights and Discipline objective objective objective 3 Identify and explain the privacy 4 Explain the process of responsibilities. employment at will, wrongful discharge, implied contract, and constructive discharge. rights of employees. establishing disciplinary policies, including the proper implementation of 5 objective objective 2 Explain the concepts of employee rights and employer 6 Differentiate between the objective objective 1 Explain the concepts of Discuss the meaning of 7 Identify the different types of objective After studying this chapter, you should be able to 8 Discuss the role of ethics in discipline and how to investigate a disciplinary problem. two approaches to disciplinary action. alternative dispute resolution procedures. the management of human resources. organizational rules. PART 5 Enhancing Employee-Management Relations Managing Human Resources, 14e, Bohlander/Snell - © 2007 Thomson South-Western 549 550 PART 5 Enhancing Employee-Management Relations n this chapter we discuss employee rights, workplace privacy, and employee discipline. Managers note that these topics have a major influence on the activities of both employees and supervisors. Robert J. Deeny, an employment attorney...
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...devices. The Indians show their religious beliefs throughout holy temples. They respect their monuments and they do not consider people from the outside as being pure. It is a holy place, and people must be polite and show their respect for the great temples. That is a big challenge for the Englishman Lee, who has been hiking in the mountains from Delhi in company with his guide Punjee. Lee is finding it hard to combine his western attitude with the Indian’s customs (L.24-30). He is unemployed and surely has no clue how he should be acting and showing respect for the Indian mentality, and the Indian people. Lee did not visit the village for tourism purposes; he is there to buy cheap cannabis in an arranged meeting with the president of the village. Lee has a different view of living; he is from a western country, which has got a whole other culture compared to the villager’s. Lee lives in England with his girlfriend, and her child from a previous marriage. Lee is tall, he smokes and has long hair toured up in a ponytail, which seems a little strange to the president. The president is aware of the westerner’s interest in the drug dealing. Lee is arrogant and superior; he refers the Indian money as “joke money”. He gives the poor children the Lemon Cream biscuits that he himself thought was disgusting, but as soon as they shout for money, Lee gets upset and tries to make them leave. “He gave the boys the Lemon Cream biscuits. His compassion towards these poor waifs touched him deeply...
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...Property In this paper I will identify three ethical issues relating to marketing and advertising, intellectual property, and regulation of product safety. I will argue against Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) marketing by drug companies. Next I will determine who regulates compounding pharmacies under the current regulatory scheme, what the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) could or should have done, and whether the FDA should be granted more power over compounding pharmacies. I will decide whether PharmaCARE’s use of Colberian intellectual property would be ethical in accordance with Utilitarianism; Deontology; Virtue Ethics; my own moral and ethical compass. Afterwards, I will analyze the way PharmaCARE uses U.S. law to protect its own intellectual property while co-opting intellectual property in Colberia. Then I will suggest at least three ways the company could compensate the people and nation of Colberia for the use of its intellectual property and the damage to its environment. I will compare PharmaCARE’s actions with those of at least one real-world company whose creativity in skirting legal technicalities led to ethical lapses and financial loss. I will also determine the success PharmaCARE and WellCo shareholders would have in suits against the companies. I will determine whether or not PharmaCARE lives up to its brand. Finally I will recommend at least three changes PharmaCARE can make to be more ethical going forward. “Ethical Issues” According to Investopedia...
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...Running Head: MEDICAL PLURALISM IN WESTERN SOCIETY 1 Course Project: Medical Pluralism in Western Society July 31st, 2015 Introduction & Objectives: Through the course of Health and Society, we explore different techniques and remedies for the use of individual’s health. We have come to an understanding that even in a Western society that is dominated by western biomedicine, there are still correspondence with alternative medicine and spiritual healing that is used when dealing with diseases and other related health illnesses. Since Canada has a multicultural society, individuals may visit doctors, psychologists, paediatrician, and physicians, and at other times we seek chiropractic solutions, relaxation techniques, massage, prayer, herbal therapies, special diets, folk remedies, acupuncture, yoga, or homeopathy in pursuit of having a healthier life. There is not always a conflict between non-western medicine and Western biomedicine. Though the two may have different forms, procedures, norms, regulations, and values, Canada has come to rely on both for a solution to their health. The process by which people take advantage of a variety of health techniques and strategies that are based on different models of health and healing is what has come to be known as medical pluralism. (Woronko) For the objective of the interview, I was tasked...
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...Drug Tourism and the impact on the real economy There is two definition made by the WTO to talk about the drug tourism: “Drug tourism can be define as the travel for the purpose of obtaining or using drugs for personal use that are unavailable or illegal in one’s home jurisdiction” or “Drug tourism can be also defined as the phenomenon by which one’s travel experience involves the consumption and usage of drugs that are considered to be illegal or illegitimate in either the visited destination or the tourist’s country of origin” (WTO annual report 1995). Today the only drug that is authorized to consume in some countries is the “marijuana”. But the legal consumption or not is attracting more and more tourist since the past decade, like for the sexual tourism I will take three different areas that are actually the same: Netherlands; southeast Asia and Latin America, and to see how the drug tourism impact the economy of those regions. Netherland is the only European country that has a permissive regulation regarding the drug consumption before the end of 2012; Amsterdam and Maastricht were the two main European destinations for drug tourism. In Amsterdam 50% of the entire tourists visit the “coffee shop” (place where you can smoke marijuana, and 10% of all tourists come to Amsterdam especially for that. In the city of Amsterdam, the Coffee shop tourism represents a business of $2.5 billion US, which led to a $503 million in tax revenues for the city of Amsterdam. In another...
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...Emerging market report 2007 Disclaimer PricewaterhouseCoopers has exercised professional care and diligence in the collection and processing of the information in this report. However, the data used in the preparation of this report (and on which the report is based) was provided by third-party sources. This report is intended to be of general interest only and does not constitute professional advice. PricewaterhouseCoopers makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy of this report. PricewaterhouseCoopers shall not be liable to any user of this report or to any other person or entity for any inaccuracy of information contained in this report or for any errors or omissions in its content, regardless of the cause of such inaccuracy, error or omission. Furthermore, to the extent permitted by law, PricewaterhouseCoopers, its members, employees and agents accept no liability and disclaim all responsibility for the consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining from acting, in relying upon the information contained in this report or for any decision based on it, or for any consequential, special, incidental or punitive damages to any person or entity for any matter relating to this report even if advised of the possibility of such damages. The member firms of the PricewaterhouseCoopers network (www.pwc. com) provide industry-focused assurance, tax and advisory services to build public trust and enhance value for its clients and their stakeholders...
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...qualified individuals to fill sensitive positions in my organization I need to offer competitive wages as well benefits packages. Most organizations use a number of ways for staffing and each will face different challenges when following a set of guidelines when structuring a staffing plan. When staffing my organization with the best qualified employees I follow a set of guidelines provided by the Department of Transportation and our insurance carrier. I work for a company which provides transportation and crane services to a variety of customers. On the transportation side my company has to employ enough drivers to pick up and deliver a wide variety of oilfield products within the compliance of DOT regulations. My organization operates in the Western United States and is regulated by the Department of Transportation for hours of service for each driver. Finding qualified drivers to drive interstate as well intrastate is essential for getting our customers freight safely to and from destinations throughout the Western United States. Drivers are restricted to drive a certain amount of hours in a 24 hour period. Employing enough drivers to pick up and deliver freight and be in DOT compliances is crucial for success. To determine how many employees are needed for the transportation or crane service, management evaluates the...
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