...Racheal Hunt HIS 122 Mr. Raby September 6, 2012 Globalization of the Twentieth Century What is globalization? According to our text book, globalization is “a term referring to a trend by which peoples and nations has become more interdependent” (Spielvogel 679). When using the term of globalization most people are talking about our global economy and global culture. Over the last forty years new technologies have changed the way we communicate. Not only can we communicate with friends and family around the world with the touch of a button but we can use the same technology to buy, sell and distribute almost anything to almost anywhere in the world. This has not only changed our bottom line of profits but has also changed the mindset of how we view the world and how we do business and communicate with others. In this paper I intend to describe the main characteristics of globalization of the Twentieth century and discuss some of the many elements that have led us to this point in history. There are many characteristics of globalization. Arvind Kumar, writer of the article “What are the Characteristics of Globalization” says that there are three distinct characteristics of globalization. The first is liberalization which is the, “freedom to start industry, trade or commerce in his country or abroad (Kumar).” The second characteristic is free trade. Kumar explains that, “Free trade is the absence of excessive government control over trade (Kumar).” He goes...
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...International Management Globalization October 9, 2015 Globalization is the process of social, political, economic, cultural, and technological integration among countries around the world between nation and nation (Luthans and Doh). Globalization for every region, country, and city-state within a country has gone through globalization many times, in various different ways. There are many ways and reason for a country to go through globalization, by choice to advance and become relevant with the rest of the world, or by force by other nations. Globalization has a long history. The Greek globalization goes back all the way through ancient times. They began to spread across Asia in its southwestern sector, northern Africa and then onward to southern Europe. Alexander the Great would be a main reason as to how Greece provided its globalization matters into these other regions. In fact, there are cities named for Alexander in Iraq (Iskandariya), Egypt (Alexandria), and Turkey (Alexandria Troas) (Geo). When it comes to globalization there are many different factors that come into play as to what degree of globalization can occur. For Greece there were many positive factors in play. Physical characteristics such as the topography of the soil were a huge factor. There is also the vast presence of natural elements and the climate that goes along with it. If a country can globalize on what nature gives them on a daily, monthly or yearly basis, there is great reason to globalize...
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...1. There are five major characteristics of Globalization, as described by the text. The first deals with World trade and output. As Globalization takes hold, many countries across the globe are seeing a marketable increase in trade with other countries, countries that are not necessarily their neighbors. Individual nations are exporting more globally and becoming more active in global markets. Foreign direct investment is also a key factor in Globalization. As the world markets become more and more accessible, many investors are looking outside of their homeland portfolios and investing in foreign markets and business ventures. This leads to another characteristic, the rise of the multinational enterprise. Not only are these investors putting up capital in other countries, they are actively buying and building productive extensions of their homeland enterprises. The 4th element is that of a changing world order, specifically the rise of democracy and free market reform. The decline of communism and closed markets has dramatically affected how the world does business. The last characteristic is the fact that world trade is growing from individual national economies into a closely integrated global economic system. In addition to these characteristics, the text describes two main drivers of globalization. Declining trade and investment barriers, such as reduced tariffs and taxes, and relaxed national investment regulations have substantially opened up worldwide flow...
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...The five major characteristics of globalization are their globalization of markets and globalization of production, within these two we have a five major characteristics the one being the merging of national marketplace into one large market these markets include goods and some services. Outsourcing is our second characteristic in which companies can reduce their costs in production and services by finding Nationals where the inputs are cheaper. The two main drivers of globalization are Technological changes and reduced trade and investment barriers. The technological change is response as the world becomes more advanced with the internet and wireless communication it allows smaller companies to search the world for lower cost on items that it needs for manufacturing, and also it allows cheap transportation of items from one place in the world to another with quicker movement. The original exceptions about how globalization would affect global disparities, inequality and poverty 3.What is the basic liberal argument in support of globalization, what are some limitation of this argument? The basic liberal argument in support of globalization is that it is the most efficient way of going about organizing production by producing what the consumer wants. The liberal argument show that openness in trade and capital flows can lead to higher growth and standard living. Thus it should help poorer countries to gain access to markets in developed countries Some of the limitation...
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...goods, services, and money. With all this exchange of information, what helps the people who is away from each other be unified into a single society like a minimized village? This distribution and pulling together of the world is referred as globalization that is believed by many people as the revolution of the future. However, globalization has positive and negative views upon it. These various aspects affect my life in several different ways. First of all, globalization makes the mass media today be an essential part of everyday life. Almost all of us are affected by the media in different forms, whether it is television, radio, films, music, magazines or even the internet. Basically, media has a connection all over the world that is a mass communication technique that entertains, informs and influences people without even realizing it. Personally, I can easily download a video of the performance of a small group on the other side of the planet. Obviously, without globalization, I would never have heard of them, and they would have never had the opportunity to sell me a CD. Also, the acquirement of knowledge from various sources of information on the internet, which helps me positively in the way of study, is evidence showing how globalization brings many benefits to me through the mass media. Secondly, globalization has enriched the employments in my country, which is a developing country. By globalization, millions of jobs are moved, and other jobs are created. In addition...
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...small affects of globalization in life. Globalization integrates economy and cultures of different regions of the world through trading, telecommunication, technology, human migration, and capital flows. Incentive of the integration may be economic, political, cultural, technological or humanitarian. George Ritzer’s invented term, McDonaldization, is a subset of the globalization phenomenon. Ritzer compares globalization with characteristic of a fast-food restaurant. The characteristic includes measuring efficiency by pace of serving customers, which means the fastest worker is the efficient one; getting a large amount of food in a very low price; receiving constant and predictable service from distinctively similar workers. Ritzer believes the fast-food characteristic is dominating different sectors of American society and the entire world. In fact, this is the irresistible effect of globalization. The phenomenon, which Ritzer calls McDonaldization, is neither new nor destructive; it is just how firms coexist in free comparative market. Accepting globalization instead of resisting it, would help to promote global prosperity. Educating different aspects and strength points of globalization and its impacts on economy, culture and politic would ease the acceptance. Globalization impacts the world economy with diverse effects. Roger A. Arnold, in his book Economics states that many economists define the phenomenon of globalization in two ways; first, globalization is the reason...
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...Notes, IB test 1 related to the customization vs standardization debate. Traditionally, purely environmental bases (geographic, political, economic, and cultural) were used as bases for international market segmentation. Proposes that international marketers group relevant markets based on both environmental as well as marketing management bases. The marketing management bases are classified as: (1) product-related; (2) promotion-related; (3) price-related; and (4) distribution-related Compare and contrast standardization with customization of international marketing strategies. The notion of globalization - a global firm pursuing a global strategy - is very appealing to managers. (Hardy, 1994, p365). As soon as the firms decide to expand into the global marketplace, the international marketing manager should determine what strategy would be adopted to mix the four P's of marketing: product, pricing, promotion, and place in the complex environment in future. In other words, the manager must decide either the standardisation strategy or customization strategy is suitable for the particular foreign market. 1.The meanings of standardization and customization strategies Standardization became a popular buzzword in the 1980s, as proponents such as Kenichi Ohmate argued that customers in the Triad were becoming increasingly alike, with similar incomes, educational achievements, lifestyles, and aspirations. (Manoney, Trigg, Griffin, and Pustay, 1998, p612). Therefore, standardization...
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...developing global strategies for service businesses. It integrates existing, separate frameworks on globalization and on service businesses, analyzes how the distinctive characteristics of service businesses affect globalization and which do not. It then applies the new framework to numerous industry and company examples, with particular emphasis on the role of information technology. Full Text How do the distinctive characteristics of service businesses affect globalization and the use of global strategy? This is a crucial question for managers in numerous industries. Not only are services continuing to grow rapidly in domestic economies, but international trade in services is increasing, too. The United States, like some other developed countries, has a trade surplus in services that helps offset the deficit in merchandise trade. In contrast, Japan has been much less successful in internationalizing its service businesses.1 So it is essential to national competitiveness that governments, as well as companies, achieve a better understanding of how to develop effective global strategies for different types of service businesses. Most research to date has focused either on why and how service firms internationalize or on different modes of internationalization.2 In contrast, we examine how globalization drivers and the use of global strategy might apply to various types of services, and what differences might exist relative to manufacturing businesses. In doing so, we combine two different...
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...Globalization and Poverty Introduction Globalization is the process of international cooperation ranging from world views, products, ideas, and national unique cultures, driven by technological innovation in the process of industrialization. Contemporarily, as the technologies of information, transportations, and telecommunications developed, the distance among nations has been getting closer and closer, fading out the existence of countries boundaries. We can travel to the other side of the world overnight, can easily access to other countries culture such as food, songs, dramas, and news, and can contact to those who live in other country though email or telephone whenever we want to. We are able to know affairs happened in other countries immediately and see and talk to diverse countries people by video chatting on online like a neighbor. As consequence of this development, the speed of globalization is being accelerated more and more. Several decades ago, just a few persons would travel to other countries unlike these days, but now, the number of people, who abroad travel to, have dramatically increased. That is, that happening to go abroad is no more special event and it provides a condition that the relation of nations in the world are approaching together and by extension, combined the world as one village. In addition, as Mohr (2013) claimed, “Economic globalization gives governments of developing nations access to foreign lending. When these funds are used on infrastructure...
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...CHAPTER 1 Managing in the Digital World CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you will be able to do the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Describe the characteristics of the digital world and the advent of the information age. Define globalization, describe how it evolved over time, and describe the key drivers of globalization. Explain what an information system is, contrasting its data, technology, people, and organizational components. Describe the dual nature of information systems in the success and failure of modern organizations. Describe how computer ethics impact the use of information systems and discuss the ethical concerns associated with information privacy and intellectual property. CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter helps the student understand the role of information systems as organizations move into the digital world, and how they have helped fuel globalization. The student will learn what information systems are, how they have evolved to become a vital part of modern organizations, and why this understanding is necessary to become an effective manager in the digital world. The student will also learn how globalization evolved, and what opportunities globalization presents for organizations. The importance of ethics as it relates to IS is discussed especially as it relates to information privacy, accuracy, property, and accessibility. A number of cases and illustrations are used, for example, Apple products and how they have evolved over time (such as...
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...1. Globalization 1) A multidimensional set of social process that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant. 2) Globalization helps organizations to enter new markets, exploit technological advantages and reduce business costs and risks. 2. The phenomenon of globalization 1) The worldwide integration in virtually every sphere achieved principally through markets. 2) A process whereby the world becomes more interconnected and the fates if those people and organizations in it become more intertwined. 3) In business terms, globalization means business without frontiers, boundaries and dealing with the world, not just the home base. 3. Characteristic of economic globalization 1) Globalization has a technical core, which is organized in terms of flow of inputs, their distribution globally, transformation, and outputs, organized through global supply chains. 2) The internationalization of financial markets and corporate strategies. 3) The diffusion of technology, R & D, and knowledge worldwide. 4) The emergence of global media. 4. What is consequence for a company becoming global? 1) The more likely a company is to loss its own identify within a tangle of other companies, alliances and markets. 5. Which one of the following is a plausible example of...
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...last decades, the rapid acceleration of a process so called “globalization” has shifted our society to an era where interconnectedness, integration and interactions centered in the development of a new world, where everyone and everything are linked together one way or another. In a few recent decades, with the development in communication and technology that the world has witnessed the rapid increase in international trade, investment, immigration and the culture assimilation at an unprecedented quantity and quality never recorded before in human history. As such, globalization can be interpreted in some main characteristics: disembedding, acceleration, interconnectedness, movement, mixing, and vulnerability and re embedding. Characterized by these features, effects of globalization on different aspects are various but one cannot deny its long-term impacts on the enjoyment of human rights as well as social and cultural identities. On the one hand, people argue that this globalizing trend means homogenization of culture and social identities which diminishes the attainment of human rights, while the others believed that the concept itself not only enhance and liberate the full enjoyment of such basic rights of each individual but also mix and produce diversity of identities. Therefore, the following arguments of the essay will be structured in a way that would analyze both negative and positive positions of globalization that might affect society in a long run. The essay will start...
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...name : Sir Anuar Sulaiman A research paradigm for international business communication On this journal that can sumarize with this conceptual paper aims to present a research paradigm for international business communication research, with special reference to the problems of Japanese corporations and to develop a paradigm, the obstacles Japanese corporations face in international business as methods used to deal with obstacles and foster bettel global mangement and interculture comunication. International business prescribes the “arena” for international business communication and is shaped by international business transactions and international management. The reason for this is found in the special characteristics of international business transactions. The beginnings of international business transactions were nothing other than trading between cultures and peoples with different commercial practices. On the second point arena of international business communication and illustrates the following situations although we are speaking of international business communication or Intercultural business communication, it does not necessarily mean that this Communication occurs between countries, cultures, or businesses. the agents of international business communication are the actual people inside. A country, culture, or company with differing cultures, customs, and languages. People in the midst of international business communication...
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...individual sex status. Gender, on the other hand, has multiple interpretations between men, women and what comes in beetween through social development and “nurture” of cultural adoption. Money and Erhardt (1972) suggest that biological gender is what a person perceives or assumes to expose and reveal that “he” or “she” has the sexual status of being male or female. Gender is more than that. It has more complexity that represents way of thinking, ideas, styles, patterns, habits, and many other aspects beyond biological sex status. One notion argues that gender in an essence is natural, stable and something given by God, which means that gender cannot be changed. Most scholars would perceive such theory as Gender Classification by Nature. Other argue that gender is a result of modification and influence of the shape of social institution that constructs and develops its profile on an individual. Thus, gender is based on social-view perception instead of being given and determined biologically. Gender also is recongnised as being derived from Nurture (Nurture Theory). This essays attempts to discuss the application of the above mentioned theories and ideas related to the writer’s social environment and cultural background in Indonesia, where gender is considered as a term derived naturally from God and granted as it is through biological status. Due to globalization and influence of international culture in Asian countries, this notion of gender has changed. In Indonesia...
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...Social, legal, economic, political and technological factors should be considered within a business’s global strategy. However, culture and religion are two of the main factors that are interrelated and account the most in defining a customer base’s characteristics from a global business’s Marketing, Human Resources, Production and Operations Manager’s perspective. All factors must be put in account, there would be a higher risk of failure in the globalization process of a business if they are neglected and not acted upon. Marketing is creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings. Specifically, offerings delivered to match a company’s products or/and services to consumers that are willing and able to purchase. Marketing enables a business to acquire a larger customer base and maintain a strong bond with that base. Moreover, Global Marketing is the worldwide scale process of marketing. Global Marketing is a challenging delivery process that varies according to the customer base’s characteristics, creating factors that a company’s organization managers consider before setting tactics and implementing strategies globally (American Marketing Association, 2013). Islam contributes in the world’s population as the second largest religious group, The Muslim population is approximately 1.6 billion people today, which makes Muslims account for over 23% of the world’s total population with the majority in Asia (Pewforum, 2011). The Muslim customer base has massive purchasing...
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