...Abstract It’s not only Western enterprises that expand globally, enterprises from emerging countries are doing the same more and more organizations are expanding from a local to a global market space. Especially India is establishing itself as economic center and is rapidly becoming the new global economic superpowers. An understanding of local culture and how it affect Western leadership practices and behavior is key in order to become a successful leader, as Western enterprises continues to establish themselves into these emerging markets. In the very same way as enterprises from emerging markets need to understand the local culture when they establish themselves in Western countries. The aim of this report is to investigate what cultural factors/dimension that affect leadership in the context of multi countries as well as to investigate behavioral styles and practices leaders operating in India and see how Western leadership theories are relevant to these set up. Introduction In today’s world we have emerged from the industrial age, into the information age where knowledge is our most valuable assets. The rapid technological development that have enabled this information age is also affecting the pace at which change is happening in the world. The pace of change is rapidly increasing and in order for organizations to be successful they need to keep up with this pace (Schwarz & Brock, 1998). In a recent business leader review with more than 400 senior executives...
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...Ramkhamheang University Institute of International Studies, Bangkok Thailand. Master Degree Program in Business Administration Minor: General Management I.I.S. Business Environment in Singapore MASTER DEGREE TERM PAPER 2015 BY, MARK ETHELBERT CHIJIOKE 2/10/2015 Abstract Mark Ethelbert Chijioke Business Environment in Singapore, 51 pages, 1 appendix Ramkhamheang University Institute of international studies Master of Business Administration Instructors: Dr. Bahaudin G. Mujtaba. Ramkhamheang University (IIS) Topic: Term paper Subject: Managing in Global Business Organization. Topic: Term paper Research focus Business Environment in Singapore The main reasons for this term paper research alone, Is because this is my final semester in master of business administration and I belief by doing it all alone the knowledge and the research I gather will help me so much in my final year project and might be useful for academic researcher and journal for organization and individual wanting to make Singapore a second home of base and work. 1. My research was to find out which kinds of experience European companies are having in Singapore. In addition, the task was to determine the main advantages and disadvantages of doing business in Singapore and which kinds of cultural difficulties European companies encounter in Singapore and how they can eliminate them. 1. In the theoretical part of study the first issue will be to find out the advantages and disadvantages of Singaporean...
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...which in turn serves as a framework for Part One. The concept of culture Many experts in their fields have wracked their brains to come up with what they consider to be their concept of ‘culture’. Those working in the field of cultural anthropology, alone, for example, have come up with a long list of definitions of the concept, based on their analysis of ethnological, social, psychological and linguistic data. The attempt made by Bodley (1994) to summarize these (Table I.1) gives an idea of all the facets of culture that need to be taken into account from an anthropological perspective. Although acknowledging the multiplicity of cultures, the authors of this book consider that the fundamental aspect of culture is that it is something all humans learn in one way or another. It is not something people inherit, but rather a code of attitudes, norms and values, a way of thinking that is learnt within a social environment. Family, the social environment, school, friends, work – all these help to form this code and determine how people see themselves and the world. The national culture and the particular region which people live in also help to shape a person’s cultural profile. Although culture is reflected in individual behaviour, it is a way of thinking shared by individuals in a particular society that makes culture what it is. Table I.1 Diverse definitions of culture Topical Culture consists of everything on a list of topics, or categories, such as social organization...
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...which can cause Sweden to lose competences in how to lead a large organization. Moreover, most foreign owned companies are controlled by a foreign com-pany or investor from any of the countries Norway, the USA, United Kingdom or Denmark. Purpose The purpose of this study is, from a management perspective, to investigate and discuss if and how a manager’s role and leadership style is influenced by having a foreign owner. As a part of the discussion the study will also examine which impact a foreign owner has on a Swedish subsidiary accord-ing to its leader. Method To accomplish the purpose of the study a qualitative approach has been applied. Telephone interviews of a semi structured character have been conducted with six managers with leading positions within middle-sized and large-sized companies. Conclusion Foreign owned subsidiaries tend to be managed rather independently from within the parent companies. In general, the subsidiaries have autonomy to a certain degree decided by the frames which have been set up by the parent company. Any larger cultural differences have not been found, which ap-pear to be a result of the subsidiaries’ independency. To summarize, having a foreign owner do not seems to have a direct influence on...
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...INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: Definitions of IHRM: Scullion (2005) tracked the evolution of definitions of IHRM. He observed that although there has been little consensus, definitions have broadly concentrated on examining the HRM issues, problems, strategies, policies and practices which firms pursue in relation to the internationalization of their business. Schuler et al (2009) similarly recently positioned the different views that have existed about the nature of IHRM. IHRM encompasses: ‘. . . the worldwide management of people in the multinational enterprise’ (Poole, 1990; p1) ‘. . . human resource management in an international environment . . . problems created in an MNC performing business in more than one country, rather than those posed by working for a foreign firm at home or by employing foreign employees in the local firm’ (Briscoe and Schuler, 2004; p1) ‘. . .how MNCs manage their geographically dispersed workforce in order to leverage their HR resources for both local and global competitive advantage’ (Scullion, 2005; p5) ‘. . . a branch of management studies that investigates the design of and effects of organizational human resource practices in cross-cultural contexts’ (Peltonen, 2006; p523) ‘. . . all issues related to the management of people in an international context [including] human resource issues facing MNCs in different parts of their organizations [and] comparative analyses of HRM in different countries’ (Stahl and Björkman...
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...have been moving away from a world in which national economies were relatively self-contained entities. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 01-01 Understand what is meant by the term globalization. Topic: Introduction 2. By offering the same basic product worldwide, firms help to create a global market. TRUE Consumer products such as Citigroup credit cards, Coca-Cola soft drinks, video games, McDonald’s hamburgers, Starbucks coffee, and IKEA furniture are frequently held up as prototypical examples of this trend. The firms that produce these products are more than just benefactors of this trend; they are also facilitators of it. By offering the same basic product worldwide, they help to create a global market. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 01-01 Understand what is meant by the term globalization. Topic: What Is Globalization? 3. A company has to be the size of a multinational giant to facilitate, and benefit from, the globalization of markets. FALSE A company does not have to be the size of multinational giants to facilitate, and benefit from, the globalization of markets. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 01-01 Understand what is meant by the term globalization. Topic: What Is Globalization? 4. As a result of globalization, companies rarely need to customize marketing strategies, product features, and operating...
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...Master Thesis Spring Semester 2007 Supervisor: Per Nilsson Authors: Sabine Helou Timo Viitala 830508-T062 790922-T017 How Culture and Motivation Interacts? - A Cross-Cultural Study ~ Acknowledgements ~ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the respondents of Sasken Finland Oy and SYSteam for their participation in our study. Without their involvement this thesis would have never seen the light of day. In addition, we thank our supervisor Per Nilsson for his guidance and advices and Anders Söderholm for his helpful suggestions. Last but not least, we would like to express our gratitude to John Matthews, Jakub Mulac, and Robin Katoen for their supportive contributions and our friends and family for their support and encouragement. Sincerely, Sabine Helou & Timo Viitala Umeå, May 25, 2007 i ~ Summary ~ SUMMARY Motivating employees is essential for any organization aspiring to succeed. However, the process of motivating is not a straightforward one due to the diversity of individual’s needs. The task has been made even more difficult by the fact that personalized needs have altered in recent years. For instance, in many circumstances financial compensation is not considered as the main motivational factor of employees. Due to its innovative and youthful nature, the Information Technology (IT) industry has been considered to be at the forefront of dealing with organizational issues, such as how to motivate employees. Organizations that lie within this industry...
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...Beyond Sophisticated Stereotyping: Cultural Sensemaking in Context [and Executive Commentaries] Author(s): Joyce S. Osland, Allan Bird, June Delano and Mathew Jacob Source: The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005), Vol. 14, No. 1, Themes: Forming Impressions and Giving Feedback (Feb., 2000), pp. 65-79 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4165609 . Accessed: 05/08/2013 09:54 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005). http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 155.33.240.146 on Mon, 5 Aug 2013 09:54:15 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ? Academy of Management Executive, 2000, Vol. 14, No. 1 Beyond sophisticated stereotyping: Cultural sensemakingn i context Joyce S. Osland and Allan Bird Executive Overview Much of our cross-cultural training and research occurs within...
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...Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2011 The Effect of Culture on the Implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards Mitchell A. Skotarczyk Claremont McKenna College Recommended Citation Skotarczyk, Mitchell A., "The Effect of Culture on the Implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards" (2011). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 165. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/165 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact scholarship@cuc.claremont.edu. CLAREMONT McKENNA COLLEGE THE EFFECT OF CULTURE ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR MARC MASSOUD AND DEAN GREGORY HESS BY MITCHELL SKOTARCZYK FOR SENIOR THESIS SPRING 2011 2 Table of Contents I. Introduction…………………….……………………………………………………………….4 II. Literature Summary………………………………………...………………...….……………..5 III. IFRS……………………...……………………………………………………..……………11 IV. Carve-outs…………………………………………………………………………………....18 V. Culture and Accounting………………………………………………………………………25 VI. Conclusion………………………………………………………………...…………………30 Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………...32 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………..37 3 I. Introduction As globalization increases at a blistering pace, more...
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...Cross-Cultural Communication Theory and Practice Barry Tomalin; Brian J. Hurn ISBN: 9780230391147 DOI: 10.1057/9780230391147 Palgrave Macmillan Please respect intellectual property rights This material is copyright and its use is restricted by our standard site license terms and conditions (see palgraveconnect.com/pc/connect/info/terms_conditions.html). If you plan to copy, distribute or share in any format, including, for the avoidance of doubt, posting on websites, you need the express prior permission of Palgrave Macmillan. To request permission please contact rights@palgrave.com. Cross-Cultural Communication 10.1057/9780230391147 - Cross-Cultural Communication, Brian J. Hurn and Barry Tomalin Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Griffith University - PalgraveConnect - 2014-04-12 This page intentionally left blank 10.1057/9780230391147 - Cross-Cultural Communication, Brian J. Hurn and Barry Tomalin Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Griffith University - PalgraveConnect - 2014-04-12 Cross-Cultural Communication Theory and Practice Brian J. Hurn and Barry Tomalin Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Griffith University - PalgraveConnect - 2014-04-12 10.1057/9780230391147 - Cross-Cultural Communication, Brian J. Hurn and Barry Tomalin © Brian J. Hurn and Barry Tomalin 2013 Foreword © Jack Spence 2013 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this...
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...Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Cultural Dimensions of Pakistan 2 2.1 Hofstede’s Study 2 2.2 Trompenaar’s Dimensions 5 2.3 GLOBE Study 6 3. Communicating Cross Culturally 7 3.1 Proper Greetings 7 3.2 Introductions 7 3.3 Touch Behaviour 8 3.4 Taboos 9 3.5 Entertaining 9 4. Management Issues in Pakistan 9 4.1 Leading 9 4.2 Motivation 12 5. Negotiating in Pakistan 13 6. Expatriates in Pakistan 15 7. Managing Social and Ethical Issues in Pakistan 18 7.1 Conflict of Development 18 7.2 Conflict of Tradition 18 7.3 Conflict of Interest 19 8. Conclusion 21 References 22 Appendix 1 – Map of Pakistan 23 Appendix 2 – GLOBE Study 24 Appendix 3 - Supplementary Information 26 Appendix 4 - Important Contact Information 28 1. Introduction Pakistan was one of the two original successor states to British India, which was partitioned along religious lines in 1947. For almost 25 years following independence, it consisted of two separate regions, East and West Pakistan, but now is made up only of the western sector. Both India and Pakistan have laid claim to the Kashmir region, and this territorial dispute led to war in 1949, and again in 1965, 1971, and 1999, and remains unresolved today. Pakistan is situated in the western part of the Indian subcontinent, with Afghanistan and Iran on the west, India on the east, and the Arabian Sea on the south. The name Pakistan is derived from the Urdu words Pak (meaning pure) and...
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...Handelshøyskole Bergen, Spring 2011 Master Thesis within the main profile of International Business Thesis Advisor: Professor Svein Ulset Title: International Modes of Entry Subtitle: The Case of Disney By, Carlos Gonzalez Hernandez This thesis was written as a part of the master program at NHH. Neither the institution, the supervisor, nor the censors are -through the approval of this thesis- responsible for neither the theories and methods used, nor results and conclusions drawn in this work. International Modes of Entry: The Case of Disney 1 Abstract The case of Disney’s theme parks represents an opportunity to test major internationalisation theories in a setting of large investments with little chance for reversal of commitments. The purpose of the research is to study the benefit of different entry modes dependent on Disney’s Theme Parks value-generating resources and capabilities while conditioned to certain local industrial and institutional conditions in foreign markets. Five major theories and frameworks were used to analyze all four Disney’s ventures abroad. This resulted in 20 individual hypotheses analyzed. Results indicate that Disney followed a predictable internationalisation process in the cases of Tokyo, Hong Kong and Shanghai, but that it went off-path in the Paris one. In successful cases Disney followed a cautious approach, involving local partners to transfer and adapt the “Disney Experience”. In the case of Paris the company decided to enter the market alone...
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...An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers This page intentionally left blank An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers A Group and Multicultural Approach First Edition Duncan Kitchin AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK First edition 2010 Copyright Ó 2010 Duncan Kitchin. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The right of Duncan Kitchin to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (þ44) 1865 843830, fax: (þ44) 1865 853333, E-mail: permissions@elsevier. com. You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting ‘‘Support & Contact’’ then ‘‘Copyright and Permission’’ and then ‘‘Obtaining Permissions.’’ British Library Cataloguing in Publication...
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...Journal of International Business Studies (2006) 37, 525–543 & 2006 Academy of International Business All rights reserved 0047-2506 $30.00 www.jibs.net Cross-cultural competence in international business: toward a definition and a model James P. Johnson1, Tomasz Lenartowicz2 and Salvador Apud3 Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, Winter Park, USA; 2Deparment of Management, International Business and Entrepreneurship, College of Business, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA; 3LBJ School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas, Austin, USA Correspondence: Dr James P. Johnson, Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, Office number 204, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA. Tel: þ 1 407 646 2486; Fax: þ 1 407 646 1550; E-mail: jpjohnson@rollins.edu 1 Abstract Many international business failures have been ascribed to a lack of crosscultural competence (CC) on the part of business practitioners. However, the international business literature appears to lack an adequate conceptualization and definition of the term ‘CC’, focusing instead on the knowledge, skills and attributes that appear to be its antecedents. In this conceptual study, we propose a definition of CC as it applies to international business and develop a model for understanding how CC is nurtured in individuals, linking our definition to the concept of cultural intelligence. We discuss the components of the model and suggest that there are environmental and contextual impediments...
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...trade between the nations. There is an on-going development of business co-operation between Sweden and China. The Purpose: This Bachelor Thesis will examine the differences between the SwedishChinese business culture and how the cultural differences affect the Swedish B2B in China. The purpose is formulated by the basis of our main research questions; “How do Swedish B2B companies perceive the cultural differences between the Swedish and Chinese way of doing business?“ and “how do Swedish companies operating in China deal with business cultural diversity in China?” Theoretical Framework: The basis of our Bachelor Thesis examines the theories within cultural dimension. The theoretical framework is based on proven studies from e.g. Hofstede’s Five Dimensions, Trompenaars Cultural Diversity, CVS, the GLOBE Study, Cross-Cultural- Communication & Adaptation and Guanxi. Methodology: We have used an abductive approach with the basis of...
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