...Gender Equity in Sports Colleen Iardella American Military University Gender equity in sports describes an environment in which fair and equitable distribution of overall athletic opportunities, benefits, and resources is available to women and men and in which student athletes, coaches, and athletics administrators are not subject to gender-based discrimination. Title IX, passed in 1972 at the pinnacle of the women’s rights movement, banned sex discrimination in any federally financed education program. It threw into quick relief the imbalanced treatment of male and female athletes on college campuses. Ever since Congress passed the federal gender-equity law, universities have opened their gyms and athletic fields to millions of women who previously did not have chances to play. But as women have surged into a greater part on campus in recent years, many institutions have resorted to deception to make it look as if they are offering more sports to women. Throughout this paper I will discuss the issues of gender equity in sports. I will mention what equal opportunities women have to play sports and how they can develop the psychological, physiological and sociological impact from sports participation. Females are playing team sports more now than they were a decade ago and far more women will play team sports in the next decade. In the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association's (SGMA) study, the authors analyzed many team sports and the role that females...
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...Katie Higgins Mr. Mishou English IV 12 April 2013 Title IX “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance” (Primer). These thirty-seven words make up the civil rights law Title IX, which is widely known for reforming athletics, although it is never directly mentioned. First, the detailed history shows how many people worked rigorously to get the law passed. Furthermore, Title IX’s numerous tests show how verify schools complying with the law. Lastly, Title IX has increased the participation of women in athletics significantly over the past forty years. Title IX, the controversial federal civil rights act, has shaped athletics to how they are today by creating equal opportunities for female athletes. Flashback forty-one years to before Title IX changed the lives girls and women forever. Girls were not encouraged to play sports at a young and scholarships were not available for women to play athletics in college. People like Pat Summitt, arguably one of the best women’s basketball coaches ever, was not receiving fair treatment while playing collegiate basketball. In 1972, before Title IX was signed, Summitt played basketball for the University of Tennessee-Martin. The team was given uniforms that were used in the Physical Education classes and placed numbers on the back with tape....
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...America Then and Now: A Historical Analysis of America Since 1945 Dena Ferguson Pioneer Pacific College: History 410 February 16, 2015 America Then and Now: A Historical Analysis of America Since 1945 During his second inaugural speech Franklin D. Roosevelt stated, “The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much it is whether we provide enough for those who have little.” (Roosevelt, 1937). This statement would become the mantra of a new era in American history, as a young and powerful country began a long and arduous journey of progress. Progress that has had high cost, followed by great changes, and the inevitable growth of a new American society determined to improve their destiny. However, the great debate is “has America truly changed for the better?” A closer look at the positive changes developed through social movements, societal policy expansion, and technological advancements paints a picture of an improved American society. Social Movements After World War II ended in 1945, America experienced a brief moment of contented peacefulness and growth. However, this quickly changed as the country moved toward a decade of cold war in an effort to prevent the spread of Russian communism, which denied those under its rule the right to basic human freedoms. This cold war was founded on the principle of protecting global human rights, which would sparked an era of social unrest among American minority groups who desired to have...
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...College hoops' black coaching issue Myron Medcalf [ARCHIVE] ESPN.com | July 18, 2013 When a national sportswriter calls to talk about minority hiring in college basketball, folks of all races seem to get nervous. As I sought feedback following last week's release of the "2012 Racial and Gender Report Card: College Sport" by Central Florida's Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport -- the report excludes historically black colleges and universities -- which states that the current pool of Division I African-American head coaches (18.6 percent through the 2011-12 season) is at its lowest mark since the 1995-96 season, people weren't sure what, if anything, they should say. Multiple administrators passed on the opportunity. The NCAA wanted to see my questions, and then it wanted a pre-interview phone conversation before it ultimately emailed its responses. The coaches who talked on the record always ended our chats with the same concern: "I didn't say anything that will make me look bad, right?" Shaka Smart Andy Lyons/Getty Images To reach Shaka Smart's level, black coaches often have to overcome certain labels. I don't blame them. It's an incendiary issue, because we're uncomfortable with race as dialogue. It's still a subject that makes athletic directors -- 89 percent of whom are white at the Division I level, per the report -- squirm. Minority coaches speak cautiously, because they don't want to be labeled as rebels or militants. That hesitancy...
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...THE IMPACT OF EXTRACURRICULAR ATHLETIC ACTIVIES ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, DISCIPLINARY REFERRALS, AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AMONG HISPANIC FEMALE 11TH GRADE STUDENTS A Dissertation By Kelly J. Manlove BS, Stephen F. Austin State University, 1996 MS, University of North Texas, 2006 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION In Educational Leadership Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi Corpus Christi, Texas May, 2013 THE IMPACT OF EXTRACURRICULAR ATHLETIC ACTIVIES ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, DISCIPLINARY REFERRALS, AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AMONG HISPANIC FEMALE 11TH GRADE STUDENTS A Dissertation By Kelly J. Manlove BS, Stephen F. Austin State University, 1996 MS, University of North Texas, 2006 This dissertation meets the standards for scope and quality of Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi and is hereby approved. Kamiar Kouzekanani, Ph.D. Bryant Griffith, Ph.D. Chair Committee Member Jacqueline Hamilton, Ed.D. Pamela Meyer, Ph.D. Committee Member Graduate Faculty Representative JoAnn Canales, Ph.D. Interim Dean of Graduate Studies May 2013 © Kelly Jean Manlove All Rights Reserved March 2013 v ABSTRACT THE IMPACT OF EXTRACURRICULAR ATHLETIC ACTIVIES ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, DISCIPLINARY REFERRALS, AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AMONG HISPANIC FEMALE 11TH GRADE STUDENTS (March 2013) Kelly J. Manlove B.S., Stephen F. Austin State University M.Ed., University of North Texas Dissertation Chair: Kamiar Kouzekanani...
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...Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice Volume 7 | Issue 1 Article 2 September 2013 The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing Katherine Connor Ellen J. Vargyas Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/bglj Recommended Citation Katherine Connor and Ellen J. Vargyas, The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing, 7 Berkeley Women's L.J. 13 (1992). Available at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/bglj/vol7/iss1/2 Link to publisher version (DOI) http://dx.doi.org/ This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals and Related Materials at Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice by an authorized administrator of Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact jcera@law.berkeley.edu. The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing Katherine Connort Ellen J. Vargyast TABLE OF CONTENTS I. II. INTRODUCTION ....................................... THE FACTUAL CONTEXT ............................. A. The Scope of the Problem ............................ 1. Post-Secondary Admissions Tests .................. 2. Vocational Aptitude Tests and Interest Inventories. B. Causes of Gender Differences in Test Scores ........... 1. Post-Secondary Admissions Tests .................. 2. Vocational Aptitude Tests and Interest Inventories. C. Validity of the Tests .......................
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...GENDER-BASED AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND REVERSE GENDER BIAS: BEYOND GRATZ, PARENTS INVOLVED, AND RICCI ROSALIE BERGER LEVINSON* I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. History Behind the Affirmative Action Race/Gender Anomaly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. The Circuit Split on the Race/Gender Conundrum . . . . . . . . . IV. Analogy to Race-Based Affirmative Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Remedial Purpose as a Justification for Affirmative Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. The Diversity Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. The Arguments Against Affirmative Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. INTRODUCTION The blockbuster race discrimination cases in recent years have all involved affirmative action and reverse discrimination. The Supreme Court has made it clear that race classifications, whether benign or invidious, will trigger rigid strict scrutiny analysis, which requires that the government prove its program is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling interest. In 2003, the Court, in Gratz v. Bollinger,1 ruled that while student diversity in educational institutions may be a compelling interest, an affirmative action program...
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...The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by; so is also the day of secret covenants entered into in the interest of particular governments and likely at some unlooked-for moment to upset the peace of the world. It is this happy fact, now clear to the view of every public man whose thoughts do not still linger in an age that is dead and gone, which makes it possible for every nation whose purposes are consistent with justice and the peace of the world to avow nor or at any other time the objects it has in view. We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our own part we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us. The programme of the world's peace, therefore, is our programme; and that programme, the only possible programme, as we see it, is this: I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at,...
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...ACCEPTABILITY OF SUNFLOWER PETAL TEA AMONG SELECTED FACULTY AND STAFF IN CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY MICAH ANGELICA P. AGONOY JENNYLYNNE L. LUBRIN An undergraduate research submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Hospitality Management, College of Home Science and Industry, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of the requirements for the subject Methods of Research (HRM335) BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HOTEL AND RESTAURANT MANAGEMENT March 2012 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was born the zodiac sign of Virgo on September 17, 1992 in Tondod, San Jose City, Nueva Ecija to Mr. Wilfredo S. Agonoy and Mrs. Norma P. Agonoy. She is the 2nd among the 3 sibling. She finished her primary education in 2005 at Cherubim Learning Center and her secondary education at Bettbien High School 2009. Her mother advice her to engage in nursing but she didn’t put attention because of fears in life. Her passion in cooking led her taking up Bachelor of Science Hotel and Restaurant Management at Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija. Her dream is to study in Treston College for a culinary arts and looking forward in becoming a chef in the next few years. MICAH ANGELICA P. AGONOY iii iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was born the zodiac sign of Scorpio on October 27, 1991 in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija to Mr. Felimon D. Lubrin and Mrs...
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...http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Sunflower-Petal-As-Tea/131073 Sunflower Petal as Tea ACCEPTABILITY OF SUNFLOWER PETAL TEA AMONG SELECTED FACULTY AND STAFF IN CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY MICAH ANGELICA P. AGONOY JENNYLYNNE L. LUBRIN An undergraduate research submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Hospitality Management, College of Home Science and Industry, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of the requirements for the subject Methods of Research (HRM335) BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HOTEL AND RESTAURANT MANAGEMENT March 2012 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was born the zodiac sign of Virgo on September 17, 1992 in Tondod, San Jose City, Nueva Ecija to Mr. Wilfredo S. Agonoy and Mrs. Norma P. Agonoy. She is the 2nd among the 3 sibling. She finished her primary education in 2005 at Cherubim Learning Center and her secondary education at Bettbien High School 2009. Her mother advice her to engage in nursing but she didn’t put attention because of fears in life. Her passion in cooking led her taking up Bachelor of Science Hotel and Restaurant Management at Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija. Her dream is to study in Treston College for a culinary arts and looking forward in becoming a chef in the next few years. MICAH ANGELICA P. AGONOY iii iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was born the zodiac sign of Scorpio on October...
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... women's rights groups became increasingly active in China: "One of the most striking manifestations of social change and awakening which has accompanied the Revolution in China has been the emergence of a vigorous and active Woman's Movement." Beginning in the 70s and continuing in the 80s, however, many Chinese feminists began arguing that the Communist government had been "consistently willing to treat women's liberation as something to be achieved later, after class inequalities had been taken care of."[9] Some feminists claim that part of the problem is a tendency on the government's part to interpret "equality" as sameness, and then to treat women according to an unexamined standard of male normalcy.[10] Chapter two: definition, development, and categories of feminism 1. Definition of feminism Throughout history, women have always struggled to obtain equality, respect, and the same rights as men. This has been difficult because of patriarchy, an ideology in which men are superior to women and have the right to control women. This ideology has spread...
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...Introduction Sexual harassment in the workplace is by no means a new phenomenon. It has existed for as longs as there has existed co-workers. However, workplaces have become more diversified over the years prompting women to rise into positions of power. Owing to these changes, sexual harassment has not only become unacceptable but also illegal in most jurisdictions. In the modern work place, sexual harassment is an increasing problem that many employees know it exists, but do not know how to deal with. The term “Sexual Harassment” became more popularized around the year 1975. This was as a result of writers and activists began addressing the issue. A pertinent question however is whether the question has really been solved. This paper will address some of the issues that are to do with sexual harassment. Types Sexual Harassment Generally, the instances of sexual harassment fall in two classes namely quid pro quo and “hostile environment”. In the quid pro quo type of sexual harassment, the harasser implicitly or explicitly makes success in the workplace, class assignment or any other situation to be based on the victim submitting to the sexual demands that are unwelcome from the harasser. Examples of harassers in this type include a supervisor who promises job promotion in exchange for sex or a manager who punishes an employee who refuses his sex advances. In the “hostile environment” class of harassment, the sexual conduct of the harasser; be it verbal or physical; puts...
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...between the question and the answer and skip another line before the next question. Chapter Four: Civil Liberties 1. What are civil liberties and when did individual rights recognized by government first appear in a legal charter? What charter? 73 - Those specific individual rights that are guaranteed by the Constitution and cannot be denied to citizens by government. Most of these rights are in the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights. The original English legal charter, the Magna Carta of 1215. 2. How are civil liberties different from civil rights? 73 - Civil liberties may be distinguished from civil rights (sometimes called equal rights), which refer to rights that members of various groups (racial, ethnic, sexual, and so on) have to equal treatment by government under the law and equal access to society’s opportunities. 3. What were the Alien and Sedition Acts and were editors if newspapers actually jailed? 74 - Alien Act, which authorized the president to deport from the United States all aliens suspected of “treasonable or secret” inclinations; the Alien Enemies Act, which allowed the president during wartime to arrest aliens subject to an enemy power; and the Sedition Act, which criminalized the publication of materials that brought the U.S. government into “disrepute.” Yes 4. What is the Patriot Act and what is “Gitmo”? How did Obama alter US policy? 75 - USA Patriot Act, authorizing President Bush to take numerous steps...
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...An Analysis of the Consensual Relationship Agreements Case Study Assignment 1 By: STUDENT NAME: Lloyd D. Gaines Jr. TO: Dr. W. D. Wilkerson Professor: COURSE NAME: BUS 520: Leadership and Organization Behavior STRAYER UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON, DC April 16, 2012 Consensual Relationship Agreements Case Study Introduction The Purpose of this case study is to examine the Consensual Relationship Agreement Case Study. “Historically, sexual relationships between employees have been viewed as private matters beyond the purview of the company and not involving special ethical issues” (Stamler, Pace & Stone p.218 1997) Employees who engage in workplace relations usually have to sign a contract. This contract ensures that the involved parties will uphold the strict policies and standards of employee etiquette. A typical consensual relationship agreement includes the guidelines on how love struck staff should behave. In analyzing the case, concepts will be identified in the areas of organizational behavior models of individual, group, and organizational processes how ethical decisions are made, and concepts of individual differences, personality traits, and perspectives. According to Hellriegel & Slocum (2011) the characteristics of a Consensual Relationship Agreement is defined as contract that set boundaries on certain office romance situations. They go as the following:...
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...Passage of the Act ended the application of "Jim Crow" laws, which had been upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, in which the Court held that racial segregation purported to be "separate but equal" was constitutional. The Civil Rights Act was eventually expanded by Congress to strengthen enforcement of these fundamental civil rights (United States Senate - Committee of the Judiciary). In the 1960s, Americans who knew only the potential of "equal protection of the laws" expected the nations political leaders and the courts to fulfill the promise and guarantee of the 14th Amendment. In response, all three branches of the federal government, as well as the public at large, debated a fundamental constitutional question: Does the Constitution's prohibition of denying equal protection always ban the use of racial, ethnic, or gender criteria in an attempt to bring social justice and social benefits (National Archives, 2012)? The simple answer is no. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 In 1964 Congress passed Public Law 88-352 (78 Stat. 241). The provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race in hiring, promoting, and firing. The word "sex" was added at the last moment. According to the West Encyclopedia of American Law, Representative Howard W. Smith (D-VA) added the word. His critics argued that Smith, a conservative Southern opponent of federal civil rights, did so to kill the entire...
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