...An Examination of Cybercrime and Cybercrime Research: Self-control and Routine Activity Theory Katherine M. Grzybowski Arizona State University 1 March 2012 Cybercrime 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................3 2. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................4 3. A REVIEW OF CYBERCRIME ...................................................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 3.1.2 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 3.4.2 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ....................................
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...years has led to the increase in new form of crime – cybercrime – throughout the world. Cybercrimes are responsible for the interruption of normal computer functions and have been known to cause the downfall of many companies. This research paper aims to discuss following aspects of cybercrimes: the definition, who they affect and some cybercrime prevention procedures. Broadly speaking, this report will display all necessary information helping people avoid being victims of cybercrimes. Table of contents ABSTRACT 1. Introduction 2. Discussion of findings 2.1. What are cybercrimes? 2.2. What are the effects of cybercrimes? 2.3.1. Potential economic impact 2.3.2. Impact on consumer trust 2.3.3. Impact on national security 2.3. How to prevent cybercrimes? 2. Conclusion REFERENCES 1. Introduction In our modern technology-driven age, keeping our personal information private is becoming more and more difficult. The truth is, highly classified details are becoming more available to public databases because we are more interconnected than ever. This creates a negative stigma that the use of technology is dangerous because practically anyone can access one’s private information for a price. Technology continues to promise to ease our daily lives, however, there are dangers of using technology. One of the main dangers of using technology is cybercrimes. Cybercrimes are any crimes that cause harm to another individuals...
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...information through the use of computer/internet brings about what is known as cybercrime Speer (2005) defines cybercrime as activities in which computers, telephones and other technological devices are used for illegal objectives such as theft, fraud, electronic defacement and breach into computer system and networks. however, security managers need to have a full knowledge of cybercrime because it is the rising mode of crime and the least reported (Phair, 2007). Security managers and cybercrime security managers need to understand that cybercrime has become a profanity in the society which affects everyone both nationally and internationally, individuals, institution, companies as well as the government and this is however a rumination of the growth of criminals practices (Helle et al, 2012). there are various characteristics of cybercrime that need to be understood by security managers and they include: it is usually a distinct/singular event from the victim's perspective, it is often facilitated by crime-ware program introduction and its introduction may not ineludibly be facilitated by weakness (Gordon et al, 2006). according to Speer (2000) there are four major component of cybercrime which security managers need to examine and address,they include: the location of the offender the victims the offender eliminating the threats challenges of cybercrime various countries have approached the challenges of cybercrime in different...
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...ABSTRACT This paper gives an outline of the developing cybercrime issue and surveys two criminological speculations that have been connected to the investigation of cybercrime and cybercrime exploitation. Enactment which characterizes cybercrimes. Also gives the lawful base to arraigning such wrongdoings has been produced at both the government and state level. Numerous government law requirement orgs have offices that endeavor to battle a wide scope of PC unlawful acts from PC interruptions to licensed innovation burglary. This paper additionally surveys different meanings of cybercrimes and orders these unlawful acts into three general classes. It then goes ahead to analyze the current level of cybercrime exploitation for both organizations and people in internationally. Digital exploitation has influenced numerous people and organizations in the very states and this issue appears to have expanded as the utilization of PCs and the web expanded in the course of the most recent decade. In the wake of investigating the current level of cybercrime internationally in this paper inspects the use of restraint and routine movement hypothesis to the investigation of cybercrime. Both of these hypotheses can be connected to the investigation of PC wrongdoing and exploitation. We also going to take interview with some IT experts of software and network companies based on cybercrimes. At long last this paper closes with a few proposals for territories of future exploration. ...
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...Cybercrime Name Institutional Affiliation Date Cyber Crime a 21st Century Problem Abstract Subsequent research has focused in establishing Cybercrime as an activity only for computer programmers. However, Cybercrime has recently expanded to appear as a full capital offense since it integrates multiple forms of criminal activities. Per se, Cybercrime has proved to be a social, economic, and political form of disturbance, or in other words, a mother of 21st century crimes. The commencing research will endeavor to prove that Cybercrime should be managed in a more responsive method since it encourages the development of other crimes. The research is defragmented into three main sections, firstly, a background establishing the crude nature of Cybercrime. Secondly, the research will provide a critical review of forms and the extent of crime. Thirdly, the research will provide the authors opinion on what should be done in relation to Cybercrime. Background Half a decade ago, when computers were evolving to their current state, little was known of any criminal activity, which could have been associated with the process. However, with time, Cybercrime grew leading to the introduction of malicious activities that attempts to swindle the information wealth of the user. In recent times, most countries, even in the developing world are processing laws, which should mitigate or even extinguish Cybercrime. Cybercrime is one of the most sophisticated crimes since the attacker is remotely...
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...have chosen to my term paper on Cyber Crime. I chose this topic because I myself have been a victim of this malicious crime in the past. With knowledge I can warn others. Cybercrime can only be described as illegal activity committed on the Internet. I thought it would be good for me to make myself aware of all the research behind this topic so that I will not be a victim again. Cybercrime is a very serious offense and a lot of people do not even realize they have been a victim of it. Cybercrime is no laughing matter. Criminal activities in cyberspace are on the rise. (National Research Council, (NRC), 1991) Computers today are being misused for illegal activities like e-mail espionage, credit card fraud, spams, and software piracy and so on, which invade our privacy and offend our senses. The internet, along with its advantages, has also exposed us to security risks that come with connecting to a large network. Cybercrimes can basically be divided into three categories: Cybercrimes against persons, cybercrimes against property and cybercrimes against the government. As cases of cybercrimes grow, there is a growing need to prevent them. Cyberspace belongs to everyone. Cybercrime is a menace that has to be tackled effectively not only by the official but also by the users by co-operating with the law. Cybercrime is one of the fastest growing areas of crime. More and more criminals are exploiting the speed,...
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...Cybercrime: The Real Deal Reginald McInnis SEC 402 Information Warfare and Homeland Security Strayer University Spring 2012 Instructor: Professor Scott McCrea In our society there are many different way of communication around the world. With the rapid usage of the Internet and the access of personal computers, we must be aware of the global threats that await the consumer and business it we are not prepared and educated. One of the fastest crime in the United States and all over the world is cybercrime. What is exactly cybercrime? According to the book Scene of the Cybercrime author Michael Cross defines it as a broad and generic term that refers to crimes committed using computers and the Internet, and can generally be defined as a subcategory of computer crime. It can be also said that cybercrime can lead to criminal offenses committed using the internet or another computer network as a tool of the crime (Cross, 2008). According to the Computer Security Institute's Computer Crime and Security Survey for 2007, 494 computer security professionals in the United States corporations, government agencies, universities, and financial medical institutions reported that computer fraud was the greatest source of financial losses, with losses resulting from virus attacks falling into second place for the first time in seven years. In addition to this, 29 percent of the organizations suffered a computer intrusion that they reported to law enforcement (www.gocsi...
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...Cyber Crime Erika Moore CRJU 5500-02F What is cybercrime and how can someone get caught in participating in a cybercrime? Cybercrime any kind of crime committed via the internet or on a computer network. Cybercrime can be anything from hate crimes, telemarketing and Internet fraud, identity theft, to credit card account thefts. All are considered to be cybercrimes when the illegal activities are committed through the use of a computer and the Internet. How bad could cybercrime really be? “Cybercrime is a type of crime that not only destroys the security system of a country but also its financial system.” (Real Cost of Cyber Crime) Cybercrime is the type of crime that is hard to trace, but once traceable it then opens a whole can of worms. Once our government finds out about cybercrimes usually they find more than what they were looking for to begin with. In the past there have been some cybercrime laws that were insufficient but the law enforcement agencies and government have proposed many plans to help fight cybercrime. Once a cybercrime has been committed and traced back to the hacker punishment is required. “Cybercrime must be dealt with very seriously because it causes a lot of damage to businesses and the actual punishment should depend on the type of fraud used. The penalty for illegally accessing a computer system ranges from 6 months to 5 years. The penalty for the unofficial modification on a computer ranges from 5 to 10 years.”(Real Cost of Cyber Crime)...
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...Jove Cook IS4670 Cybercrime Forensics Unit 1 Discussion 1 Common Data Threats and Cybercrimes This paper is to discuss data threats and cybercrimes and the individuals and organizations that are impacted by data exposures using the provided text sheet titled “IS4670: Unit 1 Discussion 1 Common Data Threats and Cybercrimes.” The questions that will be addressed for each example scenario are as follows: What type(s) of data threat and/or cybercrime(s) that played a key role in the data exposure? Who or what the exposure affected? (Such as individuals, corporations, and more.) What are the possible consequences of the data exposures? Example Scenarios: 1. An E-mail scam asks employees to verify their account settings. When employees respond, they provide their computer user name and password. Data Threat and/or Cybercrime that played a key role in the data exposure: * Phishing, Social engineering, Spyware/Adware, Uniform resource locator (URL) injectors and browser redirectors, and Viruses. Who or what the exposure affected: * Organizations that process and store sensitive data, such as government agencies, corporations, e-commerce Web sites, infrastructure organizations, like oil and gas producers and transporters, medical providers, and power plants * Anyone who is gullible, greedy, desperate, uninformed, or inexperienced. * The employees and the corporation they work for. Possible consequences: * With the employees giving out their computer...
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...Cybercrime With everything in society advancing rapidly, it should be of no surprise that technology is now used to commit crimes against other people. Those crimes include identity theft, stealing money, illegal gambling, and cyberstalking. This paper will review cybercrime and the differences there are from traditional crime and it will review the purpose of hackers. There will also be three cases reviewed to help bring light to what kind of cybercrimes are being committed around the world. Differences between Cybercrime and Traditional Crime For an individual to fully understand the difference between cybercrime and traditional crime, the individual needs to understand what cybercrime is. The definition of cybercrime is according to "Oxford Dictionaries" (2014), "crime conducted via the internet or some other computer network" (cybercrime). Cybercrime is committed by hackers with the goal of financial gain in min by stealing personal information(bank information, credit card information, etc) from individuals. Traditional Crime is a considered crimes against the public. There are many different categories for cybercrime but the main four include identity theft, illegal gambling, cyber terrorism, and cyber stalking. Both cybercrime and traditional crime are charged on a state law level; however, there are plenty of federal laws that can be violated through committing cybercrime. The main difference that needs to be known is that when cybercrimes are committed, the...
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...International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 3 Issue 8, August - 2014 The Impact of Mobile Information and Communication Technology on Cybercrime in Nigeria Oyenike Mary Olanrewaju1, Faith Oluwatosin Adebiyi2 1,2 Department of Mathematical Sciences and Information Technology Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria Keywords: Cybercrime, Intelligent, Investigatory Security, Mobile I. INTRODUCTION Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is often used as an extended synonym for Information Technology (IT). ICT is a term that summarizes the role of unified communications networks and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers and all its form of networks as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information to meet day to day needs of the society. A mobile device or mobile ICT basically describes a small, handheld computing device, typically having a display screen with a miniature keyboard and potable enough for users to carry with hands or conveniently kept in a pocket. They are also location independent. In other words their functionality is not confined to a specific geographical location. Nokia, LG, Motorola Mobility, BlackBerry, Samsung, and Apple are just a few examples of the many manufacturers producing these types of devices. A handheld...
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...An Examination of Cybercrime and Cybercrime Research: Self-control and Routine Activity Theory Katherine M. Grzybowski Arizona State University 1 March 2012 Cybercrime 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................3 2. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................4 3. A REVIEW OF CYBERCRIME ...................................................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 3.1.2 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 3.4.2 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ...................................................................
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...Critical Issues in Criminal Justice JUS-250 April 28, 2014 Internet Pirates Music, Movies and More Most people like listening to good music by the artists they enjoy listening to. Music is expensive when you are on a tight budget and the belt is as tight as it can go. You must choose between getting the newest CD and gasoline for your vehicle. Of course you would choose the gasoline to get back and forth to work or wherever you may have to drive. However you might be able to download the music from your computer. Downloading itself is not illegal but, if a person puts the song on the internet; copies, sells or distributes it for profit that is a crime. No matter what excuses are used it is all a cop out. It does not change the fact that copyrighted material or songs downloaded for profit is theft if it has not been paid for (Amazon). Chances are you may know someone who downloads music or movies from online and this in itself is not illegal. It is when friends start asking if they could get this or that downloaded and they will pay you for this music or movies. The Internet is running rampant with peer to peer (p2p) networks such as LimeWire, Bit Torrent and many others. These sites are where people copy music then put it on these sites for others to copy or use. The act of downloading something illegally falls under the Copyright Act of 1976, a Federal Statute that governs copyright laws in the...
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...CYBER CRIMES Cybercrime has been one of the cases that rise nowadays. Some of us may do not know what cybercrime is. Cybercrime is activity with criminal motive and with intention to harm others or stealing something (such as personal information, money, etc.) that using computer or network as its media. The scope of cybercrime could be very narrow, such as stealing examination questions from school’s bank data. It also could be on a very big scope like threaten national security system, or stealing money for someone’s bank account. Cybercrime becomes hot issue since this is one of the crimes that are hard to prevent, difficult to investigate, and need some people with special IT ability to prevent and stop this action. Once cybercrime happened, it will be hard to stop and take a long time to investigate while the crime still happening. Some of the cases on cybercrime are involving our young generation. The cybercrime case that often faced by young generation is cyber bullies. Cyber bully is activity to bully or harm other people by using computer, SMS, MMS, and network as its media. For example, disseminate indecent photo that harm others via internet. According to dailymail.uk, an e-newspaper, one in four children targeted by cyber bullies. It makes thousands depressed and even suicidal. Another interesting fact is one in fifteen teacher also targeted by cyber bullies. The effect of this kind of cybercrime to the young generation are, first, it will make them feel paranoid...
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...Introduction David S. Wall, author of Cybercrime: The Transformation of Crime in the Information Age, once said, “In a nutshell, we are shocked by cybercrime, but also expect to be shocked by it because we expect it to be there, but – confusingly – we appear to be shocked if we are not shocked (if we don’t find it)!” In today’s society, cybercrimes are considered a greater threat than ever. Computer crime can be defined as a crime that is committed where the computer or electronic data device is integral to the criminal act (Kranacher, Riley, and Wells 114). Although many do not believe that they can cause any vital damage, cybercrimes such as wiretapping, piggybacking, and computer viruses can have significant repercussions on various organizations. By identifying the type of cybercrime, discussing how organizations can protect themselves from it, and multiple real-life examples, an insightful analysis of the implications of cybercrime can be better understood. Wiretapping Wiretapping has become a very common way of committing computer fraud. This occurs when perpetrators read information being transmitted between an organization’s computers. In order to decrease this, companies can implement various encryption techniques to help ensure that confidential information does not reach the hands of a person who can use it with malicious intent (Kranacher, Riley, and Wells 120-21). This information that is obtained could be pertaining to an organization’s consumers, employees...
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