...Importance of DNA - A T2 Assessment Understanding what DNA is, is very important. DNA is the material that carries all the information about how a human will look (facial features, etc,.) and also how they will process daily. For example, DNA in humans determines things such as what color the eyes are, what color the hair is, and also what gender you are when a baby. DNA is found in the nucleus of almost all cells. DNA also does something called replicating nucleotides. If DNA never replicated, cell life would be impossible. If this really were to happen, the cells would then die. DNA replicates itself in order to create more DNA strands for cells. It happens along the entire DNA molecule. It continues this until the entire strand/ladder...
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...development of an organism? Cell division produces the new cells that make up an organism. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) carves out structures such as fingers and toes; it also protects an organism by eliminating damaged cells that might otherwise become cancerous. 8.2 1. Why does DNA replicate? DNA replicates before a cell divides so that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information. 2. What is semiconservative replication? Semiconservative replication means that only one strand of a DNA molecule is newly formed. The other strand is original DNA from the parent cell. 3. What are the steps of DNA replication? The helicase enzyme unwinds and separates a double-stranded DNA molecule; binding proteins keep the strands separate. The primase enzyme forms a short stretch of complementary RNA on each DNA template. Starting at the end of the RNA primer, DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides that are complementary to the template strand, proofreading and correcting errors as it goes. Another enzyme removes the RNA primers, and DNA polymerase fills in the gaps left by the primers. The ligase enzyme seals the resulting nicks in the newly synthesized DNA. 4. Could DNA replication occur if primase were not present in a cell? Explain your answer. Primase’s job...
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...head: SIGNIFICANCE OF DNA Significance of DNA Significance of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first discovered in 1869 by Johann Friedrich Miescher, but it was not until the 1950s while studying viral replication did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase determine DNA was Genetic material. In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discovered DNA was a double helix (a double helix looks like a twisted ladder). The discovery of Watson and Crick opened the door helping describe the significance and importance of DNA as the molecule of inheritance while addressing the structure of the DNA molecule, and why is a molecule of DNA so perfect for the job it performs. I will look at what exactly does DNA code for, how is that translated into actual traits, what are mitosis and meiosis, what are the similarities and differences, and what do mitosis and meiosis allow for. I will show how traits are passed from parents to offspring and lastly describe how knowledge of DNA and genetics can help in my life. The Significance and Importance of deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) as the Molecule of Inheritance The significance and importance of DNA “is the body’s instruction manual for making you who you are. It is present in any living being. It carries all the instructions and materials the body needs to function”(Leving, 2008). The DNA in cells is all the same for individuals, which create a specific identity for each individual. Discuss Briefly the structure of the DNA Molecule and Why is...
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... The way the DNA is composed is a very complex matter. This journal was published in The Journal Of Clinical Physics on July 29, 2010. The authors were Margret C. Linak and Kevin D. Dorfman. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Deoxyribonucleic acid is a material in humans and other organisms. Almost every cell in a persons body has the same DNA. A persons DNA defines who they are and what traits they have. This journal I choose experiments with the simulation that is used to describe the model of DNA through different experiments and tests. The tests that were done in this experiment were trying to show the correct melting temperature of the model. How will these experiments turn out in the end? To begin, the scientists in this experiment want to show how they tried to simulate DNA. The methods that were done were to try and show the nucleotide sequences and figuring out the values of the X and Y chromosomes. Also, the scientists tried to conserve the identity of the stem of the cytosine bases in the loop. The cytosine bases were replaced with guanines of different lengths. Cytosine bases are involved with the pairing of the DNA and the chromosomes. The experiment used DNA hairpins. DNA hairpins are the structure of the DNA. The scientists made an hypothesis to try and test what they thought would happen during the experiment. The hypothesis that was made during this experiment was that by the different tests that were done, one of those tests would have...
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...involved in this process - translation 3) Codons are involved - translation 4) Uses DNA Polymerase- replication 5) Polymerase chain reaction is a “synthetic” version of this 6) RNA polymerase is used - transcription 7) Ribosomes are used- translation 8) tRNA is used - translation 9) mRNA is produced - transcription 10) mRNA is read - translation 11) Important when a cell divides- replication 12) Uses a start codon - translation 13) A stop codon is involved - translation 14) Ends with a termination sequence - translation 15) Begins at a promoter region - transcription 16)What are the two main types of cells? * Eukaryotes: animals, plants, yeast, algae, most multicellular organisms; yes nucleus * Prokaryotes: bacteria, archaebacteria, simpler organisms; no nucleus; no membrane enclosed organelles 17) Approximate size scale of bacterial cell (1 micron) vs. animal cell (10-100 microns) vs. molecules vs. virus 18) How does the cell fit 6 feet of DNA into each cell of our body? 19) How many chromosomes do humans have? What’s the difference between male and female chromosomes? 23; XX (female) versus XY (male) 20) Plasmids are the most important entity for biotechnology. They allow the insertion of foreign DNA 21) What was the first protein biotechnology to be produced in E. coli? 22) DNA: fingerprint of cell; coding material for everything in our body; way we look and act; genetic...
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...gene What is nucleic acid? • Nucleic acids like DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid) and RNA (ribo nucleic acid) are long linear polymers that carry information in a form that can be passed from one generation to the next. • DNA and RNA are composed of series of linked nucleotides What is a nucleotide? • It is composed of a sugar, a base and a phosphate Nucleotide = sugar + base + phosphate Nucleoside = sugar + base 3 Composition of a gene What are the bases? (A) (G) (C) (U) (T) 4 Difference between DNA and RNA RNA and DNA Differ in the Sugar Component and One of the Bases 2’ carbon atom of the sugar lacks the oxygen atom in DNA • In RNA : Uracil (U) • In DNA : Thymine (T) In RNA : adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and uridine In DNA : deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, and thymidine 5 Nucleic acid: an information carrier What is the form of information? • Sequence of bases along a nucleic acid chain • DNA, RNA molecules are linear polymers built up from similar units connected end to end • Each unit consists of three components: a sugar, a phosphate, and a base 6 Gene : a portion of nucleic acid What is gene? • A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. In a cell, gene is a portion of DNA and RNA which define a protein or RNA. What is the path of getting protein from DNA? • DNA is not the direct template for protein synthesis (Central dogma of molecular biology) 7 Backbones of DNA and RNA ...
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...DNA DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is the very building block needed in the creation of life. It is composed of genetic instruction to map out the creation of an entire organism. DNA is well suited in the storage of biological information. Yet with all of this complex information there are certain chemicals or forms of energy that can damage or alter this special coding. In process of damaging or altering the coding of DNA the most dreaded situation of a cancerous cell can be formed. To start let’s look at the different kinds of radiation that may or may not effect DNA. Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation Ionizing Radiation can change the way our body’s work and develop. Direct includes covalent linkage between nitrogenous bases, and creating structure like thymine dimmers. Indirect is when it interacts with water to create free radicals which can interact with a person’s DNA. It can cause single or double stranded breaks in the sugar- phosphate backbone. (Buttons, n.d.) Alpha Radiation is a process that needs to be swallowed, inhaled, and or absorbed into the blood stream. This can increase the risk of cancer also known as lung cancer. Radon is a silent but deadly killer. To determine if one has been affected by alpha particles testing would be completed with special equipment and gear to prevent those from any exposure. Beta Particles can be a helpful process of treatment to many, such as treating thyroid disorders, cancer, and Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism). It also...
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...DNA Paper Amber Wigtion Chem109 August 31, 2014 Mrs. Garrett DNA is what makes us who we are; our looks and characteristics. DNA can be altered if exposed enough to radiation. Such alters could result in cancers, mutations, and genetic disorders. There are different forms of radiation that gets emitted from a radioactive nucleus that is unstable. The three types of radiation particles are beta, gamma, and alpha particles. The alpha particles have high energy and are fast moving atoms made up of helium. As a result of their large mass, they are stopped by a piece of paper or just a few inches of air. Beta particles have energy that ranges from a few hundred keV to several MeV. These are fast moving electrons and because they are lighter than helium atoms, they are capable of penetrating much easier than alpha particles. Beta particles can penetrate through very thin plastic, light metals, and through several feet of air. Gamma particles are photons. They are similar to light but have higher energy. Gamma particles can penetrate through several inches of lead or be stopped by a thin piece of aluminum (S-Cool, 2014). Radiation can damage the DNA of an individual if highly exposed. When DNA gets damaged, then the instructions that tell the body how to be built get rewritten in a sense. High energy of radiation can tear the DNA, and remove one, or millions of the letters that make up the DNA. This damage will have a huge impact on a person’s cell if t cannot replace itself...
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...Aditya Bhagirath Rev. Chux Okochi SPE1000c 12 October 2015 Key Word Outline I. Introduction A. DNA is a term we throw around so often in the science world B. What is it? How does its structure influence our lives? C. Who discovered it? Where did this happen? D. The structure of DNA is quite important to our somatic function E. Applications of DNA in our daily life, as well as man made functions that are incredibly important to our development in civilization * PCR and Gel Electrophoresis : Polymerase Chain Reaction with Gel Electrophoresis * Monoclonal and Polyclonal antibodies * DNA genotyping : Used in conjunction with PCR/Gel Electrophoresis to compare DNA for filial testing(maternity/paternity) as well as CSI for identification of potential suspects(forensics); can also be used to trace pedigree F. The structure of DNA is incredibly important to it’s function, and the discovery of this molecule, that is the basis of our life, has influenced the advancement of the human race because of it’s incredible structure and variability as well as its role in human side application. II. Body G. DNA is Deoxyribonucleic acid * It is also known as a polynucleotide * It is one of the 3 major macromolecules of life! * It is a complex molecule * It is a anti-parallel double helix – meaning its two opposite sides twirl around and form a parallel twisting molecule * Deoxyribose...
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...1, What is the BOSI Model? “BOSI is the acronym for the four Entrepreneurial DNAs – The Builder, The Opportunist, The Specialist and The Innovator.”1 These are the DNAs that define what kind of entrepreneur you are. Almost everyone has multiple DNAs, but one usually has a primary DNA that drives him/her. The use of the BOSI model is to let you know about your DNAs, to tell you what you do best and what you should not do at all as an entrepreneur – your tendencies, your predispositions, your strengths and your weaknesses. For example, some people are good with building companies from ground up, they develop the companies like they were born to do it – they are the builders. Some others, on the other hand, try to follow every step the builders take and still eventually end up failing. These people fail not because they are not good entrepreneurs; they fail because they don’t have the builder DNA. Maybe one day, they can come up with unique ideas and then create new products that earn them billions – they still make money, however, not by building but by innovating - they realize that they are not builders but rather innovators! The BOSI Model was created to reduce an entrepreneur’s chances of failure. When a Specialist thinks that he/she is an innovator, he/she would spend every day in the lab thinking that one day he/she will become as successful as Steve Jobs; but it is likely that he/she would fail because he/she does not have an innovative mind – that would then be a waste...
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...Laboratory Exercise #8 DNA Fingerprinting: Identification of DNA Restriction Fragmentation Patterns I. Introduction All humans have in common the coding sequences of their DNA, but, unless you are an identical twin, the non-coding sequences of your DNA are like no other person’s on the planet. The bulk of human DNA does not code for specific genes and is highly repetitive. A British geneticist, Alec Jefferies, developed laboratory techniques in 1984 that became known as DNA fingerprinting. These techniques can identify the differences in repetitive nucleotide sequences between individuals, but also show where sequences are the same and, therefore, have been inherited. DNA fingerprinting can be used to detect genetic disorders, identify individuals, settle paternity disputes and determine guilt or innocence when presented as evidence in a crime scene investigation. This ability to identify an individual is enhanced by the variety of substances that contain DNA, including blood, semen, saliva, hair, urine, bone, teeth, feces, and tissues. DNA profiling is one of the most important applications of the techniques used in the field of forensics. Crime scene investigation routinely includes the collection of evidence that may contain DNA in the hopes that it may provide a link to a suspect. The genetic comparison doesn't require that investigators look at the entire genome of the DNA samples found at the crime scene or from a suspect. Instead, forensic scientists use genetic...
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...Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell) Chapter 12 DNA Technology and Genomics Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When DNA fingerprinting was first used, A) genetic evidence was collected using only DNA from blood. B) blood samples from theGenomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector? crime scene were used to match the blood of a person who confessed. C) the two semen samples did not match the person who initially confessed. D) genetic testing revealed that the two murdered girls were killed by two different people. E) the DNA evidence was not convincing enough to convict the suspect. Answer: C Topic: Opening Essay Skill: Factual Recall 2) Biotechnology A) is a modern scientific discipline that has existed for only a few decades. B) is strictly concerned with the manipulation of DNA. C) has only been used successfully in the area of forensic science. D) has been around since the dawn of civilization. E) is generally considered more harmful than valuable to society. Answer: D Topic: 12.1 Skill: Factual Recall 3) When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as A) cloned DNA. B) recombinant DNA. C) a vector. D) a plasmid. E) a DNA library. Answer: B Topic: 12.1 ...
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...Class: Biology CP Teacher: Mr. Liska Date: 1-22-13 Standards: B-4.1 Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides, and base pairs. B-4.3 Explain how DNA functions as the code of life and the blueprint for proteins. B-4.4 Summarize the basic processes involved in protein synthesis (including transcription and translation). Essential Questions: What is genetic material composed of? What is the shape of the DNA molecule? How is information organized in a DNA molecule? What scientific investigations led to the discovery of DNA’s structure? How does DNA replicate, or make a copy of itself? What are the roles of protein in DNA replication? What is the process of gene expression? What is the role of RNA in gene expression? What happens during transcription? What are the major steps of translation? Learning Objectives: * Students will be able to synthesize the importance of DNA to life on earth. * After going through notes and activities on DNA properties, students will be able to analyze the 1components in the basic chemical structure and properties of DNA. * Students will be able to see visual components that DNA is contained in the order of bases, while the base-pairing structure allows information to be copied. * Given the structure of DNA, students will be able to investigate how the process of DNA replication occurs. * Students will evaluate how gene expression produces proteins by transcription and translation. * Given models...
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...LAB#11 DNA EXTRACTION & KARYOTYPING ________________________________________________ Objectives: After completing this exercise, you should be able to: 1. Develop an understanding of the structure and properties of DNA, based on observation and manipulations 2. Understand some implications of DNA technology 3. Extract DNA from an onion to understand that all cells contain DNA Introduction/Purpose: DNA is too small to see under a regular microscope, so then how can it be studied? DNA is a large chemical molecule found in all living things, so it should be possible to extract it from cells or tissue. All we need to do is disrupt the cell’s plasma membrane and nuclear envelope, make the DNA clump together. DNA extraction is possible. Plant material is easy to use and DNA extractions from onion, bananas, liver, or wheat germ are common classroom activities or demonstrations. Plants used in agriculture and horticulture are often artificially selected for their large flowers and fruits. Strawberries are no exception. A reason for the size of today’s large supermarket strawberries is the octaploid nature of their cells. With eight sets of chromosomes, they have plenty of DNA for classroom extraction. The fruit is homogenized with a detergent to prepare a filtrate. The detergent emulsifies and forms complexes with the lipids and proteins of the plasma membrane this causes them to precipitate out of the solution. The mixture is then filtered through cheesecloth;...
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...Central Time on Sunday. 1. What is the genetic material of organisms? 2. What are the requirements for DNA to be the genetic material? 3. Who can be credited with determining that DNA is the genetic material of living things? 4. What nucleotides are contained in DNA? 5. What is the difference between pyrimidine and purine bases? 6. State Chargaff’s rules. 7. What is the estimate of the number of base pairs on each human chromosome? 8. Describe the Watson-Crick model for DNA. 9. Explain the meaning of complementary base pairings. 10. What enzyme is required for DNA replication? 11. What molecules form the backbone of a DNA molecule? 12. What type of molecules does the genetic code in DNA produce? 13. Identify three differences between DNA and RNA. 14. What is the role of mRNA? 15. What is transcription? 16. What is translation? 17. What does it mean to say the genetic code is unambiguous? 18. What role is performed by transfer RNA? 19. If a DNA strand is represented by the bases: A-C-T-G-G-C what are the bases that will be included in the replicated strand? 20. If a DNA strand is A-C-T-G-G-C, what is the base representation that will be produced by transcription? 21. If a messenger RNA molecule is U-C-A-A-C-G what will be the tRNA molecule? 22. What are the steps in translation? ...
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