...The Study of Heat, Kinetic Energy Theory of Matter, and Temperature Name University Physical Science Professor 17 July 2011 Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the similarities and differences between heat, temperature, and the kinetic energy theory of matter. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the study of heat relates to the kinetic energy theory of matter. It will also discuss what the study of heat is. I will then explain what temperature is. I will follow this by then explaining what the relationship between both heat and temperature are. Next, I will give the difference in both heat and temperature. I will then give examples of the various properties of a substance that will determine its heat capacity. Lastly, I will give the various sources of heat. How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? The study of heat is explained through science. It is not a theory of sorts like kinetic theory of matter is. Heat is what makes kinetic energy. The more heat that is produced the higher the kinetic energy level of an object or substance is or has. The kinetic energy theory of matter is a scientific theory that states that matter consists of small particles in a rapid random motion. The kinetic energy theory gives the differences of three states of matter; solids, liquids, and gases. The result of heat in these three states of matter has different effects on each. For instance, if you gave the same amount of heat off for all three...
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...Running head: HEAT 1 Heat Adrienne Branch Professor Olivia Uitto Science 110- Introduction to Physical Science April 27, 2012 HEAT 2 How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? The philosophers Democritus and Lucretius stated that matter is composed of particles. They also believed that these particles were in constant motion and in the state of solid, liquid, or gas (Gibbs, 2010). They called this theory the Kinetic Theory of Matter after the word kinema, which is Greek (Gibbs, 2010). In the study of heat we learn that whenever heat is added to a substance, molecules and atoms vibrate faster. Due to the quickly vibrating atoms, the area between the atoms get larger (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). The state of the matter of the particular substance is determined by the motion and space between the particles. The more an object expands, the more space it takes up (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). During this process, the mass of the particular object will not change. Solids, liquids, and gas all expand when heat is added. When an object cools, molecules vibrate at a slower pace. The atoms start moving closer together again and the matter begins to contract. During this process as well, the mass will remain the same (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). Several good examples of the Kinetic Theory of Matter relating to heat is with sidewalks and railroad tracks which are solids. They expand...
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...Specific Heat and Heat Capacity Worksheet 1 The temperature of 335 g of water changed from 24.5oC to 26.4oC. How much heat did this sample absorb? c for water = 4.18 J/goC (ans. 2.66 kJ)  2. How much heat in kilojoules has to be removed from 225g of water to lower its temperature from 25.0oC to 10.0oC? (ans. –14.1 kJ) 3. To bring 1.0kg of water from 25oC to 99oC takes how much heat input? (ans. 309 kJ) 4. An insulated cup contains 75.0g of water at 24.00oC. A 26.00g sample of metal at 82.25oC is added. The final temperature of the water and metal is 28.34oC. What is the specific heat of the metal? (ans 0.971 J/goC ) 5. A calorimeter has a heat capacity of 1265 J/oC. A reaction causes the temperature of the calorimeter to change from 22.34oC to 25.12oC. How many joules of heat were released in this process? (ans. 3.52 kJ released ) 6. What is the specific heat of silicon if it takes 192J to raise the temperature of 45.0g of Si by 6.0oC? (ans. 0.71 J/goC) 7. Aqueous silver ion reacts with aqueous chloride ion to yield a white precipitate of solid silver chloride. When 10.0 mL of 1.00M AgNO3 solution is added to 10.0mL of 1.00 M NaCl solution at 25oC in a calorimeter a white precipitate of AgCl forms and the temperature of the aqueous mixture increases to 32.6oC. Assuming that the specific heat of the aqueous mixture is 4.18 J/goC, that the density of the mixture is 1.00 g/mL, and that the calorimeter itself absorbs a negligible...
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...“How does the study of heat relate to the Kinetic of matter?” Heat is transferred into motion. This is done by kinetic matter. It moves at a rapid motion, making the heat that’s being transferred combine with the motion of atom and molecules. Therefore, matter takes on changes when heat is constantly being applied. For this reason, the process is called the kinetic theory. Heat takes on 3 stages and they are solid, liquids and gases. Solids forms there shape by arrangements of molecules. For example, ice has a shape but, changes when melting. Solids form around a fixed close position fitting making it stronger and Causing solids to maintain its shape. Liquids are closer together but, will change its form because space is provided. Gases are higher and 10 times the distance between that of solids and liquids. Therefore, allowing the particles to move freely and use the space available to them. “What is heat?” Heat can be describing that something that move between object when 2 objects of different temperature are brought together or energy transfer that move between object of different temperature (energy transfer). For example, when you rub your hand together, then you will feel the heat (warm) in center of your hand. There are two kind of energy. It’s call “External energy” and “Internal energy”. External energy is define as the total potential and kinetic energy of an everyday-sized object. Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy...
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...Introduction to Physical Science – SCI110 Assignment #2 Week 4 Melissa Garrett Assignment #2: Paper Due Week Four: In a documented essay of 900 - 1200 words please address the following issues, in your own words: * How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? * What is heat? * What is temperature? * What is the relationship between heat and temperature? * How are they different? * What are the various properties of a substance that determine its heat capacity? * What are the various sources of heat? Conclusions about the structure of matter have been developed by physicists and chemists over the past 150 years. To understand it further let us look at the structure and the processes that occur to determine the state in which it exits. Matter typically exists in 3 common states or phases: solids, liquids, and gases. It is made up of molecules. “A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound or a gaseous element that can exist and still retain the characteristic properties of that substance” (Tillery, B., Enger, E., Ross, F., Integrated Science 2009 Custom Edition, p.98). According to the Kinetic theory of matter, these molecules are in constant, random motion. Through the force of cohesion, molecules interact and attract each other. In the case of solids, which have a definite shape and volume, the molecules vibrate “in a fixed equilibrium position with strong cohesive forces” (Tillery, B., Enger, E., Ross,...
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...Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems Clinton Ward COM155 February 17, 2013 Joyce Keeling Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems Air conditioners and heat pump systems are used by most people in the world today. They are used to cool in the summer time and to heat in the winter time. These machines are bought and used when most people do not even understand the principle on which they work. The machines are expected do what they are designed to do, and when they cease to do this, they can be costly to repair. Air conditioners and heat pumps are similar in appearance and operation, but while using the same components they can perform completely different tasks. Knowing the difference between the two and the principle in which they perform their tasks will enable each person to make an informed decision when the time comes to repair or replace a piece of equipment. Air conditioners and heat pumps have several components that work in the same way. The compressor is the heart of the system. It is present in both an air conditioner and a heat pump. The compressor pumps the refrigerant throughout the system and enables the system to heat and cool. A few other components in an air conditioner and a heat pump are the metering device, the indoor coil, and the outdoor coil. These four basic components must be present for the cooling process to take place. There are a few components in heat pumps that do not show up in air conditioners. These devices are what make the air conditioner...
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...HEAT 4.1 UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM 1. Define: The measure of the degree of hotness of an object. (a) Temperature Measured in SI unit Kelvin, K A hot object is at a higher temperature than a cold object. Form of energy, measured in Joules, J (b) Heat Heat is transferred from hotter object (higher temperature) to colder object (lower temperature) When an object is heated, it will absorb heat energy and the temperature will increase. When an object is cooled, it will release heat energy and the temperature will decrease. (c) Thermal Two objects are in thermal contact when heat energy contact can be transferred between them. (d)Heat transfer When two objects with different degrees of hotness come into thermal contact, heat energy is transferred between the two objects. (e) Mechanism of Thermal Equilibrium Energy is transferred at a faster rate from the hotter object to the colder object. Energy is also transferred from the colder object to the hotter one, but at a slower rate. There is a net flow of energy from the hotter object to the colder object. (f) Thermal When two objects are in thermal equilibrium, there is Equilibrium no net flow of heat between them. Two objects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature 60 The hotter object cools down while the colder object warms up . After some time, energy is transferred at the same rate between the two objects. There is no net heat transfer between the objects. The two objects are said to be in thermal equilibrium...
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...The Issue of the Urban Heat Island For the first time in 2008 the human population was split evenly between urban and non-urban areas (Population Reference Bureau). Now, three years later, with greater than 50 percent of people live in urban areas, a large proportion of the human population is at risk of danger from urban climate stress. Urban areas drastically alter the natural landscape of the environments they replace and along with that, feed back loops that maintain local climate and ecosystems. The common identifiers of urban and suburban areas such as large buildings, blacktop surfaces, and roof tops not only directly affect the surfaces they replaced and the ecosystems the land supported, but also the stable climate that the land supported. Natural surfaces such as meadows and forests help to maintain local climates by performing multiple environmental services. When replaced by ubiquitous urban surfaces such as vast blacktop parking lots and roads the local evapotranspiration and albedo are reduced and heat-trapping environments are created (Buyantuyev and Jianguo, 2010). The high concentration of impervious low albedo surfaces in urban areas means that heat is more concentrated in those areas compared to their surrounding natural land. This phenomenon occurs in many urban settings and is known as the Urban Heat Island effect (UHI). Since the Chinese government began its reform process in 1978, Shanghai, China has been constantly expanding and urbanizing...
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...Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, & Radiation 1 Heat Transfer Basics Tami L. Donnell Humanities 300, History and Methods of Science Professor Datte February 7, 2007 Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, & Radiation 2 Heat Transfer Basics What is Heat Transfer? Heat Transfer is the movement of energy due to a temperature difference. In my paper I will discuss Heat Transfer Basics and will address three physical mechanisms of the movement of heat. The three modes are conduction, convection, and radiation. I will offer examples of the three in hopes that you will gain a better understanding of what each one means. By the end of my essay paper you will have gain the knowledge, skills and abilities to define and understand how heat transfer occurs in our daily living. I will begin by given some small information about heat. Heat as some of you may know flows from an area of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. Heat can also be made to flow from a cooler area to a hotter area in order to do this function; heat is controlled via a system such as a heat pump. Heat is basically made up of molecules as most anything. Molecules are constantly moving so the hotter something maybe the faster the molecules are moving. Eventually, they move at the same speed which means that any object that is hot will become cold. As mentioned previously heat moves from one object to another in three ways: conduction, convection...
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...This page intentionally left blank SEVENTH EDITION Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer THEODORE L. BERGMAN Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Connecticut ADRIENNE S. LAVINE Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles FRANK P. INCROPERA College of Engineering University of Notre Dame DAVID P. DEWITT School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University JOHN WILEY & SONS VICE PRESIDENT & PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR EDITORIAL ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION EDITOR DESIGNER EXECUTIVE MEDIA EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES Don Fowley Linda Ratts Renata Marchione Christopher Ruel Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Wendy Lai Thomas Kulesa MPS Ltd. This book was typeset in 10.5/12 Times Roman by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The cover was printed by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing...
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...destroys the land where it grows. It deteriorates the nutrients of the soil thus creating problems to farmers. Hence, the researcher would like to study if this grass can be a substitute as thermal insulating material. If it can be an alternative, this research would really give great help to many farmers. Objectives of the Study The main objective of this study is determine whether Cogon grass can be a substitute as thermal insulator as compared to other traditional thermal insulating materials. Specifically, this study aims to: 1. determine the thermal resistance (R) of Cogon grass as thermal insulating material; 2. determine the thermal conductivity (k) of Cogon grass as thermal insulating material; 3. determine how much heat (Q) trasmit to the layer of the Cogon grass per second; and, 4. determine how much is the temperature gradient or temperature difference per unit thickness of piled Cogon grass. Scope and Limitation of the Study The study will be limited only to to parameters involving computations for thermal resistance and other properties of Cogon grass, and determining whether it can be an efficient substitute to other traditional insulating materials for roofing. Parameters such as cost analysis, production, and installation process to roofs are not...
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...Dry Heat Cooking Dry heat cooking refers to any cooking technique where the heat is transferred to the food item without using any moisture. Dry-heat cooking typically involves high heat, with temperatures of 300°F or hotter. Baking or roasting in an oven is a dry heat method because it uses hot air to conduct the heat. Pan-searing a steak is considered dry-heat cooking because the heat transfer takes place through the hot metal of the pan. Note that the browning of food (including the process by which meat is browned, called the Maillard reaction) can only be achieved through dry-heat cooking. Examples of dry-heat methods include: * Roasting & Baking * Grilling & Broiling * Sautéing & Pan-Frying * Deep-Frying Moist Heat Cooking Moist heat cooking methods include any techniques that involve cooking with moisture — whether it's steam, water, stock, wine or some other liquid. Cooking temperatures are much lower, anywhere from 140°F to a maximum of 212°F, because water doesn't get any hotter than that. Examples of moist-heat cooking methods include: * Poaching, Simmering & Boiling * Steaming * Braising & Stewing Roasting & Baking Roasting and baking are forms of dry-heat cooking that use hot, dry air to cook food. Like other dry-heat cooking methods, roasting and baking brown the surface of the food, which in turn develops complex flavors and aromas. Both words describe a method of cooking an item by enveloping it in hot, dry air, generally...
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...Methods of heat transfer Steve Strittmatter Conduction, Convection, and Radiation: Methods of heat transfer. Abstract There are three different types of heat transfer we often discuss in physics. This paper uses example of each type of heat transfer; conduction, convection, and radiation. When breaking down conduction we understand it is the physical transfer of heat. Two objects are touching and the heat from one object transfers to the other object to warm it. In convection we understand it is the flow of matter that moves the heat. Matter is warmed, moves away from the heat source and then other matter that has not been warmed moves closer to the heat source to be warmed. This creates a current allowing the flow of hot matter away and cool matter toward the heat source. Radiation is the other type of heat transfer we discuss; this type of heat transfer takes no matter at all and uses electromagnetic waves to transfer energy (heat) from one object to another. Conduction, convection and radiation are all methods in which heat is transferred from one object to another or from a heat source to an object. In each of these methods heat moves from the higher temperature to the lower temperature until a thermal equilibrium is established. It is the differences of each type of heat transfer that will be discussed in this paper. Before I explain each type of heat transfer I will discuss heat transfer in general. Heat is a form...
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...with how they react to the elements and retain heat, how fast they heat, and how fast they cool. Heat is based on the total internal energy of the molecules of a body ( Tillery 2009). Larger object tend to have more internal energy than smaller objects, especially if the objects in question are the same substance, but if both object have the same temperature they are believed to have about the same molecular kinetic energy (Tillery 2009). The molecular energy is broken up into two different categories, external and internal energy. The difference between the two is that external energy refers the kinetic and potential energy of an every-day sized object, and internal refers the kinetic and potential energy of the molecules of an object. Take the tire on a car for example, it has external kinetic energy as it is rotating and that energy is transferred to the internal kinetic energy of the molecules between the tire and the surface of the road, which the consequence is both surface of the road and tire to be heated. The amount the road and tire are heated are directly related to how fast the tire is spinning and how much friction is being created between the two surfaces. This also serves as a good example for basic definition of heat, which can be described as the movement that occurs between two objects of different temperature when the objects are brought together. An example would be mixing hot water with cold water. The heat would be transferred to the cold water and the...
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...Safety Smarts ‘SPECIAL EDITION’ HEAT SAFETY REMINDER Heat Related Injuries Are YOUR Responsibility The past few summers have shown that the risk of heat illness from high temperatures is one of the most serious challenges to the safety and health of employees across America. With the current heat wave it is important that management understand that we support the Zero-Incident-Mindset by protecting our workers from heat related injuries. To date this year, we have had a few incidents as a result of heat illness. HEAT ILLNESS CAN BE DEADLY. Every year, thousands of workers become sick from exposure to heat, and some even die. These illnesses and deaths are preventable. Workers exposed to hot and humid conditions are at risk of heat illness, especially those doing heavy work tasks or using bulky protective clothing and equipment. Some workers might be at greater risk than others if they have not built up a tolerance to hot conditions. What is heat illness? The body normally cools itself by sweating. During hot weather, especially with high humidity, sweating isn't enough. Body temperature can rise to dangerous levels if precautions are not taken. Heat illnesses range from heat rash and heat cramps to heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Heat stroke requires immediate medical attention and can result in death. How can heat illness be prevented? Remember three simple words: Water, Rest, and Cool. Employers should educate their workers on how drinking water often, taking breaks...
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