...1.Background: * What is terrorism? - The answer to the term terrorism is in the question. It simply means to cause terror - an act to endanger. * What is the meaning of radicalisation? - Steps taken by a person to adopt extreme political, social or religious ideals associated with terrorist groups. * What is meant by threat? – A statement of intention. * So called ‘Modern Terrorism’ since 7/7 was an attack without mercy. These extremist will go to any lengths to challenge, intimidate and incite fear in British Domestic Security by carrying out these attacks without regards for innocent human lives. According to National Security Strategy (NSS) ‘the current international terrorist threats to the UK comes mainly from sources involved with Al Qaeda’. The Modern Terrorism extremists are more lethal as their aim is to cause mass destruction. * Ideology behind these attacks is more or less deemed as ‘payback time’ and the backlash is linked to the British invasion on Iraq and the insurgency in Afghanistan. * UK legislations to combat terrorism -Terrorism Act 2000; Crime and Security Act 2001; CONTEST | 2. Introduction – Identify either a policy or ideology: * Identify the policy- The Government Prevent strategy – What is Prevent? What is its aim? * The Prevent strategy which was published in 2011. Prevent aim to stop people becoming terrorists or supporting terrorism and is one of the important facets of (CONTEST) --Counter-Terrorism strategy – To reduce...
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...Boko Haram in Nigeria Name School Boko Haram in Nigeria Following the September 11, 2001, attack in the United States of America, terrorism took a new dimension, not just in the country, but across the globe. The scale of terrorism spread to other regions, with terror groups increasing their diverse agendas. In addition to this increment, the need to develop new counter-terror campaigns became inevitable. Terrorism is an act of spreading brutality against the civilians with the aim of realizing political or aggressive goals. In the recent past, major continents have been terror victims, driven by different armed groups with various agendas. Defining terrorism is sometimes tricky. This is because they can be seen as freedom fighters to the natives but to the government or civilians, they are terrorists. More often than not, terrorists are driven by hatred that is passed through generations. What aspired towards the September attack towards the United States of America was perceived animosity between the Muslims in the Middle East and the Americans. In fact, the majority of the causalities were the Americans, while the terrorist were affiliated with al Qaeda. As mentioned earlier, what started as hatred against the Americans turned out to be a global catastrophe. The Western part of Africa is no exception, particularly in Nigeria. In the past decade, al Qaeda-affiliated group commonly referred to as the Boko Haram has been on the rampage in Nigeria. Boko Haram is drawn from...
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...Title Children: The new face of terrorism Background Recruitment of children in armed conflict is an old phenomenon, which is rooted in the violent history of areas like Africa, Middle East and South East Asia, that had a progressive increase in arming and equipping children for terrorism. However the documentation of these images by the new wave of terrorism anarchist led in a smart way, reopened the case, which was controversial square elitist confined to the corridors between human rights organizations and international institutions related to the general phenomenon posed by the media without criticism. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) is one of the numerous groups established in 1975, appeared to fight for the Tamil minority rights against the Sinhalese majority, looking for an independent habitat for Tamil people in the north and east of Sri Lanka. After the Indian Peace Keeping Force attack in October 1987, the LTTE began abducting and forcing large amounts of women and children (many under 15) to fight. Children were immediately trained for massed attacks in battles, they have been the LTTE leader’s most preferred recruits as they can be easily brain washed into suicide bomber, which was their main purpose. Over 90% of the LTTE cadre had been recruited as underage. Child soldering is considered one of the most heinous war crimes committed against humanity. UNICEF statistics indicate 1,591 cases against the LTTE up to end may2007. Once recruited either...
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...Other countries around the world share similar ideas about terrorism as the U.S. does, using their police to help the military combat terrorism. However, could this possibly be making just giant military forces? The world jokes that the U.S. are the world’s police that our military is always around when it’s needed. With this comparison, the world already sees us as a country of...
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...Introduction This assignment comprises of two articles, which deal with International Terrorism How not to fight Terrorism by Mukul Sharma and Exporting the Patriot Act? Democracy and the ‘war on terror’ in the Third World by Beth Elise Whitaker and a report named The Terror of Law UAPA and the Myth of National Security, by CDRO, which deals with terrorism on National level. The basic definition of terrorism is ‘the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purpose.’ An act of terrorism might be terrorism to one country whereas patriotism to another country. There are different definitions of terrorism by different agencies. There is no accurate definition of Terrorism as there is difference of opinion...
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...SECURITY RESEARCH PAPER A PERSPECTIVE ON TERRORISM Piers Hutt piershutt@hotmail.com 1 March 2015 A PERSPECTIVE ON TERRORISM ABSTRACT Purpose: To critically examine the threat of modern terrorism to Western society. Design/methodology: An assessment was made of publically available documentation. The paper is then divided into a number of sections. It initially deals with the difficulties of defining terrorism, followed by its symbiotic relationship with the media. The next section looks at the modern Islamic Fundamentalist threat and the primarily neocon response since 9/11. Whilst the US has withdrawn combat forces from Iraq and Afghanistan, a bipartisan approach has been maintained to counterterrorism. The dangers of such an approach are examined along with emerging threats. Table of Contents * Abstract * Introduction * Define * Role of the Media * Psychology * Modern Terrorism * The Response * Counterview – The Dangers * Looking Ahead – The Next Potential Threats * Another Approach * Conclusion INTRODUCTION “Terrorism has become part of our daily news diet. Hardly a day goes by without news of an assassination, political kidnapping, hijacking or bombing somewhere in the world. As such, incidents of terrorism have increased in the past decade, the phenomenon of terrorism has become one of increasing concern to governments....” Introduction. With the recent high profile terrorist attacks in Sydney...
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...Law at Harvard Law School, 15, (Mark, "The Presidential Empire," Dissent Magazine, Spring 2015, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/the-presidential-empire, accessed September 11, 2015) JCP-BL Edward Snowden’s revelations brought home the fact that one of the main tasks of the National Surveillance State is indeed surveillance. Much of what Snowden brought to public attention were modernized versions of classical espionage conducted by U.S. spies outside the United States. That sort of espionage was completely consistent with U.S. law. Technology meant, though, that surveillance outside the United States inevitably included information about activities by U.S. citizens both outside the nation’s borders and within them. The statutes creating the framework for this surveillance have provisions aimed at limiting its domestic use to cases with a substantial connection to international terrorism. But, Snowden showed us, those provisions were not fully effective, and the scale of modern surveillance meant that even reasonably effective protections against domestic surveillance still left large numbers of innocent people subject to it. Counter-Interpretation – Domestic surveillance deals with information transmitted within a country HRC 14 (Human Rights Council 2014 IMUNC2014 https://imunc.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/hrc-study-guide.pdf, accessed September 11, 2015) JCP-BL Domestic surveillance: Involves the monitoring, interception, collection, analysis, use, preservation...
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...Terrorism – is there any working global frameworks to counter it? By Zuzanna Sadowska On the 22nd of September 2003 Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General, organized a conference “Fighting Terrorism for Humanity” in New York City. He opened the summit with words: “Terrorism will only be defeated if we act to solve the political disputes or long-standing conflicts that generate support for it. (…) If we do not, we should find ourselves acting as recruiting sergeants for the very terrorists. We have to win hearts and minds.” The causes of terrorism may be inter alia historical, economical, religious or ideological, and there is no way to entirely eliminate it from our world. Preventing terrorism needs complete understanding of the phenomenon and cooperation between states. There are different actions taken by various organisations and people but not all of them succeed. What exactly is terrorism, how do terrorist organisations work and how to counter terrorist activities? Terrorism by itself has numerous definitions as it is hard to define it precisely. It is said that this phenomenon has over 100 definitions and lack of one, widely recognized, hinders fighting with this danger. When we discuss about terrorism in colloquial conversation, we instinctually know what it is about and what the meaning of this word is. It is otherwise in case of professional and legal discussions where you have to agree on a definition of the term. The concept of terrorism derives from the Greek treo – “to...
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...officials implying that the United States could be partnering with the Shia muslim terrorist group referred to a “Hezbollah” (that in the past has been involved with numerous terrorist attacks globally, and ironically was why the United Sates helped create Al-Qaeda in order to defeat) to push back ISIS due to the fact that they have not backed down, even since the posting of the “revolutionary” video “Run Do Not Walk to ISIS Land!”. Not only has the video posted by America gotten any reaction out of ISIS, but it hasn’t gotten much of a response at home either. According to and article published in 2015 by Lee Ferran and Rym Momaz of Abc news, ISIS is actually encouraging their members in other countries such as America to commit acts of terrorism, one account of this happening in America is the arrest of a man located in Ohio who was planning an attack on the U.S. capitol. It’s pretty clear to see by now that this video is completely...
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...Abstract Global terrorism would appear to be the curse of our modern society. Turn on any television and world news will be reporting on an act of terror or its consequences. Prime examples of this include the destruction of the World Trade Centre, the bombing of the Underground system in London, the Mumbai nightclub bombings to name but a few of the more prominent events over the last decade. These acts have crystallized the focus of public attention to ensure that the topic of terrorism will remain high on the global political agenda for many years to come. However, terrorism is not a new phenomenon. On a global scale, terrorism has been alive and well for many decades. What has changed is the emergence of the global financial market and the modus operendi of the modern day terrorist groups. A terrorist act of sinking a crude oil carrier in the Straits of Hormuz for example, could have a direct impact on the price of crude oil and petroleum on the world market, to say nothing of shipping carrier prices and maritime insurance. Like ripples in a pond, the act would have far reaching consequences. Quantifying terrorism has now become an important tool both for the financial sectors 9who use it predominantly for insurance based risk analysis and also for government bodies who could use it for spotting emerging trends in terrorism and therefore investing in anti and counter terror procedures. So why might it be difficult to quantify terrorism? This paper attempts to answer...
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...Assignment 1 Lee Holland Identify what you see as the main purpose of security management and discuss what is meant by the statement that ‘security measures must be commensurate with the threat’. Within this essay I seek to break down the main assignment into the two phases that are within the title, the first being; What is the main purpose of security management? a role that to some would be undervalued, inconvenient, poorly funded and a hindrance, where to others, it is an effective, well-co-ordinated and highly desirable position, which when funded correctly, will have a positive effect on an organisations financial goals in the aid of preventing the loss of their assets through ways that were not before protected, this both in the corporate business and the commercial world. A reliable and effective security function is an asset to any organisation wishing to protect their tangible and intangible assets from compromise. In the second phase I will discuss what is meant by the statement that “security measures must be commensurate with the threat” In a world where the threats are changing daily, it is imperative that security procedures, policies and counter measures are kept up to date, and in line with the current rules and regulations of the security industry, they must also work within the National law within the county that they might be operating in. With financial constrictions and fierce competition within the business world it is only natural that an organisation...
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...decides to partake in terrorism. This paper will examine three theoretical models that may have some utility in explaining why an individual might decide to be involved in terrorist activities. One reason why a person would involve themselves with terrorist acts is theorized by Gottredson and Hirschi's Self-control Theory, in that, those individuals with low self-control are more likely to be influenced and involved with participating in terrorist acts. A second reason why a person may chose to be involved with terrorist acts is described by Wikstrom's Situational Action Theory; that there's a situational mechanism linking person and environment to actions. In other words, an individual's perceptions of action alternatives are influenced by that person's morality and executive capabilities. A third, and final reason as to why an individual might involve themselves in terrorist activities, is Stryker's idea of Identity Theory. It explains social behavior in terms of the reciprocal relations between self and society. In other words, society affects social behavior through its influence on self. This in turn will help explain why a person would commit a terrorist act. It is important to first define exactly what is meant by the word terrorism. Once there is an understanding of the definition of terrorism, then it will be easier to understand the theories stated above as to why an individual commits terrorist acts. According to Robert Kumamoto, terrorism, "is the threat or...
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...words of al-Timimi’s to advocate their cause against the U.S. Ali Al-Timimi criminal history ties him to being the spiritual leader of the Virginia Paintball Jihad Network, a group of men indicted of crimes related to terrorism. Al-Timimi activities had him indicted in 2004 and was convicted in 2005 of soliciting and engaging others to levy war against the United States as well as attempting to contribute services to the Taliban. Members of the Virginia Paintball Jihad cell testified at Al-Timimi's trial that he convinced several of them to travel to Pakistan to obtain training for jihad from a U.S. designated Foreign Terrorist Organization. The words of al-Timimi, at the time, were words that could have easily encouraged an already unsteady group of individuals to engage in war against the U.S. and its allies. The world as we know it today is still very unstable as a result of 9/11 and its consequences that at any minute utterance of such words could once again bring havoc upon a nation that has already suffered at the hands of groups and individuals that want to continue to harm to the U.S. Our right to freedom of speech is a right that some individuals take for granted and want to use the right to deliver a message that that is clearly outside the realm of what that right is. Al-Timimi’s words are a perfect example of how individuals use the right to deliver a message that could easily be a message something other that their right to...
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...News Media and Terrorism: Changing Relationship, Changing Definitions Zohar Kampf Department of Communication Hebrew University In this article I discuss two aspects that are important for understanding the relationship between Western news media and terrorism: the changing representation of terrorists and terrorist attacks in the media, and with it, the changing definition of terrorism. By calling attention to evolving news media practices in times of terrorism, I argue that advanced communication technologies and the emergence of global media ecology since the 1990s has made terrorism more visible in both national and international media landscapes. One consequence is that the more the news media expose terrorism to global audiences via the "front-door", the more controversial the use of the terms terrorism and terrorist become in social, political, and scholarly discourse. The paper addresses the new journalistic practices and their consequences as documented in previous studies on media reporting of terrorism in several national contexts, mostly the UK, the US and Israel. Terrorism, media, and the nation (or, reading about terrorists in the next day's newspaper) Classic definitions of terrorism evolved in a world in which a modernist view reigned supreme. Despite constant debates about how to define the term (Schmid 1983; Schlesinger 1981; Gibbs 1989; Nacos 2007), one conventional definition, at least under U.S. law, characterizing a nationalistic perception...
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...Introduction The Patriot act in my opinion has served the United States a great justice in many unique ways. There are so many aspects to this act. These aspects stretch as far as, why it came about, and what is the biggest protest towards it? The combination of all these aspects gave me the interest to write on it. There were a few things that made this Act stand out but the determining factor was simply that it dealt with controlling terrorist acts. After September 11, 2001 I always had a little fear inside, and always thought what our country is going to do to make sure this does not happen again. I have always had a great interest on how the United States protects itself from these terrorist acts of violence and felt understanding the Patriot Act should give me a clearer picture on how our system truly works. Throughout the next couple of pages I will use various researched information to provide the reader a clear insightful view of the Patriot Act through my perspective. I will focus mainly on Act titles that I feel are the most important, along with a brief overview of these titles, I will also provide some background information, controversial issues, alternatives, and some of my own recommendations on how to improve the Patriot Act. Lastly, like many other Acts or laws there have been many changes and amendments to the Patriot Act over the last several years, this being said I will also supply the reader with an update on the Act’s current status...
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