...TYPOLOGIES OF TERRORISM Just as there is no one good definition of terrorism, typologies do not account for all forms of terrorism. Typology development in criminology and criminal justice scholarship seems to exist for the ease of teaching. Prof. Eskridge's Terrorism Page, from his course on terrorism out in Nebraska has some graphic examples of typologies, but it should be noted that typologies of terrorism are usually NEITHER motive-based NOR behavior-based, like they are in other areas of criminological study, such as the areas of profiling and street crime (the exception being Hacker's typology of terrorists by traits, included below). This is evident from the following examples commonly found in textbooks and/or in the strangely confused way the media reports what is going on in times of terrorist-related crisis or war (Hess & Kalb 2003). In the following typologies, notice in the headings how the types are classified in different ways. |Terrorism Classified by Place | |1. Domestic -- by residents of a country within that country | |2. International -- by representatives of a country against another country | |3. Non-state -- extremism and revolution for its own sake | |4. State-sponsored -- by a government against its own people or in support of international | |terrorism against...
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...Extremism Leading to Terrorism The connection between religious extremism and terrorism seem identical. Religious extremists are willing to kill others because they actually believe they are embracing theologies that sanction violence in the service of God. They view their victims as enemies of God, showing no sympathy taking life. Moreover, they readily sacrifice their own lives because they expect to be rewarded in the afterlife [Religious Extremism econ.ucsd.edu/~elib/rex.pdf]. Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Islamic fundamentalism had become the subject of scrutiny, controversy and debate. Islamists are perceived as a threat to world security, protagonists in a new holy war. Many experts and analysts refer to the rise of Islamist terrorism as a new phenomenon, more deadly and obtuse than the more traditional terrorism associated with separatist and nationalist movements. Religious writings are subject to wildly different interpretation and can be used to justify opposing viewpoints. Often, man’s interpretations of these teachings are twisted and distorted to emphasize to their followers what they stand to gain rather than what they can give or share with others. The issue seems fundamentalists, whether Christian, Jewish or Muslim; share a common fault that emphasizes personal gain above the welfare of others, and a belief that somehow this inherent selfishness and self-interest will ultimately be rewarded. The irony is that religion taken to extremes is...
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...Analysing Religion and Criminality. Mani Kanth Kaleru. Section-B Religion is basically defined as a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and sometimes, to moral values. Religions are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the human nature. The development of religion has taken different forms in different cultures. Some religions place an emphasis on belief, while others emphasize practice. Some religions focus on the subjective experience of the religious individual, while others consider the activities of the religious community to be most important. Coming to Islam, is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion articulated by the Quran, a text considered by its followers to be the word of God and by the teachings and normative example of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last prophet of God. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim. With over 1.5 billion followers or over 22% of earth's population, Islam is the second-largest and one of the fastest-growing religions in the world. Coming to crime, a normative definition views crime as weird behaviour...
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...Common Practices in Religion Definition of Religion Religion is often defined as a group of people who get together and practice a set of beliefs. Religion is a common belief in one God. The origin of the word religion means to bind or connect, or review, and re-examine. The focus point of religion is that the majority of humans believe in a higher power. Such power is the fuel that moves humans to join or not join a religion. Overall, religion is a system of beliefs and values that provides its followers with transcendent beliefs. Religion is meant to be unbiased; however, this often depends on the follower’s extreme or complacent belief system (Molloy, 2010). Most religions begin at a local level and eventually grow to a world standing. The local level religious growth often embraces its people, places, local cultures, and common beliefs. Religious growth often comes as a result of world event manifestations. Such events cause doubt, fear, and encourage humans to join a group that will offer advice on how to simplify their lives as they deal with their daily problems. What people often do not realize is that humans, not God, created religions. If religious beliefs get out of control, these can lead to prejudices, biases, hatred, and even murder such as what has been taking place near Israel for the past four decades (Molloy, 2010). Practices Across World Religions There are common practices and experiences across various world religions. The subjective approach believes...
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...the cries of “Je Suis Charlie” erupted in France following the 2015 terrorist attack on Charlie Hebdo in Paris, France, the world echoed questions regarding the interpretation of freedom, the limitations of rights, and the roles placed to guard those targeted when freedoms are exercised (A Nation). Nevertheless, the attack sparked a rise in political polarization which tightened tensions between the people of France as the country divided ideologically while attempting to answer the difficult question, “what is free speech?” Gaining insight from American politics, whose constitution was heavily influenced by French political values of freedom and liberty, the First Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees its people the right to express their opinions and beliefs through writing, demonstrations, and other forms of expression without government restraint unless the direct (words) and symbolic (actions) conflict with federal law (“What Does”). From a legal standpoint, the First Amendment of the...
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...Terrorism – is there any working global frameworks to counter it? By Zuzanna Sadowska On the 22nd of September 2003 Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General, organized a conference “Fighting Terrorism for Humanity” in New York City. He opened the summit with words: “Terrorism will only be defeated if we act to solve the political disputes or long-standing conflicts that generate support for it. (…) If we do not, we should find ourselves acting as recruiting sergeants for the very terrorists. We have to win hearts and minds.” The causes of terrorism may be inter alia historical, economical, religious or ideological, and there is no way to entirely eliminate it from our world. Preventing terrorism needs complete understanding of the phenomenon and cooperation between states. There are different actions taken by various organisations and people but not all of them succeed. What exactly is terrorism, how do terrorist organisations work and how to counter terrorist activities? Terrorism by itself has numerous definitions as it is hard to define it precisely. It is said that this phenomenon has over 100 definitions and lack of one, widely recognized, hinders fighting with this danger. When we discuss about terrorism in colloquial conversation, we instinctually know what it is about and what the meaning of this word is. It is otherwise in case of professional and legal discussions where you have to agree on a definition of the term. The concept of terrorism derives from the Greek treo – “to...
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...Gérard Chaliand. The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007. Change plus vite, hélas! que le coeur d'un mortel. The form of a town changes more swiftly alas! Than the heart of a mortal. Charles Baudelaire, Le Cygne (The Swan) In The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda, edited by Gérard Chaliand and Arnaud Blin, readers will find an excellent compilation of essays regarding the history of terrorism. Beginning with the earliest recorded manifestations of terrorism to the present day, the editors provide not only detailed accounts of terrorism through the ages, but valuable historical context that helps the reader understand the complexities of the terrorism we face today. Overall, the purpose of this book is to show that terrorism is used for political purposes, that it is psychological in nature, and that this has been the case throughout history. The editors organize this collection of essays into a roughly chronological order that provides continuity to the argument that terrorism has evolved throughout history, while maintaining signature characteristics that distinguish it from other types of warfare. Beginning with the Zealots and Assassins of pre-medieval history, readers will soon begin to make connections between the various eras of terrorism. Additionally, this chronological arrangement lends itself to understanding that from its earliest stages, terrorism has always been a tactic that...
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...World Religions Report Denise Flythe HUM/130 March 3, 2013 Andrew Stein Islam Islam is one of the most misunderstood religions of the world today. One attributing factor for this misunderstanding has much to do with the fact that in recent years, Islam has been in the spotlight because of heightened tensions in parts of the Middle East. This tension serves to put its culture under the microscope of world attention; and although it is a major part of the Middle Eastern culture, it happens to be so much more. Like Christianity, Islam is one of the fastest growing religions today and it is rapidly spreading for several reasons. Islam has a strong political and cultural base because it happens to be the state religion of Moslem countries. Its simple creed and tenets gives it a universal appeal, and the fact that it has no racial barriers and it embraces universal unity also helps it to spread rapidly in both African and American communities. Furthermore, easy communication and practicality of its Five Pillars also helps it to spread even more swiftly in the Western Hemisphere. Many sources are available that provide information for extensive research on the topic of Islam; however, personal communication as a source, provides a more unique perspective on this topic. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to highlight as well as to summarize a recent interview with an Islamic adherent as he gives his opinion on this topic. This summary will provide an in-depth report...
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...Relativism and Morality: The Truth of Universal Morality SOC 120 Monica Jones August 13, 2012 Relativism and Morality: The Truth of Universal Morality Lenn Goodman explains in Some Moral Minima that there are many norms in terms of morals. Such subjects that Goodman mentions is slavery, polygamy, rape, incest, clitoridectomy, terrorism, hostages, child warriors, genocide, famine, and germ warfare. These topics send a shiver down the spine of most people. There is a deep moral understanding of right and wrong when it comes to such things as Goodman mentions. These topics expand past any country or culture boundaries. This is a matter of being human and understanding what penetrates the core of our humanity. Things such as slavery, hostages, and forced famine are all things that strike at the very heart of humanity. Humanity is the basic connection between all races, cultures, and connects our overall existence as a whole. Once our humanity is chipped away at by another we can see where the wrong doing lays. The preservation of life and the freedom to live life is what is most wrong to take away. Essentially a moral norm is things that our universal human morality should prevent that rob others of life, dignity, survival, and one’s own will. The targeting of one culture for mass murder is universally wrong for robs others of life for something completely out of their control. Genocide is a destruction of a race or culture past, present, and future generations. Morally, this...
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...extensive. A great number of new forms of determinative legislation has been imposed in order to avoid certain terrorist actions. Nevertheless, it should be mentioned that a great amount of these particular measures collide and violate the human rights. The matter is that democratic and liberal values are overwhelmingly threatened in the name of the national security. In this way, not only a sacrifice of pure civil liberties comes along but precautionary measures are taking place in the form of preventive wars as well. These wars are supposed to constitute anti-terrorism measures. Basic human rights experience vague violation and this solely effect does not comprise a form of fundamental anti-terrorism measures. A vast number of innocent civilians is being enforced to embrangle in situations that are not involved while they also have to encounter potential disgraceful incidents. The truth is that anti-terrorism measures ought to exist, so that certain terrorist actions are prevented; yet they should be demonstrated and implemented in a form that their function operates in favour of the human rights. THE CASE OF MUSLIMS IN GREAT BRITAIN-ISLAMOPHOBIA As far as Muslims in Great Britain are concerned, they formulate one of the most significantly pressing concerns. A massive increase of attacks is taking place on the minority of Muslims in Britain. A great number of apparently rising threats to civil liberties appear in the form of certain security...
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...Islam vs. the Rest of the World Islam vs. the Rest of the World Introduction There are hundreds of different religions and cultures throughout the world today and each is interpreted differently within the religious communities, families, or individuals and many of these cultures and religions have been morphed into a different form with different practices based on how each deems appropriate for them. There have been great strides in recent years to reduce discrimination and prejudice towards minority groups that are of a culturally different background than the dominant, more accepted groups and there is still a long way to go to meet total equality. While it is true there have been many improvements for some cultures in recent years, the opposite is true for those of the Muslim decent. Since the terrorist attacks starting from September 11 and since then, Muslims and those of the Islamic faith have been unfairly stereotyped negatively as demons and as many as 46 percent of Americans view the group as a whole as having terrorist tendencies. (Deane, Fears 2006) Not only are their religious practices criticized and viewed negatively, but nearly every other action they commit is thought to be “suspicious”, from the way they dress, to the way they talk, how they practice their religion, and how women are viewed and treated in their culture. Some view their form of lifestyle to be geared towards hatred and violence, with every action being held under a microscope and...
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...The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the relationship between the culture of Afghanistan and the rise of the Taliban government, as well as the relationship between the rise of the Taliban government and the United States. It is concluded that the rise of the Taliban government and its terrorists’ actions are linked with historical events that occurred within the Cold War context. While much of the world became more interested in Afghanistan after 9/11, few people know much about the country. Arguably, most people think of Afghanistan as a Muslim country with very little economic resources where life is very difficult. A minority of people even believe that the Afghan culture is one where everyone praise terrorism and are angry that the Taliban government was removed. A closer look at the Afghan culture and society can provide valuable insights for anyone interested in understanding the relationship between Afghanistan and terrorism. Afghanistan is a multicultural society and the state was only unified at the end of the 19th century. Turkic-speaking and Persian-speaking population have...
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...Abstract The research is aimed at solving a problem in Media and how it reports. The Problem which this study wishes to study is how is the handling of the Media Landscape in the fields of Terrorism Crime and the Violence in Mindanao and how did it affect Muslim Communities attitudes and Behavior towards the institution of Media. The hypotheses is the there is a significant effect on the behavior of the community and their views on the institution of Media. To gather data and to analyze this problem the researchers used a descriptive status analysis which seeks to answer questions to real facts relating to existing conditions in group of cases that is chosen for study. The sample is determined using a simple random sampling which aimed at a minimum target of 300 respondents which is the 10% of the population of the area which is 3,000. The respondents where chosen out of the 19 Muslim Communities found in Metro Manila, the number of ethnic groups in the area is more diverse than most other Muslim Communities in the Metro Manila area. The subjects aged 15- 40 years regardless of educational background and social status. The study did not put too much stress on the quality of the respondents because it is important that a more honest response and to measure their knowledge of issues, this is done to observe their experiences outside of the Muslim Community. The researchers opted to use a survey method to gather the data needed for this research. The study employed a Likert...
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...1. According to the 9/11 Commission Report (Chapter 11 – Foresight and Hindsight) “the 9/11 attacks revealed four kinds of failures: in imagination, policy, capabilities, and management.” Choose one of these categories and discuss how the U.S. government failed and what can be done in the future to avoid a similar failure. Although I feel that all of these categories can apply in some way or another, the category I choose to develop my question on is the failure of the management- both operational and institutional. From reading Chapter 11 Foresight and Hindsight in the 9/11 Commission Report, we can see how the management missed numerous opportunities in upsetting the 9/11 plot. According to the Commission’s Report the reasoning behind this is because “Information was not shared, sometimes inadvertently or because of legal misunderstandings. Analysis was not pooled. Effective operations were not launched. Often the handoffs of information were lost across the divide separating the foreign and domestic agencies of the government.” (The 9/11 Commission Report-Pg. 353) Al Qaeda adapted to the failure of our management operations to gain entrance into the United States. Presented in the chapter is an illustration of how operational management failed in protecting our homeland with the case of Mihdhar, Hazmi, and Salem and their trip to Kuala Lumpur. In brief summary, here are the operational opportunities that the United States missed in this case: “1. January 2000: The...
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...African-Arabs are much harder to identify from Middle-Eastern men. When Rabby and Rodgers performed their study, they used the 1999 to 2004 Current Population Survey Merged Outgoing Rotation Group files. They used this to determine if an individual was of Arab or Muslim descent. They found that Americans did not discriminate against Muslims with much accuracy. With the discrimination of these individuals you had to look a lot of lawsuits that were placed against businesses when it came to applying for jobs. “Under the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in McDonnell Douglas v. Green (1973), plaintiffs may raise an inference of discrimination (a prima facie case) either with direct evidence or by showing protected status (e.g., membership in a particular religion or racial minority), qualifications for a particular job, rejection for that job, and placement in the job of someone not in the protected class”. This is where it gets tricky, The employer then can counter with a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for its decision such as stating that they hired someone who was better...
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