...* What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite, the type of pathogen, and any other pertinent information on the pathogen. Salmonellosis is an infection with the bacteria called Salmonella. There are many different kinds of Salmonella bacteria. Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis are the most common cases in the United States. * How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Most types of Salmonella live in the intestinal tract of animals and birds and are transmitted to humans when feces from animals directly or indirectly contaminate foods that humans eat. Before the 1970’s Salmonella in feces on egg shells would contaminate the egg through cracks in the shell. In the 1970’s stringent procedures for cleaning and inspecting eggs were established. Now Salmonella continues to cause illness due to Salmonella being inside tracts of grade A eggs. Salmonella can silently infect the ovaries of healthy appearing hens and contaminate the inside of eggs before the shells are formed. * What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States? In 2011 between the months of April and June there were 25 persons with reported cases of Salmonella poisoning. The outbreak was linked to Evergreen Fresh Sprouts, LLC, Alfalfa Sprouts, and Spicy Sprouts. A recall was issued for sprouts with the...
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...• What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite. The infectious agent I choose is the Norovirus. The Norovirus is a small virus that is highly contagious. The Norovirus is also the most common cause of gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is often referred to as the stomach flu. Gastroenteritis is the inflammation of gastrointestinal tract. This includes the stomach and intestines. The inflammation usually results in diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting. The Illness usually last about three days and then goes away on its own. The origin of this virus is Norwalk Ohio. The first outbreak was in 1968 in a small school. The Norovirus is often referred to as the Norwalk virus because of its origin. • How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? The Norovirus is transmitted through food, water, and contaminated individuals. This virus is extremely common on cruise ships and places where there is a huge amount of stored water. The other main contributors of the spread of this virus have been restaurants, schools, and nursing homes. You can catch this virus from eating infected foods or drinking infected water. Infection occurs when humans inadvertently ingest material contaminated with small amounts of fluids or feces from an infected person. It only takes a small number of viruses to cause infection, so even microscopic amounts of feces or fluids can...
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...Salmonella (Food Bourne Illness) * What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite. The infectious agent (pathogen) that causes Salmonella is called Salmonella Enteriditis. Salmonella is a non-motile, rod-shaped, and gram-negative, that doesn’t form spores. Bacterium within the Enterobacteriaceae and tribe Salmonellae. Salmonella is divided between two species; S. Enterica and S. Bongori. The three main serovars of Salmonella enterica are Typhimurium, Enteritidis, and Typhi. Salmonella can cause two types of illness; nontyphoidal salmonellosis and typhoid fever. Salmonella communicates with fellow bacteria via AHL (Acyle Homeoserine Lactone). Infecting the cell, multiplies, then bursts the cell. Salmonella symptoms include: diarrhea, fever, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting and headaches. It takes between six and seven hours to become ill, usually lasting three to four days, but some bacteria may be presented for much longer. * How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? The infection is mostly caused by ingestion by contaminated food, water or fecal particles. This bacteria is found within humans, farmed, pets and birds, particularly chickens. Good hygiene along with appropriate food handling, storage and cooking have important roles in preventing disease. Salmonella illness is worldwide and contaminates almost any food type. From raw eggs, raw meat, egg products...
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...|Choose one of the following foodborne illnesses to complete this assignment: | | | |Salmonella | |Staphylococcus | |Clostridium perfringens | |Norovirus (formerly Norwalk virus) | |Hepatitis A | |Giardia or amoeba parasites | | | |Write a 125- to 150-word response to each of the following questions:...
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...Week 7 Assignment 1. What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite. The infectious agent is Staphylococcus and it is a form of bacteria. 2. How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Staphylococcus is transmitted through food is by food handlers. This happens all over where you have people that work around food, but not practicing good hygiene. Workers come in sick instead of staying home and getting treatment. You can have dish that are not properly clean or being clean in subpar temperatures, which have enough heat to killed the bacteria. Servers that may have touch your food and touching something that was carrying bacteria. 3. What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States? The first description of food-borne disease involving staphylococci was investigated in Michigan in 1884 by Vaughan and Sternberg. This food poisoning event was because of consumption of a cheese contaminated by staphylococci. Ten years later, Denys (1884) concluded that the illness of a family who had consumed meat from a cow that had died of vitullary fever was owing to the presence of pyogenic staphylococci (Hennekine. 2012). 4. What are the clinical symptoms, and duration of the disease, and treatment if any? The signs and symptoms; are rash or pimple like. The affected area may be red, swollen, and very painful...
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...Hepatitis A * What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite? The nick names for the infectious agent that causes infectious disease names are; hepatitis Immunization, Havrix, VAQTA. Hepatitis is an acute infectious disease that can harm the liver. Several diseases of the liver, collectively known as hepatitis, are caused by viruses. The viruses involved, five of which have been reasonably well characterized, come from a wide range of virus families. Hepatitis A virus is a picornavirus, a small single strand RNA virus * How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Normally, it is spread when a person eats food or drinks water that has come in contact with infected stool. For example, when an employee who works at a restaurant with hepatitis A, doesn't wash his or her hands well after using the bathroom and then prepares food. The disease can also spread in day care centers. Children, especially those in diapers, may get stool on their hands and then touch objects that other children put into their mouths. And workers can spread the virus if they don't wash their hands well after changing a diaper. Some things can raise your risk of getting hepatitis A, such as eating raw oysters or undercooked clams. If you're traveling in a country where hepatitis A is common, you can lower your chances of getting the disease by avoiding uncooked foods and untreated tap water...
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...STAPHYLOCOCCUS 1. What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, describe the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite. Staphylococcus is a group of bacteria that can cause a number of diseases as a result of infection of various tissues of the body. Staphylococcus is also known as staph, which is pronounced “staff”. Its illness can range from mild and requiring no treatment to severe and fatal. The bacteria look like a bunch of grapes or little red berries. There are over 30 types of staphylococcus that can affect us, but most infections are caused by staphylococcus aureus. It can be found in the nose and on the skin. In cases, it does not cause diseases, but damage to the skin or other injury may allow the bacteria to overcome the body causing infections. This can also be deadly bacteria because I know people who have died from it. 2. How is the infectious agent transmitted through food and water? Staphylococcus bacteria is mostly transmitted from person to person, but can also be transmitted through food. It can be transmitted through food of improper food handling and hygiene on the part of the person who is cooking the food. Foods that are involved in outbreaks of poisoning from staphylococcus include meats and poultry, and proteins such as eggs and tofu. Sandwiches and deli salads are also involved with outbreaks of these bacteria. Dairy products such as milk, cheese and cream-filled pastries can also be involved. This bacteria is not...
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...Salmonella What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite. Salmonellosis is an infection with bacteria called Salmonella. The Salmonella consist of a range of very closely related bacteria, many of which cause disease in humans and animals. There are many different kinds of these bacteria. Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis are the most common types in the United States. Salmonella infection is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through feces. Humans become infected more frequently through contaminated water or food. How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Salmonella is transmitted through food or water during food/water processing or food/water handling. Not separating cooked foods from ready-to-eat foods. Using utensils on cooked foods that were previously used on raw foods and placing cooked foods on plates where raw foods once were while haven’t been cleaned thoroughly. Eating high-risk foods like raw or lightly cooked eggs, undercooked ground beef or poultry, and unpasteurized milk makes it easy to transmit salmonella. Not keeping food properly refrigerated before cooking. The number one cause is a food handler who does not wash his or her hands with soap after using the bathroom. What is an example of a real...
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... What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite. Gram-negative bacteria. Typhoid fever is cause by salmonella. Salmonella infections are zoonotic and can be transferred between humans and animals. This infection can survive outside a living body for weeks. A distinction is made between enteritis salmonella and horny/paratyphoid salmonella where the latter, because of a special virulence factor and a capsule protein. There are also two other that involved fever, Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi. How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? This disease is transmitted though raw eggs, raw meat like ground beef and poorly cooked meats, fresh vegetables ,cereal, tomatoes and contaminated water. Water can be contaminated by feces being inside the water. Must pay good attention to how you cook your meat. Eggs right now in the world is a big part of salmonella. Having a poor clean kitchen or restaurant can cause an outbreak. Polluted surfaces water and stand water like shower hoses or unused water dispenses. It can also be in the feces of some pets and reptiles such as turtles, lizard and snake, which particularly likely to carry the infection. People not washing their hand after using the bathroom and return back to cooking not realizing how that not sanitizer, also not safe. What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States? In...
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...Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via web site at http://www.lww.com (products and services). Not authorized for sale in North America and the Caribbean. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication...
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...Associate Level Material Name Sci/162 Week 7 Foodborne Illness Date [pic]Hepatitis A ? What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite.[pic] There are several types of Hepatitis. Infectious hepatitis, which is commonly referred to as Hepatitis A, infects the liver via the virus of the same name. This is commonly spread through contamination from feces. The virus is transmitted among people through direct contact with an infected person and from improper hygiene. For example, if a kitchen worker uses the restroom and does not properly wash their hands and goes directly back to preparing food the virus can be passed on. Hepatitis is a Picornavirus which means the virus non-enveloped, single stranded enclosed in a protein shell. Although there are several genotypes, only 1 serotype exists. ? [pic]How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Hepatitis A[pic] can be transmitted [pic]through[pic] water [pic]and[pic] food from preparing food anywhere, whether an individual is at a restaurant, home or a friend’s house. If an individual is prepping food and he or she is infected with the hepatitis A virus it can easily spread to the next individual. Food handlers that have hepatitis can contaminate the food and water or if the use the restroom and do not wash his or her hands well can also spread the disease. [pic]Usually this type of spread is limited to family members or their...
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...Student Name Public Health Biology Midterm: 2012 1. Disease pattern changes, or the “emergence of diseases” is generally due to changes in what four elements? For each element, name a specific disease and discuss the change associated with its outbreak, change or emergence as a public health phenomenon. Answer: There are four elements including (1)human population (2)pathogen (3)reservoir and (4)vectors. The dynamics of diseases depends on the overlap of niches of these elements. 1. Human population : Disease patterns and processes reflect interactions of individuals within populations. Many diseases such as lung cancer or pulmonary diseases emerge as increasing urbanization results in higher air pollution. 2.Pathogen : Such as chloroquine resistance in malaria Parasites, the microorganism presents drug-resistant due to frequent mutation in response to antibiotic/drug treatment. 3.Reservoir : Rabies outbreaks are related to concurrent increased human activity that contact with animals. Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is caused by a virus. The disease infects domestic and wild animals, and is spread to people through close contact with infected saliva via bites or scratches. 4.Vectors : Japanese encephalitis is a disease transmitted via mosquitoes from Domestic pigs and wild birds. The outbreak occurred when the vector mosquitoes proliferated in rustic countries in summer. The widespread use of vaccine and cleaning...
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...Salmonella 1 What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite. Salmonella is a motile, non-spore-forming, gram-negative, rod- shaped bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae and the tribe Salmonellae. The genus Salmonella is divided into two species - S. enterica and S. bongori; both of which are pathogenic to humans. However, S. enterica is a greater public health concern and is further divided into 6 subspecies which are then further subdivided into serotypes. Epidemiology and Clinical Significance Depending upon the serotype, Salmonella can cause two types of illness (1) nontyphoidal salmonellosis and (2) typhoid fever. 2 How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Salmonella bacteria can be found in food products such as raw poultry, eggs, and beef, and sometimes on unwashed fruit. Food prepared on surfaces that previously were in contact with raw meat or meat products can, in turn, become contaminated with the bacteria. This is called cross-contamination. Salmonella bacteria are taken in by mouth and it may occur by inadequate cooking, cross contamination or person to person spread. 3What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States? The 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak began in the spring of 2008 when hundreds of people throughout the United States fell ill after consuming contaminated food. The U.S. Food and...
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...What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite. The foodborne illness I choose was Salmonella. Salmonella is a bacteria that causes an infection known as Salmonellosis. A person that is infected with Salmonella gets diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after being infected. Salmonella usually last four to seven days and most people recover without treatment. People with severe diarrhea must be hospitalized. The Salmonella can spread in from the intestines to the bloodstream and other parts of the body and can cause death of not treated quickly with antibiotics. People with a weak immune system, elderly, and infants are more likely to have a severe reaction to the illness. How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Salmonella is spread through food and water by under cooking food and cross contamination. It is present in uncooked meat and on eggs. So when eggs and meats are not cooked properly the bacteria can survive and infect the people who eat it. When you cook the food thoroughly it will kill Salmonella bacteria. Cross contamination is when the bacteria spreads from something that has the bacteria to something that does not. When people use cutting boards, mixers and other kitchen equipment for foods with Salmonella and then use those same equipment for ready to serve food without properly cleaning them can spread the bacteria. What is...
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... 1. What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus or parasite. Salmonella is an infection with salmonella bacteria. 2. How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Salmonella can definitely be transmitted through food products, mostly raw foods. It can definitely be transmitted on food that has been prepared on surfaces that has already cam in contact with the illness. I have also read that you can get salmonella from handling pets such as reptiles like snakes and turtles. It can be found in water and soil as well. 3. What is an example of a real life outbreak of this food borne illness in the United States? There was recently an outbreak of salmonella illness in spring 2008. It was founded and investigated when hundreds of people through out the United States became sick after eating contaminated food, They actually came to the conclusion that it could have came from fresh jalapeno and Serrano peppers from Mexico. They also considered raw tomatoes as well. They ended up narrowing it down to what farms that were involved. After doing some research and found this article it did shock me because I was 18 years old at the time of this outbreak and I have never heard of this happening. I do think that everyone should be aware of things like this when it happens because it will educate you on how to protect yourself. 4. What are the clinical...
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