...“The Possession Of Knowledge Carries An Ethical Responsibility.” Evaluate This Claim. –Seo Yeon Choi- Theory of Knowledge Essay Topic: “The Possession of Knowledge Carries an Ethical Responsibility” Evaluate The Claim. School: Auckland International College School Number: 001495 Candidate Name: Seo Yeon Choi Candidate Number: 001495-010 Session: May 2013 Teacher: Beate Wiebel Word Count: 1480 “The Possession Of Knowledge Carries An Ethical Responsibility.” Evaluate This Claim. –Seo Yeon Choi- After reading the claim, „The possession of knowledge carries an ethical responsibility‟, I first thought what does „ethical responsibility‟ means. Considering that ethics is the study that debates what is right or wrong and thus govern one‟s behaviour1, I have decided that „ethical responsibility‟ is the obligation of a person in making moral choices which lead to a better society. For example, if one person saw a hit-and-run case and the victim is shouting for help, then that person has the ethical responsibility to rescue that person. I, also, once experienced a dilemma whether to bear an ethical responsibility or not. I saw a person beating a dog, but even though I had that knowledge, I did not call out for help or call the police. As one of a wide array of people who ignored the „ethical responsibility‟ even though one carried the knowledge at that particular period of time, I sometimes admired, but did not fully understand those who chose to help others or make better...
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...answers to any questions put to you – as if you were all experts. In fact, he himself was always ready to answer any question put by any Greek; all questions answered. On the other hand, here in Athens, my dear Meno, the opposite is the case. Here it’s as though there were a wisdom drought; it has all drained away to where you come from. So if you want to put this sort of question to one of us, everyone will have a good laugh and say to you: ‘Good stranger, you must think I am a lucky man, to know whether virtue can be taught or not, or where it comes from. Me, I’m so far from knowing whether virtue can be taught or not that I don’t even know what it is.’ I’m just as badly off as all my fellow citizens in this regard, Meno, and I blame no one but myself for my utter ignorance about virtue. For if I don’t know what something is, how could I know what it’s like? Unless you think someone who has no idea who Meno is could know whether he is handsome or rich or a real gentleman, or just the opposite? Do you think that would be posible? M: I don’t;...
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...PHIL 127: History of Ancient Philosophy Socrates and His Mission When is a Question Philosophical? Philosophical questions have answers. (A question that has no answer is not a question; it just masquerades as one.) But a question is philosophical for a particular culture at a particular time when no means of answering it are available – or, none of the prevailing methods have any authority. A problem is a philosophical problem when the way to go about answering the question is in question. An issue is a philosophical issue when the right way to settle the issue is at issue. A Philosophical Crisis If the claims in the previous paragraph are true, then 5th century Greece was in a philosophical crisis. It was a crisis in morality. In our culture we think of morality as being concerned with rules. Here are some rules – You should not kill. – You should not steal. – Don’t hit people. – Lying is wrong. – It’s wrong to promise to do something and then not do it. – You should not covet your neighbors wife, or his ox or his ass or his male or female slave, or anything that is your neighbor’s. – You should not lie with a man as with a woman. – Thou should not wear fabric woven of wool one way and linen the other. – Do (imperative) unto others as you would have them do unto you. – Help (imperative) other people who are in need when you can do so at no great risk or cost to yourself. Why do we think of morality as consisting of rules? This question is important...
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...Simpson Philosophy 2745 11-20-2014 Epistemology For the most part, philosophers agree that knowledge requires truth, justification, and belief. However, the debate lies in whether or not a theory of knowledge accurately and fully satisfies these conditions. The standard account of knowledge has three conditions that need to be met in order for an individual to have knowledge. S must know that p if and only if: (1) S believes that p, (2) p is true and (3) S is justified in believing that p. On the surface, it seems that this account implicates knowledge; however, Edmund Gettier showed through the Gettier cases that you can believe yourself to be justified, but not actually have knowledge. This epistemic setback is known as the Gettier Problem. Since the standard account of knowledge was essentially done away with, philosophers have been in search of the best way to solve the Gettier problem. Alvin Goldman in particular has published many papers detailing his thoughts on the matter. “A Causal Theory of Knowing” was the first in a series of works in which Goldman sought a theory that could handle Gettier’s cases. Unfortunately, Goldman’s own causal theory was undermined by his and Carl Ginet’s fake barn case. The Ginet-Goldman fake barn case first appeared in Goldman’s “Discrimination and Perceptual Knowledge”. It describes a boy, Henry, who is traveling through the countryside and sees what he believes to be a barn. Unbeknownst to Henry, the area he is in is actually full of façades...
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...The Standard Account of Knowledge: Gettier and Nozick What exactly is knowledge? From the earliest of times, philosophers have come to define, obtain, and understand knowledge through the use of logically developed models. Consequently, flaws in these models will limit ones’ ability to know true reality. The Gettier problem, named after the American philosopher Edmund Gettier, is a philosophical dilemma on what constitutes knowledge. Gettier shared his insights about the problem in a short paper published in 1963, called "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?” (Bernecker 8). Here, Gettier highlighted an overlooked flaw in the widely accepted concept of knowledge which defines knowledge as a justified true belief (JTB); the idea that if one believes something, and has sufficient justification for believing it, and the belief is indeed true, then one knows that thing. This was the predominant definition of knowledge prior to the Gettier problem. Gettier questioned this justified true belief definition of knowledge by addressing scenarios and...
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...Making the Case for Knowledge Management: The Bigger Picture Dale Neef Increasingly on high-value service opportunities and to maximize the way in which they employ their most creative knowledge workers, becoming learning organizations which provide a culture where increasingly responsible employees can flourish. To provide their workers with the knowledge necessary for growth and innovation, organizations must then devise both a cultural and technical infrastructure that will promote a free-flow of information and knowledge throughout the organization. In order to understand how these two areas are related, we need first to understand the knowledge-based economy: What is it, and how do we know it is happening? Is it really new or unique? What are its effects and what does it mean to us? We begin by looking at four emerging trends now occurring in the global economy: Trend 2 A New, Globalized Market Infrastructure is Emerging Growing Global Competition CENTER FOR The reason that new computing and telecommunications technologies are so economically revolutionary in their nature is that they allow ideasin the form of techniques, research results, diagrams, drawings, protocols, project plans, chemical formulae, marketing patterns, etc.to be distributed instantaneously and in a comprehensive way to anyone, anywhere around the world. As a result, an interconnected global environment is emerging. This unbounded economic framework, in turn...
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...WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE? Quassim Cassam 1 What would a good answer to this question - call it (WK) - look like? What I’m going to call the standard analytic approach (SA) says that: A) The way to answer WK is to analyse the concept of knowledge. B) To analyse the concept of knowledge is to come up with non-circular necessary and sufficient conditions for someone to know that something is the case. Is the standard analytic approach to WK the right approach? If not, what would be a better way of doing things? These are the questions I’m going to tackle here. I want to look at some criticisms of SA and consider the prospects for a different, non-standard analytic approach (NA) to WK. Here is one objection to SA: the concept of knowledge can’t be analysed, at least if analysis is understood in the way that (B) understands it.[i] (B) assumes a reductive conception of analysis, according to which analysing a concept is a matter of breaking it down into more basic concepts. Let’s say that a concept C1 is more basic than another concept C2 just if one can grasp C1 without grasping C2 but one can’t grasp C2 without grasping C1. Proponents of SA tend to assume that concepts like truth, belief, and justification are in this sense more basic than the concept knows and that that is why they can be used to specify non-circular necessary and sufficient conditions for knowing. If it turns out that such conditions can’t be given, and therefore that the concept of...
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...Paper Exploring Scaffolding Section | Page | | | The Literature and a Look at How Scaffolding Works | 2 | Research and Theory | 6 | Opinion | 11 | References | 13 | Elvani Pennil EDUC 0500A Adolescent Learning and Development Prof. H. J. Hartman November 21, 2002 The Literature and a Look at How Scaffolding Works True learning occurs when information is integrated into an individual’s knowledge base (Hogan and Pressley, 1997). According to Graves and Braaten (1996), scaffolding is defined as the process by which an expert provides temporary support to learners to “help bridge the gap between what [the learner] know[s] and can do and what [he or she] need[s] to accomplish in order to succeed at a particular learning task” (p. 169). Upon completion of this task, a learner is better able make the connection between prior knowledge and new information. Scaffolding helps this happen by allowing the teacher to interact with the student by asking leading questions and providing information in order to help students discover the information they need to successfully complete a task (1996). Scaffolding is important because the “temporary and adjustable structure” provided by the expert allows a student to complete a task that would have been impossible to complete without the scaffold’s support (1996). However, part of the function of a scaffold...
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...(2006), ‘Innovation management measurement: A review’, International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 8, pp. 21-47. Alavi, M. (2001), ‘Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: Conceptual foundations and research issues’. MIS Quarterly, 25(1), 107-113. Aswathappa, K. (2000), ‘Human resource and Personnel Management’, Tata Mcgraw-Hill Publishing, Company Limited, New Delhi. Banbury, C.M. and Mitchell, W. (1995), ‘The effect of introducing important incremental innovations on market share and business survival’, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.16, pp. 161-182. Bock, G. W., et al. (2005), ‘Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate,’ MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems, vol. 29, pp. 87-111. Cummings, J. N. (2004), ‘Work groups, structural diversity, and knowledge sharing in a global organization’, Management Science, 50(3), 352−364. Fliop. R. S. (2002), ‘Managing Human Resources-Personnel Management in Indian Enterprises’,New Delhi: Galgotia Publishing Company, New Delhi. Galunic, C. and Rodan, S. (1998), ‘Resource recombination in the firm: Knowledge, structures and the potential for Schumpeterian innovation’, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.19, pp.1193-1201. Grant, R. M. (1996), ‘Toward a Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm’. 17: 109-122. Grant, R. M. (1991), ‘The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy...
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...MM2021-Individual Essay Topic: Organizational culture and performance of a firm: knowledge management and environmental uncertainty as factors related to the above two variables. Name: Lee Man Ho Student ID: 13086927D Date of submission: 31 Oct 2014 1. Introduction Organizational culture refers to common practices, values and beliefs that an organization follows (Chen & Huang, 2007). It is a source of sustained competitive advantage (Barney, 1991) since it is an explanatory variable that differentiates one company from others (Sathe, 1985). As employees have their own values and beliefs, it may be difficult for leaders to manage them well as a whole if the company does not have methods to direct them into the same path. Therefore, the existence of organizational culture could be one of the outcomes resulted from this. Among different types of culture and performance, I particularly have interest in the relationship between adhocracy organizational culture and financial performance of a company since there is only little research discussing their relationship and it is essential to an organization. In this essay, I will examine how financial performance of a firm is affected by knowledge management under adhocracy organizational culture and how will environmental uncertainty affect the operation of the culture and financial success of the company. First, I will briefly illustrate the meaning of Adhocracy...
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...Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Development of the nursing practice has e started as early as the 1850’s with Florence Nightingale. She was the founder of the first nursing theory. From her foundation over the years nursing has blossomed into a great career and practice to where nurses and patients both benefit from the advances in theories and practice. Theory is an essential part of the past, present and future of nursing. Timeline: (1860) Florence Nightingale: - Florence Nightingale was the founder of nursing theory (George, 2011). She described nursing as both an art and a science. She recommended adjusting the environment to improve the person’s health. She believed that nursing was a calling and that it is different from medicine and the goal for nursing was to place the patient in the best possible condition for nature to act. She was able to construct this theory through her experiences in the Crimean war. Theory development began with Nightingale and was revived in the 1950s. Her foundational work is what nursing theorists expanded upon that started in the 1950’s until the present time. (1952) Hildegard Paplau: Interpersonal Relations Theory -Paplau, a psychiatric nurse instructor, described the nurse-client relationship, and stated that nursing is therapeutic interpersonal process (George, 2011). The 1950’s populated theoretical conceptualization of nursing science by Columbia University Teaching College graduates (George, 2011). Paplau...
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...sport and domestic projects, and particularly those used by the project planning software and referred to in the Project Management Institute's (PMI) project management body of knowledge (PMBOK), and the Association of Project Manager's (APM) body of knowledge (bok). As the use of projects becomes more pervasive, so more managers are entering the field of project management. Their success will be helped by their ability to develop a fully integrated information and control system to plan, instruct, monitor and control large amounts of data, quickly and accurately to facilitate the problem-solving and decision-making process. To achieve these goals the project manager needs a comprehensive toolkit - as a plumber works with a bag of tools, so the project manager works with a computer producing organisation charts, work breakdown structures, barcharts, resource histograms and cash-flow statements. Projects have traditionally been managed through a classic functional hierarchical type organisation structure, but with the increase of multi-disciplines, multi-departments, multi-companies and multi-national projects so there has been a move towards management-by-projects, project teams and matrix organisation structures. As the project manager is the single point of responsibility, it is the project managers job to set up a management structure which not only meets the needs of the project, but the needs of the organisation, the needs of the stakeholders and the needs of the individuals...
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...not based on a contract. Contract permeates every day business life. Business managers often need to enter into, and sometimes even draft, contracts with other enterprises or people. Sometimes, contracts give rise to disputes which need to be settled through courts or arbitration. A well-drafted contract however can minimize the rise of disputes, which in many ways depends upon the legal adviser’s or the manager’s knowledge about contract law. The contract law deals also with the laws of agency, partnership, and the sale of goods. Of these issues of contract law, contract law proper and the law of agency re governed by the Contract Act 1872, a British-era enactment. Definition of a contract: According to s. 2 (h) of the CA 1872 an agreement enforceable by law is a contract. Te relevant next question is, therefore, which agreements are enforceable by law? An agreement that fulfills the legal requirement is enforceable at law. An agreement is simply meeting of two minds to do or not to do something, which may or may not be legally enforceable. Then, what are the legal essentials that must be there in an agreement that is enforceable as a contract?. There are several...
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...KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT THROUGH STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PROCESS ABSTRACT Knowledge Management (KM) is the key factor for the organizational success and survival. In the competitive business environments, knowledge management involve strategic management processes. The processes consist of formulating stages, implementation stages, and controlling stages. With a systematic strategic management approach, organizations are able to generate competitive advantage and achieve organizational objectives. This paper provides an approach for organization to manage KM through strategic management process. KM currently is a discipline which is growing very fast. Therefore to support business viability and competitiveness, organization needs to integrate fragmented landscape of KM with strategic management process. Keywords: Knowledge Management, Strategic Management. 1.0 INTRODUCTION According to Webb (1998), KM is the process of identification, optimization and active management of intellectual assets to create value, increase productivity and gain and sustain competitive advantage. Meanwhile, Murray (1998) said KM is a strategy that turns an organization’s intellectual assets and the talents of its members to produce new productivity, value and increase competitiveness. Therefore, we can conclude that KM is a discipline, designed to provide strategy, process, and technology to increase organizational learning. A part from that, strategy is the major plan to be undertaken and allocating...
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.....................................8 1. Structural resistance scheme.............................................................9 4) Implementation difficulties and constant improvement strategy....................9 5) References, used literature...........................................................................11 1) The change within the organization to be described and further analysed is an implementation and promotion of Health & Safety culture and management throughout a large retail organization 99p stores Ltd within its 150 stores. To outline the state before the change within the organization it needs to be mentioned a very poor H&S awareness, insufficient controls in place and employees responsibility and basically no consideration about the consequences what if something goes wrong was given to this matter....
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