...Social motivation Psyc104 Aggression and violence * Why do humans hurt one another? aggression is a fundamental social motive * The role of learning and modelling people become violent by watching violence, if children see a lot of aggression they become aggressive which is called social learning accounts * Bandura argued (1980) children come into the world who are innocent and their learning from parents, siblings, television and they conducted the BoBo doll experiment sat them behind the window watching an adult bashing this doll and playing and some adults were very violent and others were gentle and the children were then allowed to do whatever they wanted with the doll the children who saw the adults aggressive with the doll mimicked such * Greitemeyer and mugged (2014) meta analysis of 98 studies of 37,000 people, found significant, positive relationship between violent video games and aggressive behaviour Social learning problems * Doesn’t explain the origins of human violence * Why have humans behaved aggressively throughout history and across cultures? * Why are humans attracted to violence, even though they fear it * Is human aggression learned (social learning) or instinctive or both? “instinctive” accounts * Aggression as instinct: * Darwin-aggression functions to assert power and dominance * Threat and appeasement displays Freud and Lorenz * Freud the ‘death’ instinct hurt people they...
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...Robert Stark Psychology Final Paper The Biological and Cultural Forces that Differentiate Males and Females Males and females have been different throughout history. The question we study is why and what drives them to be different. There are two forces that make us unique, which are biological and cultural. Studies show that male selections throughout the world are being analyzed studies done by scientists, biologists and sociologists to psychologists. Three books I used to understand this question are “The Third Chimpanzee: The evolution and future of the human animal” by Jared Diamond, “Same Difference: How gender, myths are hurting our relationships, our children, and our jobs” by Rosalind C. Barnett, and “Our Kind” by Marvin Harris. Some questions aren’t just about the biological and cultural aspect but about the social norms as well. In what ways are males and females different? Also what ways are they similar? These questions all can be answered going back to the beginning of time. Evolution is something we need to understand because it is responsible for the observable differences between males and females. A question that everyone wonders is, how did we get here? Jared Diamond’s “The Third Chimpanzee” answers this question. A strong theory comes from Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection and adaptation. Even though species are all different in its own nature they play a special role in life. The species that have the traits to allow them to...
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...Background: You have been assigned to teach a 1-session class to adults regarding gender Identity and gender roles. • Resources: the information in chapter 6 of the text book, supplemental research as needed, scoring rubric. • Outline a lesson plan describing the factors which contribute to gender identification and gender roles. Include the following in your lesson plan: o State the factors that determine gender identity. o Explain how a person’s masculine and feminine traits can be described using the continuum of masculinity-femininity. o Describe three (3) factors in your own life that have helped determine your gender identity. o Discuss the masculine and feminine traits that you attribute to yourself using the continuum of masculinity-femininity. • Write 750- to 1,000-words. Format the lesson plan as a sentence outline. However, do NOT use phrases, Use complete sentences. [An example of a sentence-style outline will be posted to the Course Materials Forum. Complete documentation, proper grammar, spelling, etc. are still required. Gender Identity Lesson Plan Outline I. Gender Identity is started at the moment of conception. A. When a sperm fertilizes an egg there are twenty-three chromosomes from the sperm and twenty-three chromosomes from the egg. B. At the moment of conception the tiny cells know already what color hair, color eyes, if they will be bald and if they will be...
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...The Cause of Aggressive Crime 1 RUNNING HEAD: The Cause of Aggressive Crime The Cause of Aggressive Crime Mark Maldonado Grantham University The Cause of Aggressive Crime 2 Being in Law Enforcement there is no doubt I have seen my share of crime that goes on in society. I would like to say that I do have a personal view on the cause of violent crime. For me I would say it would have to be the way you are raised, the people you associate with and if you are in a home that is associated with crime. When I say a home associated with crime, I mean is there drugs being sold from the home, is there drug us going on in the home, domestic violence etc. In my opinion I believe that one of the causes of crime is due to the environment that person is exposed to on a daily basis. If that person is always around that kind of environment I believe they will more than likely commit serious criminal acts. For example with these school shootings, I believe that they learned how to handle these weapons from somewhere and the fact that they committed these shootings, the idea had to have come from somewhere. So what I am saying is whether the cause is direct or indirect, I believe that something had to influence the individual to commit the crime. Whether that influence was television, music, a person in their life, what they seen growing up something had an influence...
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...Good Communicator? To have good communication an individual must understand what effective and good communication entails. To be a good communicator an individual must understand what the other individual’s ideas are. Another way that an individual may know if they are a good communicator is to watch interactions between other individuals. Communication is essentially a two way street. It is a presenter and an audience to and vice versa. When working in health care it is important to have good interpersonal skills. In health care you are going to be in communications with all different kinds of people. You are going to be in communication with different departments within health care, office personnel, nurses, environmental services, and most importantly patients. This is why it is extremely important to have strong communication skills and communication skills that are affective. That way there would be no misunderstanding when an individual is communicating with others, no matter the situation. When we all think of health care there is always something that we can all agree on and things that we can all disagree one. We can all think of things that can be improved on and things that need to be eradicated. When describing defensive and supportive relationships it can be black and white. An individual is either defensive by what an individual says or by what an individual does that is not completely correct or an individual is either supportive of another’s decisions. One of...
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...Genetic Factors are those that we inherit through our parents, they are used to explain why aggression runs through families. Genetic factors play a role in aggressive behaviour and lies within an individual’s genetic make-up. Psychologists, look at twin studies to try and find evidence on a genetic basis to compare the degree of similarity of aggression between sets of monozygotic (MZ) twins and dizygotic (DZ) twins. A lot of the time, it is found that aggressive behaviour is more highly correlated in MZ twins than DZ twins. An example of this would be when McGuffin and Gottesman found a concordance rate of 87% for aggressive behaviour in MZ twins, compared with 72% for DZ twin pairs. However we cannot just rely on evidence from twin studies because they can be problematic as it is hard to disentangle nature and nurture. Many have suggested that MZ twins are treated more alike and share more similar environments than DZ twins because they act more like 'one' person rather than two separate people. This may affect how alike they are and how likely they are to express aggression. Researchers have also identified a number of genes that can potentially cause aggression. Although no individual gene for aggression has been identified in humans, a gene responsible for the production of the protein MAOA has been associated with aggressive behaviour. MAOA regulates the metabolism of serotonin in the brain. Low levels of serotonin have been associated with aggression. In 1993, a study...
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...to their name. The cases of other attacks are not highlighted in the media, which is why most individuals feel that Pit Bulls are the only breeds who attack others. Also, the behavior of those who do attack are often influenced by other factors, such as the environment they were raised in. German Shepherds, Rottweilers, Jacks Russell’s, Spaniels, St. Bernard’s, and even Labrador retrievers have all been found to be highly represented in biting incidents (American Veterinary Medical Association). In defense of the higher amount of severe injury or fatalities being caused by Pit Bulls, there are other factors that need to be taken into account before the breed can be blamed. The breed may be popular in the victim’s community, and the dog’s treatment by...
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...study actions that can be observed, e.g. the learning of aggression via lab experiments by ‘Bandura’. 1b) Describe the Social Learning Theory of Aggression (8 marks) The Social Learning Theory (SLT) is learning through observing and imitating models such as parents or people in the media. It is a behaviourist theory because it can be tested in a controlled environment (laboratory) and conclusions from observations can be drawn, and behaviourists say we learn from our environment. Bandura (1977) also claimed that for social learning to take place individuals must undergo four stages. The first one being attention, individuals will learn the Aggressive Behaviour if they observe the model’s behaviour. Secondly, retention, the behaviour must be remembered in order for the individual to apply it. The third stage is reproduction: individuals must be able to reproduce the behaviour. And finally, motivation, individuals will display Aggressive behaviour if the expectation for reward is greater than the expectation of punishment. Bandura did an experiment to see whether SLT can explain aggression in children after watching models acting in a certain way. He set up a laboratory where young children of equal aggression levels were put into groups and told to...
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...child is watching his favorite cartoon. A commercial interrupts with pictures of weight-loss gimmicks as 1-800 numbers flash across the screen. Now that the show is over the child jumps up and runs about in a state of bliss hitting things the way that his favorite character did. This scene is all too familiar to parents of young children. What is it that causes children to act in such ways? Can we arguably say that the violence on television has no effects on the minds of children? I would like to pose that there is indeed a positive correlation between these two categories. Aggressive or violent television shows cause children to act in aggressive ways. Aggressive and/or violent can be defined as the act of initiating hostilities or invasion, or acting with, or resulting from great force.(Webster Dictionary) Research has shown there is a strong connection between violent television and aggressive children. During the time that children watch television, there is an enormous amount of violence shown. The article, "Aggression and its Effects on Children"(Anonymous) gave numeric value to violent acts. Studies included randomly chosen days in various cities. Statistics show that 2,605 violent acts happened, 566 of which aired between six and eight am. These are prime-time “children watching” television hours....
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...Also, I will give examples for each. These are six challenging behaviours: * Physical pain * Disability * Aggressive * Verbal abuse * Physical abuse * Discrimination Physical pain: People who have physical pain, they will present aggressive, they will shout at people who around them and throw stuff away. Factors that could cause this is because they feel really pain and uncomfortable. They just want to find a way to release their pain. For example, a woman who has lumbar disc herniation, she got housework to do, however, no one help her. Therefore, when it onset, she starts to angry with other people. Disability: Normally, people who are disability, they are non-confidence and low self-esteem because they are suffering lots of ridicule and bullying, and they view themselves differently. When they are unable to resist these, they will get angry as well as angry with others such as family. Also, they will feel they are not useful, especially when they cannot do some simple things for themselves independent such as dressing themselves. On the other hand, they are unable to do something they like such as kicking football. Due to these reasons, they may sensitive to what other people say to them and they may self- harm. Aggressive behaviour: aggressive behaviour could be in both positive way and negative way because some people do aggressive behaviour to stand up for themselves which are protect their right. For example, pushing. Two children are playing a...
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...men in prison have a certain way of behaving (probably why they went to prison in the first place!) and they then apply that behaviour to their new institutional setting. Toch (1997) says this: all prisons inherit their subcultural sediments from the street corners that supply them with clients. This suggests that young people can be aggressive both on the street and in prison. Personal and psychological factors that existed in inmates before being incarcerated can affect the level of aggressive behaviour shown in prison. Mills, Kroner and Weekes (1998) studied prisoners admitted to a Canadian prison using the alcohol dependence scale (ADS). Inmates who had higher levels of dependence were associated with more aggression shown in prison. Also, inmates who had greater periods of unemployment, lower levels of education, and a more serious criminal record were more likely to be aggressive in prison (Kane and Janus, 1981). Demographic variables that seem to influence aggression in prisons are race and age. Studies in America have shown that non-whites and younger prisoners are more likely to be aggressive whilst incarcerated. Kane and Janus (1981) say that this is because these groups are more likely to be separated from the mainstream society’s norms which promote pro-social behaviour, and could live in a subculture where aggression is valued, respected an d reinforced – this may have influenced them to be aggressive in many contexts – their home, their neighbourhood, the...
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...Communications (On-Line) 2012 summer- Session June 06, 2012 Recent Conflict Hello, my name is (your name goes here) I will recall a recent conflict in which I had with a parent within my homeschool business. This individual definitely approached me displaying aggressiveness. I will demonstrate how I resolved the conflict by using the assertive approach. This conflict was resolved very successfully by simply using the assertive approach. Recent Conflict I have owned and operated a homeschool for my grandchildren, family, and friends that choose to continue their education that is designed to provide an educational safe, fun, and loving environment for any child. Everyone also see it as being affordable, while maintaining the highest standards of education with a curriculum that is supported by state-of-the-art and most appropriate educational tools available. That being said, I don’t understand why some may act out in an irate and aggressive manner. One recent beautiful evening at the end of the schools day, a parent entered the classroom that had not completely let out yet; in an aggressive and totally rude behavior. This individual definitely approached me displaying an aggressive manner while some children were still in the mist. I patiently and calmly approached her and asked her to please leave the school because children are present, and I would speak with her after I had officially let school out in making...
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...sponge-like, absorbing everything that surrounds them, which makes them easy targets in terms of manipulation and victimization by the medias constant influence. By the time of adulthood, individuals are already under the influence of the mass media. Society appears to have a subconscious fixation with the mass media, resulting in individuals becoming desensitized to violence and to be detrimental affected. Psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists all obtain different beliefs to provide reasons to why violence continues to be a predominant factor in today's culture. The media promotes violence, and can be blamed for awarding violent behavior like in the cases of Columbine and Virginia Tec, who both received tons of exposure. Violence is a primary component of several individuals’ lives, especially in the youth culture, as many turn to the media for a sense of direction, resulting in them resembling the images they view, shaping their behaviors. Desensitization is a psychological development that has frequently been implicated in explaining viewers' unemotional reactions to the medias constant portrayal of violence (cite). Societies continuous exposure to the medias violence results in desensitization, which causes undermine feelings of concern, compassion, or empathy that individuals may end up having toward victims of actual violent acts (cite).The average child between the ages of eight to eighteen spends approximately forty-four point five hours weekly watching television...
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...Media Violence and Violent Video Games: The Cause for Aggression – Yes or No? Kimberly Fitzgerald-Amend PSYC3520-Introduction to Social Psychology u10a1-Opposing Viewpoints in Social Psychology Capella University March 2013 Abstract Everyone, at one point or another, may display aggressive behavior. Where did this behavior come from? This paper will discuss opposing viewpoints on the role of media violence and video games in the development of aggressive behavior. Included herein will be a brief overview of Albert Bandura’s “Social Learning Theory”; a discussion of media violence and violent video games and their possible roles in the development of aggression; and the ethical viewpoints on violence in the media. This paper will conclude with an overview of all presented information. Media Violence and Violent Video Games: The Cause for Aggression – Yes or No? It is a beautiful, sunny summer afternoon and spending a few hours at the park seems like a great way to enjoy it. However, only a few minutes into it, Tommy pushes Sara off the swing and now going to the park does not seem to have been the best choice. Why did Tommy do this? What causes children to act aggressively? Is it because shortly before coming to the park Tommy played a violent video game; or maybe on his way out he passed through the room where his father was watching a breaking news story about a murder victim? The role the media and/or violent video games play in the development of...
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...approach that our aggressive behaviour is learnt. He proposed that it is similar to operant conditioning where learning takes place due to observation and imitation. H explains that modelling has an influential role on the manner of the aggression, as if role models are seen t be aggressive this encourages those who observe them to exert similar behaviour. He also explains that vicarious learning takes place which is indirect rewarding of behaviour. AN example of this would include a child observing another child hitting someone in order to get the toy they desired. A number of factors influence the aggression levels learnt and shown in individuals, one of which is self-efficacy. This refers to the ability to perform the aggressive act, thus we are only likely to be aggressive if it is likely that we will succeed! Other characteristics of models influence whether someone will imitate behaviour, as if they have high power and status or are similar to he individual then this is likely to increase imitation. Therefore violence in the media is an increasing problem in the world today. In order to maintain aggressive behaviour, this learned behaviour needs to be reinforced by rewards. Therefore external reinforcers have an important role. An example of an external reinforcer could be money that a criminal receives for his illegal and aggressive actions. This links well to the problem of reciprocal determinism, which is the 2 way relationship between an individual and the...
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