Premium Essay

Why Did Americans Challenge Racist Laws Essay

Submitted By
Words 874
Pages 4
How did Americans challenge racist laws?

During this time racism was still sweeping though the country. Black singers, poets, and authors began to express the hardships they faced in their work. President Harry Truman created a Committee on Civil Rights (CCR). The CCR wanted congress to pass laws to stop, lynching, voting discrimination, and racial job discrimination. Citizens began to realize that the term “Separate but equal” was really not equal at all. Public school segregation began being questioned. In Brown v. Board of education, the court ruled that separating schoolchildren made black children feel “inferior.” Slowly but surly schools that were previously separated by race became integrated. Yet seventy percent of schools in the south remained segregated even …show more content…
The city responded to this boycott by sending its leaders to jail and violence broke out. Whites who favored segregation set off bombs in four black churches. The black community pushed though the violence and ultimately the Supreme Court outlawed segregation on bus lines (but not on buses themselves). MLK became a light for the black community. He believed in equality and preached love and nonviolence. He built a following among the black and also white community. However, violence was still a major theme during this time. A black leader of the NAACP thought that blacks needed to defend themselves from violence even with guns if it was necessary. When a local KKK leaders attacked a NAACP leader’s home the armed blacks fried back and the KKK members left. Even though this event favored violence, nonviolence was the main practice. Four black college freshmen decided to sit down at a white lunch counter in downtown North Carolina. They were not served but refused to leave, ultimately the lunch counter closed for the day. This protest however, was far from over. They returned day after day gathering more black members to bring with them. These “sit-ins”

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

The Jim Crow Era

...Midterm Essay on Jim Crow Laws Brittney Accardo History 12 May 8th, 2015 The year 1896 was the time that the Untied States of America came down as a whole. Many people were hurt and confused by the Jim Crow laws. These laws were established in order or keep the blacks and whites separated in public places. Jim Crow laws made a huge impact on society in the 1930’s. On May 18, 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court considered the idea of “separate but equal,” which was the base of the Jim Crow laws. This was the case of the Plessy versus Ferguson. The United States Constitution did not allow many types of discrimination such as black people being mistreated. Therefore, the states worked around the rules to include Jim Crow laws without disobeying the United States Constitution. This made African Americans considered as the “lower class” citizens. Many people were judging the blacks because of their skin; they were not respected as human beings. Some of the Jim Crow Laws (Black Code) were very extreme; the laws were so strict it was almost like the African American people were still in slavery. However, some would...

Words: 741 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Life Exposed In Flannery O Connor's Short Stories

...time, she has had to fight in order to make people care. O’Connor blatantly expressed her religious views in her stories and consistently critiqued controversial themes and real-world issues in her writing, such as racism, Catholic doctrine, finding meaning in life, and possessing world-influenced, consumeristic views about how life should be. As a result, she experienced harsh criticism from the majority of people who read her work. This essay will give examples of the ways Flannery O’Connor’s used two of her short stories to provided commentary and challenge and change the thinking of American readers in order to prevent their apathy....

Words: 1381 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Emily Rose

...Essay #1 - What are the four fields of anthropology and how do they relate to each other and to history, sociology, political science, philosophy and psychology. The four fields are: Physical Anthropology, Archaeology, Linguistic Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology or Ethnology. Anthropology is the study of humankind which can entail uniqueness, racial division, physical characteristics, geographical division and social relations of his or her environment. Anthropologist tries to discover if there are structural similarities and all four subfields bridge the gap between the knowledge and the human race. Physical anthropology is the human adaptation or alteration comes from this research for example genetics and forensics. Archaeologists seek and examine artifacts whether it is trash, historic or prehistoric. Linguistic anthropology is how language is used and acquired in a social network of humans historically from caveman’s to modern language today. Cultural anthropology or ethnology is the study of progressive culture throughout the world. Political Science relates to anthropology is tremendous as modern research is racial divide, customs and habits of man which has helped us the real background and development of the primitive man or woman. The behavior of man is biased by his racial origin and surroundings in which he or she resides. Sociology is the study of human culture or societal relations which relates to our four subfields of anthropology as sociology is part of...

Words: 2765 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Not Full Faith and Credit

...as well as the protections inherent to this idea of marriage being only available as a legal construct for heterosexual couples. We discriminate against our homosexual citizens and their right to have their long term relationships recognized and given the same validity as those long term relationships of heterosexual couples through the societal construct of marriage. Same-sex marriage has become a huge issue for many in the United States, it is a “lightning rod” issue that seems to polarize the two sides of the argument. There does not seem to be much, if any, common ground to stand upon. A person either holds the belief, often backed by their faith, that gay marriage is unacceptable, or they discard that belief and can't conceive of why that viewpoint is in any way valid. For most people there really is no middle ground. The focus of this paper is to examine same-sex marriage through the lens of the state and federal levels of legislation and constitutional precedent. My personal interest in this subject stems from my own beliefs about homosexuality in general, and particularly the point that I would like is that I believe continuing to deny the right of a fully recognized marriage to...

Words: 1988 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

How Far Were the Actions of the African Americans the Main Reason for the Advancement of the Civil Rights in the Period 1865-1980?

...How far were the actions of the African Americans the main reason for the advancement of the Civil Rights in the period 1865-1980? “Power concedes nothing without demand, it never has and it never will”[1]. Said by Fredrick Douglass in 1857, an escaped slave who had bearded the brunt of the slave years. He had come to the realisation that African Americans had a fountain of “power”; however that power that they possessed would never establish anything without a “demand”. Fredrick Douglass awoke the conscious of African Americans to make them realise that wanting to be free and wanting to achieve full civil rights was not enough, neither was enduring a life under white supremacy waiting for life after death to see a new dawn .Believing and hoping was not enough. “Power concedes nothing without demand” the solution is to be willing to work hard to establish it yourself by demanding what belongs to them. However using power in order to concede civil rights was a struggle which was acknowledged by Fredrick Douglass “Without struggle there is no success”. To achieve advancement in African American Civil Rights, African Americans had to undergo a process of struggle. A rainbow is not made without rain; you can not want rain without thunder and lightening being accompanied by it. To achieve full civil rights African Americans had to pay the price along the way which was persecution, de-humanisation and scrutiny. Martin Luther King being inspired by Fredrick Douglass said “Freedom...

Words: 4801 - Pages: 20

Free Essay

A Cursed Love

...Resources for Teaching Prepared by Lynette Ledoux Copyright © 2007 by Bedford/St. Martin’s All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. 2 1 f e 0 9 d c 8 7 b a For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000) ISBN-10: 0–312–44705–1 ISBN-13: 978–0–312–44705–2 Instructors who have adopted Rereading America, Seventh Edition, as a textbook for a course are authorized to duplicate portions of this manual for their students. Preface This isn’t really a teacher’s manual, not, at least, in the sense of a catechism of questions and correct answers and interpretations. Because the questions provided after each selection in Rereading America are meant to stimulate dialogue and debate — to generate rather than terminate discourse — they rarely lend themselves to a single appropriate response. So, while we’ll try to clarify what we had in mind when framing a few of the knottier questions, we won’t be offering you a list of “right” answers. Instead, regard this manual as your personal support group. Since the publication of the first edition, we’ve had the chance to learn from the experiences of hundreds of instructors nationwide, and we’d like to use this manual as a forum where we can share some of their concerns, suggestions, experiments, and hints. We’ll begin with a roundtable on issues you’ll probably want to address before you meet your class. In the first section of this manual, we’ll discuss approaches to...

Words: 57178 - Pages: 229

Free Essay

Modern Racism

...from the little kids playing on the corner to the gang members selling what I can assume is crack, judging by the tweaking, raggedy, twitchy individuals dropping money off and running away. We enter the barber shop that was built in, what appears to be the mid 1950’s. Inside, is a replica of the Eddie Murphy movie, “Coming to America” except for an old Jewish man there is a surprisingly, a 65 year old Asian man named Han sitting in the corner. There are 3 black barbers who address myself as cracker when I enter with phil. There are photos of famous, powerful African Americans on the wall. Dr. King, Henry Aaron, Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X. The three pepper haired men, though refer to me as cracker, insist ‘I sit down white boy, and shut up.’ The chairs, three of them, are worn brown leather chairs with tarnished worn-off chrome on the hand rails. The room smells of hair spray, baby powder, and not trying to be racist but fried chicken. The men and Phillip engage in conversation, catching up like old...

Words: 1626 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Cool Cat

...thoughtandpractice@gmail.com http://ajol.info/index.php/tp/index Abstract There are established ethical principles to protect human participants in biomedical research from undue exploitation by researchers. However, in the “Tuskegee Study” in the US, these principles were grossly violated. The task of this paper is to critically examine the ethical implications of that study on future practices in biomedical research, and to suggest ways of ensuring that such practices comply with appropriate ethical values. Key Words Bioethics, Biomedical research, clinical research, Tuskegee Study, paternalism, morality Introduction From time to time human beings experience health challenges, whether physical or mental. On its part, medical practice has made considerable progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. Medical researchers engage in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Therapeutic research is that carried out with the purpose of treating disease. On the other hand, non-therapeutic research is aimed at 76 Adebayo A. Ogungbure furthering the frontiers of knowledge about human health. Furthermore, researchers and physicians often use human beings as objects of scientific investigation, raising certain ethical concerns, including the issue of informed consent and how consent is obtained, selection of participants in research, the welfare...

Words: 6565 - Pages: 27

Free Essay

Anticommunism and Mccarthyism

...Left-feminism, the consumer movement, and red scare politics in the united states, 1935-1960. Journal of Women's History, 18(3), 40-40-67,148. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/203248794?accountid=35812 In the United States, right-wing hostility to female consumer advocates who held federal jobs or had the ear of federal officials was an important source of the crusade against "Communists in government," a primary engine of the Second Red Scare. The hunt for communists in the U.S. government, which began in the 1930s and reached a fever pitch in the 1950s, reshaped the terrain of party politics and halted expansion of the American welfare state. Conservatives' attack on the New Deal-often seen as triggered by the rise of mass production unionism-also was a reaction to the emergence of a consumer movement that was feminist, anti-racist, and pro-labor. That movement was predominantly female and wielded more influence over federal policy than scholars have recognized. Focusing on the League of Women Shoppers, the Consumers' National Federation, and the fate of their members who obtained positions in such government agencies as the Office of Price Administration, this article argues that conservative anticommunists' gendered animosity to the consumer movement was critical to the pre-history of the federal employee loyalty program created in 1947, and that civil servants with ties to consumer groups were prominent among that program's casualties. In May 1939, a front-page...

Words: 6635 - Pages: 27

Premium Essay

Are Spurs Ethical?

...From time to time human beings experience health challenges, whether physical or mental. On its part, medical practice has made considerable progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. Medical researchers engage in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Therapeutic research is that carried out with the purpose of treating disease. On the other hand, non-therapeutic research is aimed at 76 Adebayo A. Ogungbure furthering the frontiers of knowledge about human health. Furthermore, researchers and physicians often use human beings as objects of scientific investigation, raising certain ethical concerns, including the issue of informed consent and how consent is obtained, selection of participants in research, the welfare of human subjects involved in a research project, what the goals of research ought to be, and what ought to constitute proper procedure for an ethical research. These issues are central to an aspect of applied ethics which is now commonly referred to as research ethics. The aim of research ethics is to ensure that research projects involving human subjects are carried out without causing harm to the subjects involved. In addition, it provides a sort of regulatory framework which ensures that human participants in research are not exploited either physically or psychologically. The need for ethical guidelines...

Words: 6425 - Pages: 26

Premium Essay

The Tuskegee Syphilis Sutdy

...thoughtandpractice@gmail.com http://ajol.info/index.php/tp/index Abstract There are established ethical principles to protect human participants in biomedical research from undue exploitation by researchers. However, in the “Tuskegee Study” in the US, these principles were grossly violated. The task of this paper is to critically examine the ethical implications of that study on future practices in biomedical research, and to suggest ways of ensuring that such practices comply with appropriate ethical values. Key Words Bioethics, Biomedical research, clinical research, Tuskegee Study, paternalism, morality Introduction From time to time human beings experience health challenges, whether physical or mental. On its part, medical practice has made considerable progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. Medical researchers engage in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Therapeutic research is that carried out with the purpose of treating disease. On the other hand, non-therapeutic research is aimed at 76 Adebayo A. Ogungbure furthering the frontiers of knowledge about human health. Furthermore, researchers and physicians often use human beings as objects of scientific investigation, raising certain ethical concerns, including the issue of informed consent and how consent is obtained, selection of participants in research,...

Words: 6565 - Pages: 27

Premium Essay

Family

...Sociology & Family Theorizing and Researching 1. Structural Theories a) Materialism & Conflict theory Marx & Engles -changes in family lives reflect material change (ex, the mode of production, industrialization) macro-micro focus -power differences characterize society at all levels (ex, capitalism creates: exploitation of men in the workforce; oppression of women b) Political Economy -assumes the power of the one class over another (social control), capitalist relations of production -a more concentrated focus on how economic and political processes shape society and history and therefore family, families c) Structural Functionalism Parsons & Bales -the social institution of the family - family is seen as a function, and different parts of society helps it move along -the nuclear family performs functions -they saw the families as a main faction, economic support, these functions that happen in nuclear families include economic support -equilibrium, all parts help it work as a whole -hierarchical generations and role specialization within families produces harmony -the different roles that men and women take on, allows the family be a harmony -parsons and bales, gendered perspective on families, families having instrumental roles such as achieving income, feed the family, cloth the family, this would be men 2. Symbolic Interactionism Mead & Cooley - individuals create their own family realities through micro level interactions -from...

Words: 8656 - Pages: 35

Premium Essay

Sociology Essay and Class Notes Prep

...interaction, social behavior an influence of social structures on people How old is sociology? 200 years Why did sociology (as social science develop)? Who was the founding father of sociology? Main contributions of Sociology Early Auguste compte: Founding father of sociology, coined the word sociology How is Sociology different from other social sciences? Emile Durkheim: influenced development of functionalism 4 types of suicide by Durkheim: Egoistic: Mentally ill, lonely, social outcast, depression Altruistic: Kamikaze pilots, suicide bombers, cult members, obligation to the group, Fatalistic: Inmates, elderly, terminally ill, hopelessness Anomic: Anyone who cant deal with chaos, such as stock market crash or 1929-Insecurity Anomie: When society’s norms are questions, much social change, Society is rapidly changing Institutions are weakened, family, religion. Gender norms are questioned; values and belief systems are questioned Theory of structural functionalism 1 If a structure exists in society its because its functional, the social structure exists because it works Social structures: anything external to people that has ways of affecting us, like religions, schools, Any pattern of social organization external to people that has a way of influencing us. Example: Family Peers Media Religion School Exams Laws Marriage 3. This theory explains that society s a large social system with inter relation parts, all working...

Words: 2927 - Pages: 12

Free Essay

Statistical

...Blacks are portrayed as intellectually inferior on tests devised by white psychologist. Furthermore, The hereditary perspective of intelligence is challenged by empirical evidence that centres on children with white ancestry to assess whether white genes influence intelligence while citing several sources that support the environmental explanation of the race gap in test scores. Consequently, this discussion questions the reliability and validity of intelligence tests that are used to reinforce the Black intellectual inferiority myth. The conclusive argument suggests in no uncertain terms that the Bell Curve is nothing more than the repackaging of racist pseudo-scientific conclusions by right wing academics, intent on rekindling a political debate premised on a racist manifesto to justify the withdrawal of intervention programmes that challenge existing social and racial hierarchies, that are perceived to transfer white power and privileges to undeserving Blacks. Special Thanks to: Dr. Madge Willis Morehouse College...

Words: 5892 - Pages: 24

Premium Essay

How Did the Catholic Church Attempt to Repress Heresy in Christendom?

...As a student with a keen interest in medieval history, I have always been intrigued by the concept of heresy and how the Roman Catholic Church attempted to rid Christendom of heretics. To be frank all of us, in some form or quantity, have come across heresy in books, popular media, and music. It is a defining term of medieval Europe and the twelfth and thirteenth century see crusades against heretics and the power and means by which the Roman Church aimed to repress the many heretical ideologies that existed. This is both an interesting and extensive topic and throughout this essay I will be focusing on the term ‘Heresy’ itself, why the church sought to repress heretics and lastly how they managed to do the same. In a very general term, heresy can be termed as a disagreement with the Church or the teachings and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, and a heretic someone who’s faith, beliefs and practices are in contradiction with that of the Church. Not all heretics believed in the same principle concepts and not all heretical concepts were popular. The Cathars, a heretic group in Languedoc, south of France believed that the world was a creation of the devil and that the sacraments of the Church were not true, but were devilish frauds of an evil church. It is worth noting though that heresy existed in every age, as it is but natural that popular beliefs and ideologies had contradicting and opposing ones, but it was only between the late eleventh and thirteenth century that...

Words: 2003 - Pages: 9