...Why did hunter-gatherer societies switch to sedentary agriculture? The reason is because sedentary agriculture was the easiest way for them so get food. Sedentary agriculture can be more productive and even less dangerous than hunting. It is much easier to raise a bunch of sheep, or any other animal, and let them bread and domesticate them, so that whenever you need food you have it right there. This means that you would not have to go out and hunt and search for food. This definitely was the easiest lifestyle for those people and it also let them spend more time planting fruits and vegetables. The Hadza people were hunter gatherers but yet 80 percent of their diet was fruits and vegetables. They did a good job of domesticating their own animals so that they could spend more time plant foods. Why some societies are more industrially advanced than others? The reason for this was because each part of the world has their own resources. China was the richest country in the 16th and 17th Century mostly because they had the resources to produce silk, spices, and other luxuries. This then gave them ability to trade with other countries that did not have the resources to produce these items. The Spanish and Portuguese would mine and funnel gold and silver over to China in exchange for silk and spices. Later on, England then used their resources to find easier ways to produce cloth. They created the factory system by bringing in spinners, weavers, and others together in one place...
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...What is Biochemistry and why you should study it? Biochemistry or sometimes we called it as biological chemistry is defined as a scientific study of the chemistry of living organisms, especially the structure, the behavior of a living thing and the function of their chemical component such as proteins ,carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Many of these molecules are complex molecules called polymers, which are made up of monomer subunits. Most people consider biochemistry to be same with molecular biology. Nowadays, biochemistry has become the root for understanding all biological processes. It has provided widely explanations for the causes of many diseases in humans, animals and plants. As a student, we should study it because it give to us many kind of knowledge on understanding the biological processes which are happen around us in every single minutes in our life. Since biochemistry is very important, we must study it to know how this biochemistry contributed for the sustainable of tomorrow in the main field of medicine, agriculture and industry. Biochemistry is applied in many health field such as dentistry, medicine and veterinary medicine. For example, in the field of medicine, biochemistry have contribute in the clinical study to maintain and to give a better and healthy life to the population of human all around the world. This have been done by the scientist on how they use biochemistry to diagnose and control the spreading of diseases, product a new...
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...Abstract In this paper, the writer will explore a topic from a list of artistic themes as the themes relate to Prehistoric, Mesopotamian, Ancient Egyptian, Archaic Greek, Aegean Civilization and Classical Greek periods. The writer will determine how the theme is reflected in the cultural and world developments from these time periods. The writer will also compare and contrast the development of the theme of the different time periods to modern day time. Artistic Themes Artistic themes of Prehistoric, Mesopotamian, Ancient Egyptian, Archaic Greek/Aegean Civilization, and Classical Greek Periods The time periods of Prehistoric, Mesopotamian, Ancient Egyptian, Archaic Greek, Aegean Civilization, and Classical Greek are different from the modern day period. Each time period had its own way of doing certain things. For example, each time period had its own idea of work. Work from each of these time periods was performed in different ways. The writer will explore work as it relates to the time periods of Prehistoric, Mesopotamian, Ancient Egyptian, Archaic Greek, Aegean Civilization, and Classical Greek. The writer will determine how work is reflected in the cultural and world developments from the time periods also compare and contrast the development of work within the historic time periods while relating past attitudes to modern attitudes. Prehistoric There are no written records from prehistoric times. Information from prehistoric time is only reported from certain fields...
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...groups of people in several areas around the world began to abandon the foraging lifestyle that had been successful, universal and largely unchanged for millennia (Lee & DeVore 1968). They began to gather, then cultivate and settle around, patches of cereal grasses and to domesticate animals for meat, labor, skins and other materials, and milk. The earliest civilizations all relied primarily on cereal agriculture. Cultivation of fruit trees began three thousand years later, again in the Middle East, and vegetables and other crops followed (Zohari 1986). Cultivation of rice began in Asia about 7000 years ago (Stark 1986). HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In 1884 Arnold Toynbee coined the phrase ‘the Industrial Revolution’ to describe the great changes in the organization, methods and productivity which took place in late eighteenth-century England. Not surprisingly historians soon dubbed the parallel changes in agriculture ‘the Agricultural Revolution’ … approximately 1760 and 1820 the farming of this country underwent and equally abrupt and radical change (Grigg, 1967). As humans began to form permanent settlements and gave up traveling in search of food, agriculture was born. The foods we eat, the clothing we wear, the materials we use in our everyday lives is agriculture. The term agriculture refers to a wide variety of things, it is the science, art and occupation of cultivating the soil, producing crops and raining livestock. Agriculture refers to financing, processing, marketing...
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...“The Food Movement, Rising”. This article talks about how food impacts many facets in the nation including politics, society and family. In this article he shares how food is not just about food and is a much larger issue than meets the eye. He talks about how the issues of food have impacted the country and therefore the world (Pollan). Then, he breaks the issues down on macro and micro levels, focusing on the impact of food on politics, society, and family. Finally, he points out the real cost of food, directly and indirectly. I agree with Michael Pollan about the ongoing issues with food and I am against industrial agriculture too. Americans have not had to think very hard about where their food comes from, or what it is doing to the planet, their bodies, and their society. (Pollan) Pollan points out the exact current problems about food. He believes that people should eat better food. However, Pollan neglects to mention that it was a problem hundred years ago, and it is still a problem today. He points out in his article that food in America has been invisible as an issue until the early 1970s, when food price inflation pushed the topic to be an important national agenda. He mentions that “before this food was never an issue to be discussed in America because it was available at cheap prices”. Also, Americans were completely ignorant of what was the bigger cost they were paying for cheap foods and how it is affecting the society and the planet. The article also talks about...
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...crops, but the cultivation and the perfection of human beings” (Fukuoka 119). Agriculture is one of the most important determinants of the quality of non-urban areas, one that can create a cultural identity of an area. But despite the cultural identity it can give, farming and agriculture also provide food which is needed for all living organisms to survive. Nevertheless, the processes and methods of producing the food are split between two very different ideas: Conventional or Organic agriculture. Conventional farming describes any farming not dedicated to alternative methods. Fundamentally, conventional farming is the kind of farming which dominated the 20th century and which accounts for most farming today. In conventional farming, chemical plant protectants, chemical fertilizers and intensive mass animal farming are common. The term “conventional farming” draws its meaning from the contrast to alternative farming methods such as organic farming. Conventional farming methods date back to the Industrial Revolution, which gave birth to newly invented machinery. This new machinery began producing goods with greater efficiency and output, which had previously been made by hand. It was also the beginning of the transformation of society, but did not overtake agriculture as quickly as it did in other areas of production, such as textiles and printing. No doubt, that was because agriculture was intimately connected with nature’s ecology for production. Nature’s ecology...
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...15 Feeding a Hungry World The major challenge in agriculture today is producing enough food to feed the world’s population. Approximately 15% of the world’s population receives insufficient food to meet daily nutritional requirements. The major challenge in agriculture is producing enough food to feed the world’s population. Dramatic improvements in crop yield have been achieved through breeding of high-yielding and disease resistant varieties. Traditional breeding programs and biotechnology are being used to develop high-yielding and disease-resistant cultivators. Germplasm, the genetic information encoded in plants, is a valuable asset to plant breeders and must be preserved. The loss of genetic diversity in crop plants and their wild ancestors because of monocultural practices is a serious concern to plant breeders. The cultivation of just one or two high yielding varieties for most major crops has resulted in the loss of thousands of traditional varieties, and with them their genetic heritage. Monoculture is, in itself an unstable system in that a single pest or disease can wipe out the crop of an entire region of essentially genetically identical and similarly susceptible individuals. Although there are over 50,000 species of edible plants, only three domesticated crops provide over 50% of the kilocalories from plants in the human diet. The search for locally used crops that have the potential to be developed for expansion on the world market is ongoing. Some...
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...2013 Chapter Summary for Chapter 1 – “Africa” Summary: This chapter describes how Africa was basically the birth place of humanity and its geographical features. The chapter states that Africa is the second largest continent in the world (Asia is the largest).It describes where the Africans originated and how they evolved over time. Also it gives a generally understanding of how the Africans ran there countries.IT gives a brief description of what they did to survive and how things where in there time. The Chapter also explains why African civilizations are important. Key Points: Paleoanthropologists –scientist who studies the evolution and pre-history of humans- these scientist are a key part to understanding the early state of African humanity because of their research it is concluded that all people today are decent of Africa. They also believe that Ardipitecines which are creatures that walked upright, evolved from Ardipitecines to Homo habilis The Earliest civilization in Africa and one of the two earliest in the world history is that of ancient Egypt which stared in the Nile River valley. The other of the two is Mesopotamian civilization. In both of these civilization hunting and gathering “gave way’ to the agriculture. Which lead them to become hierarchical and specialized. Sudan Ghana was the first known kingdom in western Sudan. It was established by the Soninke people in the area in the contemporary republic of Ghana. It may have started as early...
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...Lifespan and longevity are hallmark to the existence of species. Life history, which lifespan and longevity spawn from, is the basis for species to exist and a necessity for evolution to happen (Carey et al. 2001:411-412). With regards to the importance of paleodietary shift within the hominin lineage, it is imperative to understand that diet has had a lasting influence to longevity and lifespan within the genus Homo. Why do modern humans have such high life expectancies compared to their ancestors, and how has life expectancy changed within the genus Homo as its species has evolved? As time has passed, life expectancy within the genus Homo has increased due to numerous dietary advancements, such as the shift from heavy chewing to hunter-gathering...
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...Niger, which used to be called the Republic of Niger is one of the poorest and hottest places in the world. They have minimal government services and not enough funds to develop the resources needed. The country of Niger is very unique in many different ways. It will sometimes have a person confused on why they are so poor and at the same time have an understanding. The people of Niger are not well off due to agriculture, health, education and more. They could possibly be in a better situation if the necessary steps were taken to better their agriculture and if tourism stays popular. The most important topics of Niger are the economic and social aspects of life. Niger has the fastest growing population with over 16 million people as of today. Their birth rate is number one in the world but many of the Nigeriens are not expected to live pass 53 years of age. Majority of the population is challenged with various health problems. The main diseases combated with are pneumonia, malaria and diarrhea. Medicines and professional help are seldom since most of the population lives in extensively disbursed rural communities. The health services that are provided are extremely incompetent and would not be able to tackle these diseases. With such a large population, there should be many job opportunities available. The depressing part is that over half rely on farming, living on less than a dollar a day. More than half of the population lives below the poverty line. The Sahara desert...
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...History 347 1/27/15 Native American Hunter/Gatherer/Fisher Peoples * Upon migration from Eurasia, all American indians were hgf. Most ag peoples supplemented diets with hgf * This substinence strategy structured many aspects of Indians lives and societies * Its effectiveness and long term viability were shaped by techno, demographics, and sociopolitical relationships Where did NA hunt gather and fish? * Everywhere * Heavy reliant * Pacific coast * Great lakes * Great plains How did hgf peoples obtain food? Some consequences * Mobility * Seasonality of food * Annual migration cycles * Wild plants and animals * Lack of domestication=reduced disease resistance * Acquired immunity * Genetic immunity How did this subsistence strategy structure society? * Clan size=small * Flat social structure=not hierarchical * Kinship unites bands * Loose affiliations * Gendered division of labor * Usufruct property rights=right to use, not to own How did Pawnee Indians rely on hgf lifeways? Where did Plains people come from? * Clovis peoples arrive on Plains 9,000 BC * Plains people/culture emerge from these early arrivals * Simultaneously other culture groups emerge across the Americas * Each defined by culture, language, geographic boundaries, etc How did the Plains peoples mode of production develop? * 9000 BC = Climate Warms * Bison hunting flourishes on...
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...the world and what it has to offer. In his quest the narrator seeks of his “teacher” how the world came to be and discovers Ishmael. As the story progresses, the two scholars establish a storyline that focuses on many key details. Such details include how man or the world came to be, evolution, the community of life, the world’s dependence on food, and most importantly takers as well as leavers. The broad thoughts in which each of these subjects is brought about captivates the reader and establishes the fundamental outline of this astounding novel. As the novel begins and the narrator is first introduced to Ishmael, one of the first sessions they have is speaking of how man came to be where we are today. Initially shocked by the question, the narrator suggests the thought of what many are told of how we can to be, the big bang or other theories. Ishmael rejects the idea of stating it is a “myth” and later saying to the narrator when he...
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...has different level of richness which affects the life expectancy, percentage of rich people in the country, and also the level of inequality including social problems. The Adult Literacy (% of population) graph means that the percentage of people in a country that can read. As we can see, different countries have different percentage, the question is why? I think this is because when the percentage of people was young, they didn’t have enough money to support their lives to get the education or they didn’t get enough time to get education while busy working to earn money and livestock to support their family. As for poverty they don’t have enough places to work. Most of them work as a fisherman and sell what they get from fishing, crops, and teaching in school. This is because it is hard to find jobs in a specific country especially a poor country. For the Goss Domestic product in US dollars, the product of all the work is counted in US dollars. This is high according to each currency of each country. I want to give it a press on the word poverty. Poverty is the state for the majority of the world’s people and nations. Why is this? Is it enough to blame poor people for their own predicament? Have they been lazy, made poor decisions, and been solely responsible for their plight? What about their governments? Have they pursued policies that actually harm successful development? Such causes of poverty and inequality are no doubt real. But deeper and more global causes of...
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...state's factories and shipyards expanded greatly after the United States entered World War I in 1917. The U.S Army established the Aberdeen Proving Ground, its first testing center, along the northwest shore of Chesapeake Bay, (one of the most famous bay in Maryland) in 1917. In 1919, the U.S. Congress passed a law making it illegal to manufacture, sell, and transport alcoholic beverages. Marylanders were among the leading opponents of prohibition because they considered it a violation of their state's right. As a result, Maryland became known as the Free State. This nickname is still sometimes...
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...Good afternoon everybody. We are really happy to be here today. We are students of the Faculty of the Economics and Management. I know you are busy with exams, assignments, portfolios,.. So I would like to thank you all for coming here today. The presentation will not last long. I ask you to stay focused 20 minutes more or less. Oh, and before I forget. Please keep your questions for the end of the presentation so that later we can kick off a discussion all together. So…let’s start. The topic of our presentation is organic food. I suppose that all of you already know what organic foods are. What we would like to show you today is why organic is becoming a trend. I mean... we are not firms trying to sell you products; we are neither dietitians forcing you to eat organic meals. In few words, we are not saying “buy organic because it’s the best!” Let me do a practical example. Imagine you enter in a supermarket because you want to buy some..let’s say..strawberries. You fast realize that there are 2 types of strawberries. They look like identical but the price differs. You may wonder “Why should I pay more for the apparently the same fruit?” Well some people do buy the more expensive one because they have this little green organic label. By the end of this presentation you will understand which mechanisms influence the consumption of organic products. So that, next time you go grocery shopping you will know what’s behind this price difference. To better give you a clear idea...
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