...Effective Reading Instruction Strategies for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities April Scruggs scruggs_am@students.lynchburg.edu Graduate Student – Lynchburg College SPED 644 – Academic Instruction Reading is the cornerstone of instruction for all students regardless of their ability level because it sets the foundation for future progress and success in virtually all other facets of life (Kliewer & Landis, 1999). Recent legislation and research has suggested that we should be more successful in teaching every student to read (Brower, Wakeman, Spooner, Ahlgrim-Delzell, & Algozzine, 2006). There are various strategies that educators use to teach reading in a typical classroom setting. However, these strategies are not always the same in special education classrooms, especially in terms of teaching students with significant cognitive disabilities. Browder et al. (2006) defined students with significant cognitive disabilities as students classified as having moderate or severe mental retardation, who may have additional disabilities such as autism or physical disabilities. Individuals with severe cognitive disabilities may use nonlinguistic communication … and exhibit learning characteristics that require greater time to learn and intensive forms of instructional support (p.392). As shown by Katims (2000), reading instruction has been viewed in a variety of different ways for students with significant or severe...
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...I have done my report on trisomy 21. This disease was later named Down Syndrome. In 1866 a doctor named John Langdon Down first saw some children that were similar to some other mentally retarded children. He had no idea what this disease was, but was the first person to study it. As time went on medicine became more advanced. In 1959 a French doctor named Jerome Legeune saw people who had this unknown disease, and that they had 47 chromosomes instead of 46 chromosomes. This disease was then given a name, trisomy 21. Trisomy means triplication, so the chromosomes triple on the 21st chromosome. Doctors also called this disease Down Syndrome because the first person who studied it was John Langdon Down. Down Syndrome is caused by a mess-up in cell splitting called non-disjunction. Non-disjunction happens 95 % of all Down Syndrome cases. Scientists still don’t know why non-disjunction occurs, but it seems to have different effects on ages of women. For example, women that are 35 years old have a one in 400 chance of giving birth to a baby with Down Syndrome. While if your 40, the chances go to one in 110, and if your 45 the odds climb to one in 35. Three to four percent of all the cases of Down Syndrome are from Robertsonian Translocation. This happens when there are two breaks in the 14th and 21st chromosome. Then the 14th chromosome is switched with the extra 21st chromosome. Some of these cases triple on part of the 21st chromosome instead of the whole. ...
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...“We will never have true civilization until we have learned to recognize the rights of others.” Once said Will Rogers. This is true as we continue to become a diverse melting pot of different personalities, situations, and races. The topic that will be discussed today is the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The topics that will be covered will consist of the law itself, any amendments, and most importantly ADA rights to the employee. First lets discuss the ADA act of 1990. According to Snell and Bohlander’s book Managing Human Resources “the ADA, prohibits employers from discriminating against individuals with physical and mental disabilities and the chronically ill.” This law is to be enforced to any employer with 15 or more employees. According to Snell’s and Bohlander’s book “The law defines a disability as “(a) physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major activities; (b) a record of such impairment; or (c) being regarded as having such an impairment.” Note the law also protects people “Regarded” as having a disability- for example, individuals with disfiguring burns. (1) This is particularly important for one to know especially in a management role. Since the regarded part of the ADA act of 1990 can be very broad and subjective. Another important piece of information is that the law says that as a hiring manager or company one is not allowed to ask the potential employee what their disability is. In addition one can...
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...Down syndrome (DS) or Down's syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a chromosomal condition caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.[1] Down syndrome is the most common chromosome abnormality in humans.[2] It is typically associated with a delay in cognitive ability (mental retardation, or MR) and physical growth, and a particular set of facial characteristics.[1] The average IQ of young adults with Down syndrome is around 50, compared to children without the condition with an IQ of 100.[1][3] (MR has historically been defined as an IQ below 70.) A large proportion of individuals with Down syndrome have a severe degree of intellectual disability.[1] Down syndrome is named after John Langdon Down, the British physician who described the syndrome in 1866.[4] The condition was clinically described earlier in the 19th century by Jean Etienne Dominique Esquirol in 1838 and Edouard Seguin in 1844.[5] Down syndrome was identified as a chromosome 21 trisomy by Dr. Jérôme Lejeune in 1959. Down syndrome can be identified in a baby at birth, or even before birth by prenatal screening.[1][6] Pregnancies with this diagnosis are often terminated.[7] The CDC estimates that about one of every 691 babies born in the United States each year is born with Down syndrome.[8] Many children with Down syndrome graduate from high school and can do paid work,[9] and some participate in post-secondary education as well.[10] Education and proper care has been shown...
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...in the use of prenatal monitoring procedures? 6. How prevalent are birth defects resulting from genetic factors? 7. What are some other, non-genetic factors (not due to hereditary) that can affect prenatal development? 8. Eleanor began taking prenatal vitamins three months prior to conception, and she stopped consuming alcohol in the month prior to conception. What problems will her careful, planned approach likely rule out with (a)use of prenatal vitamins and (b)non-alcohol consumption 1(a) Down syndrome (b) Down syndrome have varying degrees of intellectual disability characteristic facial features and, often heart defects and other problems. (c) Down syndromes varies positively with the age of the parents: older parents are more likely to bear children with the syndrome. 2.Yes. To look at the baby chromosomes. 3. (a) He perform a detailed ultrasound(b) The baby is in a Breech position. 4.Down syndrome and Spina bifida 5. Risk of a woman having a baby with down syndrome. Risk of a woman having a baby...
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...Down syndrome Development Psychology Down syndrome Love a four letter word that many will take and throw around as though the word is a ball to be toyed with. One seeks to have someone say “I love you” no matter what their ability is as being mentally challenged or not. A parent does not love his or her child any less if he or she suffers an illness such as that of Down syndrome (DS). In order to completely understand how the love of a mother and father can be given to a child with such a disability, the individual needs to gain an understanding of what Down syndrome is. The reader of this paper will learn how Down syndrome got the name, what Down syndrome is, the case for this disorder, the facts that are known of Down syndrome. The methods used to test and find DS before the birth of a child. Statistical facts, the medical conditions which are present, how parents and teachers work with those born with DS. How the eating habits, sexuality habits of males and females with Down syndrome are viewed. The length of the life expectancy for someone who is challenged with DS compared to someone that is not mentally challenged. The last thing that I will cover within this paper is that of foundations that have been created to conduct research and treatment for those with Down syndrome and to answer the question that many may have as to there being a cure for Down syndrome. Down syndrome a term that many are familiar with in the United States; the scientific name...
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...possible heart defect and Down syndrome. She went to her ob-gyn named Dr. Matthew J. Kachinas to talk about aborting the baby boy fetus. In January 2006 he agreed to treat her with selective termination. K.M went to her ob-gyn and discussed the selective termination to her. Dr. Matthew J. Kachinas told K.M that he has lack of experience of this procedure. After K.M had the selective termination, she came back a week in a half later and done an ultrasound and it revealed that the wrong fetus was alive. The baby boy was still alive and not the healthy girl fetus. Several days later K.M went back to her ob-gyn and got the other fetus terminated too because that fetus is the one she wanted terminated in the first place. Dr. Matthew J. Kachinas the ob-gyn blames the ultrasound for his mistakes. Kachinas was charges and lost his license. K.M got a $250,000 liability settlement. The precise ethical issue here is individual rights. K.M lost both of her twins because of her ob-gyn Dr. Matthew J. Kachinas. He shouldn't have done that procedure if he didn't know what he was doing. K.M and her husband had other alternatives than to have the selective termination. They could have kept both twins, they also could of got another doctor that knew what he/she was doing for the selective termination. K.M and her husband lost both of the twins, not just one but both of the twins. They both wanted to abort the fetus because of possible heart defect and Down syndrome. They ignored the fact...
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...Susan A. Fowler, Michaelene M. Ostrisky and Seon Yeong Yu wrote an article called “Children’s friendship development; a comparative study” in the spring of 2011. They set out to “increase our understanding of how parents facilitate their children’s friendships” by “exploring the support strategies that parents use to assist their children in developing peer relationships and friendships.” Their main objectives were to seek answers to three questions. The first question is what are some of the characteristics of a preschooler’s friendships and are they different between children with and children without disabilities or developmental delays? Secondly, what strategies are parents using to support their children’s friendship development, and do they differ between parents of children with and without disabilities or developmental delays? Finally, what characteristics influence their friendships, and so these differ between children with and without developmental delays? An eight page survey was developed by the authors and passed out to about 100 preschoolers to give their mothers. The primary target for this study was for mothers of preschoolers between the ages of 3 and 6, from five classes in two public preschool programs in Illinois. The survey inquired about the child’s information and social networks as well as the mother’s help and strategies in friendships and family information. Participants were originally chosen based on the order the packets came back. The researcher’s...
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...wondrous to which their physical differences are depicted as admirable and amazing, depicting every achievement in their lives as something extraordinary and the sentimental which invokes sympathy and pity towards the person with the disability and also invokes a sense of responsibility and the need to protect. I will also make reference to Samantha Murray and her idea that perceptions are engrained in an individual over a substantial amount of time due to their exposure to the norms of society. The first advertisement is a short video from the National Disability Awards day of 2010 in accordance with the United Nations International Day of People with Disability and the second advertisement is from a United Kingdom organization for Down syndrome. The first advertisement is from the National Disability Awards day of 2010, the opening scene is of boxing bags and a kickboxing ring and training room, the first words from Dawson Ko in the ad are “Don’t tell me I lack vision, I see things most people cannot” He then explains his desire to accomplish his dreams despite what other people, his diagnosis and his doctors say. The camera shows Ko kicking the bags and includes a front full-face camera shot. After this text is displayed on the screen stating his name and informing the audience that he has been blind since the age of 18, He then says, “When people ask me...
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...appearance. As part of the course requirement, I started my 30 hours volunteering on April 15th 2015 at Activity Recreation and Care (ARC). This is an organization located within my county that provides care for those adults with disabilities. The organization’s role is to offer rehabilitation services that meet the patients’ long-term and short-term needs. The aim of the organization is to facilitate the patients’ functionality at the highest possible level. In addition, the organization is committed to ensuring that all disabled individuals feel at home by providing excellent services which meet their daily needs and recognize their disabilities. During my visit, I noticed most of the individual who were there had Down syndrome which is a genetic variation affecting 0.1% of babies in United States. Other individuals within the organization had other health problems. However, from the care provided...
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...Title of the News Story: Dubai girl with Down’s syndrome beats all odds Date: 6 July 2014 Author: Dhanusha Gokulan Source (name of the newspaper): Khaleej Times newspaper http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data/nationgeneral/2014/July/nationgeneral_July20.xml§ion=nationgeneral Introduction: The article in the Khaleej Time’s newspaper I have chosen is talking about the highly successful story of a 20 year old Indian photographer a Dubai resident named Aarti Shah. What makes her more special is the fact that she a girl that has Down’s syndrome and is able to do much more activities and hobbies as for both regular people and people who are diagnosed with Down’s syndrome. In the article they mention her life story, where she has studied and what are her inspirations and the jobs that she occupies right now. Article Summary: The article celebrates the achievements of the talented Aarti Ajay Shah. Although she has Down’s syndrome, Ajay still beats all the odds and makes everything seem possible to all. Ajay Shah is the youngest between her brothers and sisters and has lived in Kenya before 12 years ago, where she had went to a regular school and been in a regular school environment. After living in Kenya her family moved to Dubai and for the last 5 years she has been a student in Al Noor Training Center for children with special needs, the center is located in the Barsha area in Dubai. Aartai’s mother has told the Khaleej times...
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...[pic] Intellectual Disability Studies Units Unit 1 Context of Intellectual Disability Unit 2 Models of Service Provision Unit 3 Holistic Care Unit 4 Caring for Those with Specific Needs Specific Learning Outcomes Unit 1 Context of Intellectual Disability • Summarise the evolution of services for people with intellectual disability, nationally and internationally, including: Development of specialist services. Involvement of the religious orders and voluntary organisations Involvement of parents and friends. Principles of normalisation, de-institutionalisation and social role valorisation ,person-centred care. Advocacy. National and international public and social policies. • Discuss past and current attitudes towards people with intellectual disability • Promote positive attitudes towards people with intellectual disability • Analyse the concept of intellectual disability in terms of its definition, classification and manifestations. Unit 2 Models of Service Provision • Outline models of living that exist for people with an intellectual disability and their families throughout their lifespan, to include: Home Centre-based residential Community-based homes Independent and semi-independent living L’arche/Camphill Communities Respite/ Breakaway • Identify a range of specific services that are available to people with intellectual disability in the following: Education Training The Workplace ...
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...to ensure appropriate education for students with intellectual disabilities. The degree of a person’s intellectual disability that can be described as mild to profound and the causes of the disability can play a major role in identifying the areas of curriculum necessary for students with disabilities. Definitions, Causes and Impact According to AAIDD, intellectual disabilities is defined as “significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.” (AAIDD, 2013) This type of disability originates before age 18 and can have many different causes. The most common causes of intellectual disabilities are genetic conditions, such as PKU or Down syndrome. Other causes are problems during pregnancy, (drinking mother or poor developing cells), problems during birth and health problems like whooping cough, measles or malnutrition. (NICHCY, 2011)...
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...Mental Retardation-“A Political Standpoint” Mental retardation is also known as intellectual disability. Mental retardation is defined as a lack of intellectual capacities as it relates to the intellectual development and functionality of the normal individual. Mental retardation, often call MR, is a term that is not popular in today’s society. The term intellectual disability is defined as a mental disorder that affects the mental growth and function. Intellectual disability is also a disorder that increases the limitation on intellectual functions and adaptive ability. There have been numerous court cases on the subject of MR and the establishment of those individuals, their human rights, and social security. For example, there have been a few vaguely important cases that focused on the subject of mental health precedent and its implications. One of the most impactful Supreme Court cases on this subject is Jackson vs. Indiana. Jackson verses Indiana ruled that in the situation of a mentally ill individual who committed a criminal act, this case ruled that “mentally ill criminal defendants who are incompetent to stand trial cannot be indefinitely committed on that basis alone”. This means that a mentally individual who is facing criminal charges will not be forced to stand trial because that individual is not mentally stable enough to understand what they are facing. That individual cannot be tried on the basis of such circumstances. There are several definitions...
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...events in a population, both descriptive and analytical epidemiology are important (Stroup, D. & Thacker, S., 2009). Three categories of data sources commonly used in epidemiologic studies including surveillance data, census data, and vital records, data collected for other purposes, and epidemiologic data (Hilfinger Messias, McKeown, and Adams 2012). The epidemiological triangle is composed of three elements of disease, and includes host, agent, and environment. Changes in one element can increase or decrease a person’s risk of the disease (Hilfinger Messuas, McKeown, &Adams, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to describe the epidemiology of children with Down syndrome utilizing the principles of epidemiology, specifically, descriptive epidemiology. Down syndrome description Down syndrome, also known as...
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