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The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

I. Definition 1. Definition of INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 2. Introducing WIPO

II. About IP
- Why IP is important for business?
- Why business membership organizations should provide IP services?

III. Types of IP
- Copyright
- Patents
- Trademark
- Industrial designs
- Geographical indication

IV. History and structure of WIPO
- The Main Organs
- Committees Established by Treaty Provisions
- Committees Constituted Under One or More of the Main Organs
- Working Groups

V. Mission and activities
- Mission of WIPO
- Activities

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

I. Definition: 1. Definition of INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
- Intellectual property, very broadly, means the legal rights which result from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary and artistic fields.
- Two reasons that countries should have laws to protect intellectual property:
+ giving statutory expression to the moral and economic rights of creators
+ encouraging fair trading which would contribute to economic and social development.

2. Introducing WIPO
- The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN) system of organizations. Its complexity results from the relatively long history of the Organization (using that term to cover also the predecessors of the present Organization, WIPO) and from the fact that, since its origins in the last century, new treaties have been progressively concluded, each establishing a legally separate Union of States, usually with its own administrative organ of member States and budget. Those separate unions have been linked by the common subject matter of the treaties establishing them (intellectual property) and by a common secretariat (the International Bureau).

II. About IP
- Why IP is important for business?
In today’s world, the abundant supply of goods and services on the markets has made life very challenging for any business, big or small. In its on-going quest to remain ahead of competitors in this environment, every business strives to create new and improved products (goods and services) that will deliver greater value to users and customers than the products offered by competitors. To differentiate their products - a prerequisite for success in today’s markets - businesses rely on innovations that reduce production costs and/or improve product quality. In a crowded marketplace, businesses have to make an on-going effort to communicate the specific value offered by their product through effective marketing that relies on well thought-out branding strategies. In the current knowledge-driven, private sector oriented economic development paradigm, the different types of intangible assets of a business are often more impor- tant and valuable than its tangible assets. A key subset of intangible assets is protected by what are labelled collectively as intellectual property rights (IPRs). These include trade secrets protection, copyright, design and trademark rights, and patents, as well as other types of rights. IPRs create tradable assets out of products of human intellect, and provide a large array of IPR tools on which businesses can rely to help drive their success through innovative business models. All businesses, especially those which are already successful, nowadays have to rely on the effective use of one or more types of intellectual property (IP) to gain and maintain a substantial competitive edge in the marketplace. Business leaders and managers, therefore, require a much better understanding of the tools of the IP system to protect and exploit the IP assets they own, or wish to use, for their business models and competitive strategies in domestic and international markets.
Introduction Why intellectual property is i mportant for business
IPRs provide a basis for businesses to:
+ prevent others from copying their products or using their innovations – this is particularly relevant in today’s + competitive markets; create a strong brand identity – by product differentiation through the strategic use of one or more types of IPRs;
+ obtain valuable competitive intelligence – analysing commercial and technological information from patent,
+ trademark and design databases can increase a company’s understanding of technological fields and trends; identify future research and growth areas; and analyse competitors, thereby saving research/development/ marketing time and resources; gain revenues through licensing, franchising or other IP transactions;
+ obtain financing or venture capital – IP assets which have legal protection and can be valued can be leveraged
+ to obtain capital; increase their commercial value;
+ access new markets;
+ engage in different types of business partnerships – IP rights provide a basis for collaborative partnerships, e.g.
+ in research, marketing, open innovation, outsourcing etc.; ensure freedom to operate – owning or licensing in key IPR can reduce the risk of businesses infringing IPRs of
+ others when using technologies, trademarks, designs, and copyright works; and segment geographical markets – in some countries, IP owners can prevent goods protected by their IPRs
+ which are put on the market in one country or region, from being imported into another country in which they also have IPR protection.

- Why business membership organizations should provide IP services?
In view of the importance of IP to businesses today, chambers of commerce and business associations across the world are experiencing a growing need to pro- vide members with IP support services. To the uninitiated, IP can appear complex and impenetrable, and many businesses have no idea where to begin educating themselves. Business membership organizations, as representatives of the private sector, are ideally placed to play an active role in helping companies understand and use IP assets in their businesses.
By providing IP services, chambers of commerce and business associations can:
+ position themselves as leaders in a cutting edge issue in the modern economy;
+ attract new members in highly innovative sectors;
+ generate new sources of income through new services;
+ create new services and add value to existing ones;
+ help their members increase their competitiveness; and
+ help stimulate creativity and innovation in their local economy.
Because business mem- bership organizations already enjoy strong relationships within their respective business con- stituencies, they are uniquely situated to help companies successfully navigate the IP field. Chambers of commerce and business associations are particularly well-placed to act as a clearing house for first-line information on IP and to refer member companies to more specific and different types of IP service providers. Despite this potential, a recent European study2 indicated that companies seeking IP services frequently utilized chambers of commerce only six per cent of the time, and used them occasionally nineteen per cent of the time. In view of the importance and complexities of IP asset management from a strate- gic business perspective, business membership organizations should provide members with IP services from a practical business perspective that responds to the real needs of their constituents by focusing on commercial exploitation of IPRs and comprehensive solutions; legal protection is only one aspect of successfully managing intangible assets. By highlighting the key advantages of utilizing protected IP assets to differentiate busi- nesses in the marketplace, chambers of commerce and business associations can give their members a competitive edge and thereby boost their local economies.

III. Types of IP
- Copyright
Copyright is a legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works. Works covered by copyright range from books, music, paintings, sculpture and films, to computer programs, databases, advertisements, maps and technical drawings.
- Patents:
A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention. Generally speaking, a patent provides the patent owner with the right to decide how - or whether - the invention can be used by others. In exchange for this right, the patent owner makes technical information about the invention publicly available in the published patent document.
- Trademark:
A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trademarks date back to ancient times when craftsmen used to put their signature or "mark" on their products.
- Industrial designs:
An industrial design constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article. A design may consist of three-dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color.
- Geographical indications:
Geographical indications and appellations of origin are signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that place of origin. Most commonly, a geographical indication includes the name of the place of origin of the goods.

IV. History and structure of WIPO * The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN) system of organizations. * 1883 marked the birth of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the first major international treaty designed to help the people of one country obtain protection in other countries for their intellectual creations in the form of industrial property rights * In 1886, copyright entered the international arena with the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. The aim of this Convention was to help nationals of its member States obtain international protection of their right to control, and receive payment for, the use of their creative works * The “Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization” was signed at Stockholm in 1967 and entered into force in 1970. * In 1974, WIPO became a specialized agency of the United Nations system of organizations, with a mandate to administer intellectual property matters recognized by the member States of the UN. * In 1978, the WIPO Secretariat moved into the headquarters building that has now become a Geneva landmark, with spectacular views of the surrounding Swiss and French countryside. * WIPO expanded its role and further demonstrated the importance of intellectual property rights in the management of globalized trade in 1996 by entering into a cooperation agreement with the World Trade Organization (WTO).

* Structure: At present, the governance structure of WIPO can be conveniently grouped into the following four tiers of bodies: (a) The Main Organs
These are the constituent organs of member States established by the WIPO Convention and the treaties administered by WIPO (“the Governing Bodies”). They consist of the WIPO General Assembly, the WIPO Conference and the WIPO Coordination Committee. There are, in all, 21 such bodies, which, as a general rule, meet in ordinary session once every two years. (b) Committees Established by Treaty Provisions
In the case of four treaties, in addition to the Assembly of the Union constituted under the treaty, committees called “Committees of Experts” are established directly by the treaty. Under each of these treaties, a Committee of Experts is constituted for the purpose of adopting revisions to the classification systems established by the treaties. (c) Committees Constituted Under One or More of the Main Organs
There are a large number of committees constituted for various purposes under one or more of the main organs established by the WIPO Convention or the treaties administered by WIPO. They may be divided, somewhat arbitrarily, into three categories: (i) The Budget Committee and the Premises Committee (ii) Three Permanent Committees (iii) Ad Hoc Committees of Experts established for specific purposes. The (d) Working Groups
In general, it may be said that working groups are intended to have limited missions and limited lives and to facilitate the discussion and resolution of particular questions that, because of the technical or confidential nature of the questions, are more appropriately dealt with in a small group than in the larger Committee of Experts or Permanent Committee.

V. Mission and activities a. Mission of WIPO is to promote through international cooperation the creation, dissemination, use and protection of works of the human mind for the economic, cultural and social progress of all mankind.

b. Activities: * -------------------------------------------------
Servicing the sessions of the WIPO Advisory Committee on Enforcement (ACE); * -------------------------------------------------
Providing legal, strategic and technical assistance to Member States, upon request, on IP enforcement and on IP education and awareness strategies on building respect for IP; * -------------------------------------------------
Closely liaising with public and private partner organizations to ensure constructive, result-oriented international cooperation in line with WIPO’s strategic approach to building respect for IP; * -------------------------------------------------
Facilitating the exchange of information relating to IP enforcement * -------------------------------------------------
Promoting respect for IP through targeted activities, including the WIPO AwardsProgram.
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