...there were professional magicians who were found all over even in king’s courts. The magicians even could take apprentices. They were a significant part of the society. As the European society became more self-conscious and articulate, the notion that magic was a science began to fade and was linked with heresy and other negative thoughts like sorcery. The society came to reject the notion of safe and learned magic. There was even a purge to get rid of all magicians that were in England. If one were caught, practicing magic, spiritual and temporal punishments was accorded to them. The magician became to be treated and known as the latter day witches. The book looks into the complex that came from the transformation from the magician, to the witch and the various laws that came into effect during the Medieval times about the two. The book aids us in placing our understanding of medieval magic that was later known as witchcraft. Although heresy was part of the bad image that magic was furnished with hearsay, another was the long-standing Christian teachings that were about magic especially the learned magic that was rampant during the time. This led to later developments of magic turning into witchcraft. The earlier magic was tied to the culture and the way a people flourished. It was through the fear of persecution of magicians that led to a later day persecution of witches. The real stage that was the persecution of magicians set the stage for the purge of the witches especially...
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...using a blowgun and their poison tip arrows. These hunters possess knowledge to the world of nature. They can distinguish animals out of sight in the forest by their scent; they also can call them and converse to them. Rocio Alarcon, a native to Ecuador and also an ethnobotanist, knows more about indigenous populations than anyone in Ecuador. She has observed the changes of El Oriente for the duration of her visit. She witnessed the transformation of new roads, wells, pipelines, and continued dislodgment of indigenous people. Alarcon greets Mengatoi, who is the shaman. A shaman is a mystery to most people. They are often called many names such as doctor, priest artist, visionary, master of ecstasy. In the past they were known as sorcerers, witch doctors, charlatans, and voodoo priests. After making the acquaintance of to the shaman, she observed the families gathering together with their children to eat and unwind. The children play hunting games using toy blowguns and spears to follow make-believe creatures. After long days hunt spending time with their families around the fire was what they would do. The people are in high spirits and always laughing while joking. Mengatoi is a powerful man who many people feared and respected. He was also known as El Capitan. Mengatoi starts to speak of the jaguars, and translates that it is a good time to fish...
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...peoples (Unknown 2012 ¶2). Native Americans held the “medicine people” in very high regard. It was believed that the knowledge they possessed was privileged and linage was restricted to remain in particular families. The power bestowed upon and held by the “medicine people” made them mystical. They were viewed as having supernatural powers allowing them the ability to cure disease and control the spirits. This led to the term of “witch doctors”. Witch doctors were used to describe African traditional healers, as in Nacirema. The “witch doctors” were known for their connection to the spiritual world. Through their intimate relationship with the spirits they were often called on to heal disease or the psyche. They were believed to have the ability to bridge the natural world and spiritual world and provide inner harmony. These practices opened the door for herbalists, acupuncturist, and other alternative approaches to healing. One of the first forms of alternative medicine practitioners outside of witch craft was the folk healers. Because the physicians were not accessible to the lower classes, the folk healers emerged into the healing arena to care for the peasants and laborers. The folk healers relied upon herbs and folk remedies to treat their patients. The knowledge of the folk healer was passed...
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...MAY 2014 STRESS KEYS TO MANAGING IT IN THIS ISSUE MORE O NL I NE www.jw.org TEENAGERS COVER SUBJECT r Find Bible-based answers to dozens of questions young people ask, including: ˙ “How Responsible Am I?” ˙ “Am I Ready to Date?” ˙ “What if My Parents Are Divorcing?” Also watch the video What Your Peers Say—Body Image. (Look under BIBLE TEACHINGS TEENAGERS) STRESS KEYS TO MANAGING IT PAGES 4-7 3 WATCHING THE WORLD 8 HELP FOR THE FAMILY How to Teach Teens Internet Safety 10 INTERVIEW A Consultant Surgeon Explains His Faith 12 The European Witch Hunts 14 THE BIBLE’S VIEWPOINT Meditation 16 ‘Wisdom Is Calling Out’—Can You Hear It? CHILDREN r Read illustrated Bible stories. Use the activity pages to help your children improve their knowledge of Bible characters and moral principles. (Look under BIBLE TEACHINGS CHILDREN) Vol. 95, No. 5 / Monthly / ENGLISH Printing Each Issue: 44,748,000 in 99 Languages This publication is not for sale. It is provided as part of a worldwide Bible educational work supported by voluntary donations. Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are from the modern-language New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. Awake! (ISSN 0005-237X) is published monthly by Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.; L. Weaver, Jr., President; G. F. Simonis, Secretary-Treasurer; 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483, and by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Canada, PO Box 4100, Georgetown, ON...
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...As we are living in the 21st century, it is now proved that the witch hunts held in middle ages were quite absurd, and that the victims of witch hunts were unjustly executed by underdeveloped science and religious beliefs of the times. Some factors of the witch hunts mentioned in the video left some questions. Of many, the main question was, has the witch hunt really been rooted out and completely ended? The answer was no. It is ironic how even if we learn from history or even from our own experiences that the witch hunt is wrong, innocent people are still being unfairly accused, or even worse. But why is that? Even with the development of science, unveiled misconceptions of magic and enlightened religions, being different from another or being a minority is still considered wrong. We care about other people’s affairs, but we don’t care ‘that much’ to find out the truths about them. Instead, we enjoy being a majority and throw rocks at minority. It is cruel nature deeply embedded in human which is hard to be eradicated, and this may be the reason why witch hunts of the innocents have always been in existence with human throughout the centuries. It only got deepened with the growth of mass media and people’s consciousness and rationalization of witch hunts. Then, how do we solve this problem? With the answer above, it remains unsolved. In terms of witch hunts, rules, justice, and attentions we now have aren’t enough. We have to actually ‘grow up’, understand the seriousness and...
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...A Witch Hunt or Not Today, we are exposed to many details pertaining to a time when superficial abilities/powers were thought to be real and practiced. One of these situations was known as a witch hunt. A witch hunt was commonly known to take place when there was a search for those that were supposedly witches. Once caught, these individuals were usually persecuted. As time has passed, witch hunts have evolved and are looked at differently. Witch hunts now are viewed as campaigns against a person or group holding unorthodox or unpopular views which leads to persons with any known reasons wanting to punish another sometimes even for personal gains. This leads me to my question: Were people too quick to judge and given too much freedom to decide the fate of individuals whose actions were unproven, deemed against the law, or just misunderstood? It is hard to comprehend sometimes the decisions made by people and their effects on others. When decisions/judgments are made based on nothing but assumption and emotion, they can be sickening when we think about the pure injustice on the obvious innocence of the victims. These types of situations are considered, witch hunts. Sometimes, the very officials that proved whether or not the accused were guilty or innocent, forged evidence to support their own claim. Honestly, I have a difficult time looking into these stories because of how “stupid” (in my opinion) some of these people were and how outrageous their claims...
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...Instructor Course February 12th 2013 17th Century European Witch craze Abstract The 17th century was the height of witch craze in Europe, where many were executed and persecuted for witchcraft. Approximately eighty five percent of those executed for witchcraft were women and this frenzy continued in Europe all the way to the early twentieth century. The loss of life was so severe that it has been referred to some researchers as a holocaust. Did this hysteria against witchcraft reduce their numbers? No. The more violently they were executed, the more in number they became. Most of those executed were women and this form of massive attack on women signifies a type of genocide; one that focuses on gender rather than on a religious or ethnic group. In Reformation Europe, women were overwhelmingly tried as witches. In France and Germany, more than eighty percent of those executed as witches and in England, ninety two percent of those executed for witchcraft were women and in Russia, approximately ninety five percent were also put to death (Trevor 214). The practice of witch hunts subsided by late seventeenth century and by early eighteenth century, witchcraft trials were rare. The causes for the decline of witch hunts are numerous and complex. This paper will attempt to analyze the witch craze phenomenon concentrating on several questions: why did women suffer the majority of the executions? Why did the witch craze end in the seventeenth century? Why was there a sudden increased...
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...Socio-cultural anthropologist Horace Miner studied and wrote about a North American group that practiced body rituals the modern-day person would view as strange and different, as their religion is based on magic and organized by witch doctors in a hierarchal caste system. Although “Nacirema” is “American” spelled backwards and could theoretically refer to the Nacirema as a backward people, Miner does not explain how and where the name originated. In his thesis he refers to the Nacirema people “as an example of the extremes to which human behaviour can go” (1956: 503). This example is laid out in the article by describing the practices of “holy-mouth-men,” the “latipso,” and the “listener.” As it is for many, it’s all about beauty and health, and this is definitely the focal point for the Nacirema in all of their rituals and ceremonies. Personally, I believe their thoughts on beauty and health consumes them, considering that the Nacirema have proven to go to great extents and is seen as barbaric, “[t]he fundamental belief […] that the human body is ugly and that its natural tendency is to debility and disease” (1956: 503). They would practice rituals and ceremonies that are believed to work because of magic and faith in the practice and of the medicine men, shown in the examples below. An offshoot of their obsession with beauty and health is their preoccupation with their own mouths! They have medicine men they call “holy-mouth-men” (1956: 504). Compared to our modern culture...
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...HIST 1400 Jeffery Egan Keran Sun The era of religion conflict and witch craze can be called an era of black in Europe. In this era, the citizen of Europe suffered an era of witchcraft and the conflict between the Catholics and Protestants. As the result of the Black Death, the population of Europe as dramatically dropped, this directly influenced the population of labor force, which directly caused the result of economic depression. And this gave people great pressure. People blame all these torment on the witches, who was called the troop of devil. People consider most of the witches were women, and most of the women should be single or widows for no reason. This leads the tragedy of many innocent women to be killed or tortured to death. Because there was a great conflict between the two religion communications, the violence was widespread in the mid 16th century in the Europe area. The conflict between the two caused a large area of destructive damages in many parts of France. Catholic was the main fraction of religion before French war of religion. After the death of King Henry II, French Monarchy started to lose their power and strength, economy dropped dramatically, and the social structure started to lose stability at the time too. Also, some influential families valued this period of turmoil to gain more power and more impact power to the society. However, either side of the religion group wanted to compromise, the conflicts between the two still caused a horrible...
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...MOVIE REVIEW Based on the three mini clips presented, one thing is surely important - our safety. Proper procedures and guidelines must be strictly followed by all crews on board. All members including the officers must have enough knowledge on how to use all electrical materials and gadgets on ship and they must apply it at all times. As seen on the movie, negligence and carelessness results damage to property and people on board. Accidents always happen when lack of concern and disobedience rules them. Therefore, everyone’s life becomes at risk. Small things which should not be a cause of trouble turn out to be a big mess and worst it sometimes leads to death. One specific example is from the clip showing the importance of electrical safety. Instead of testing all the electrical equipment first and wearing protective gloves and goggles, the character in the movie just plug it directly which results to his sudden death. In the movie Seven Sailors, it shows how carelessness affects the whole ship operation. Instead of taking it as a minor damage, it becomes larger to the extent which they never expected. For the last clip, Just Another Mishap, it emphasizes negligence on hospital ship. Proper medical ethics must be strictly followed even on board because lives of all officers and crews are at stake here. In the end, the movies only show how important for us to follow proper procedures no matter how simple the task may seem. Accidents always happen but can be controlled so long...
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...Lucy Stark Lucy Stark is Willies wife. Her and Willie first met when she inspired him to save the schoolhouse bond, which led to his major success. In the novel she is portrayed as a strong woman. She puts up with Willie through all of his alcohol abuse and affairs. Her along with many other characters in the book eventually cannot take anymore of Willie and his negative endeavors, so she moves out to her sisters ranch. Her and Willie have a son named Tom and constantly throughout the story she is worried about him and how he will cope with his father, because she is having a hard time coping with it as well. Sadie Burke Sadie Burke had a hard childhood. Her and her brother brother were diagnosed with smallpox. She survived...
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...Witch Craze in Europe Between 1520 and 1650, the Reformation had a huge impact on European countries and the way the people perceived religion. Due to increasing disagreements within the community and the Catholic Church, there became a need for the Church to reform; this Reformation became a catalyst for the witch-hunt by increasing society’s fear of the devil and social anxiety. These witch-hunts mainly targeted women, seeing as they were considered to be midwives and healers, they became legally more vulnerable to these hunts. It can be seen that witchcraft was the embodiment of a fear of instability, so in countries where the Catholic Church had much more stability, there are evidently less witch-hunts. The witch-hunts died out as the religious situation across Europe settled down and stabilized. Beginning in the early fourteenth century until about 1650, early modern Europeans were in the process of a religious reformation. The Reformation heightened awareness of evil within European culture and caused more harm than good to society. As fears arose, new beliefs emerged and in an attempt to understand these fears, people began to look for other ways to combat this new presence evil. Ironically, the very means people sought to protect themselves was what increased the paranoia of witchcraft leading to the death of many. By combining the reformation within the church and the already rooted ideas of witch craft and magic, Europeans soon began to use witch hunts as...
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...physically and mentally but most importantly spiritually. For many this is the way they feel, but the problem is not knowing how to find this combination. Has the answer been in front of us the whole time? Yes! The answer has been with us since the start of time. Hallucinogens are infused with human society more than you may think. Used mainly for Spiritual proposes throw history hallucinogens have fond superficial use in the last hundred years. But I never read about drugs like acid being taken by knights in the dark ages. Although that might explain the dragon. But they did have peace pipes, bath houses and Medicine men. Medicine men and women are traditional healers and spiritual leaders. Much like barefoot doctors, herbalists, and witch doctors they believe in herbal medicine. Herbal medicine is healing throw nature and the things in it. But if hallucinogens have been used throughout time than why are they manly illegal today? Vary simple those in power wish to subdue the mass population by feeling their heads with propaganda and ideas. By using media and religion to manipulate actions and ideals. They are telling you what to think what to do had how to feel. If there is divan intervention shouldn't we all find the same path on our own? Dimethltryptanine (DMT) is commonly known as the sprit molecule and for good reason. It is found in in all living beans. This includes plants and humans in small amounts, DMT projects you into your inner self and fades the...
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...The Marxist approach explains that witch-hunting was a product of the massive changes taking place in Europe. Witch-hunting was one way in which the upper class were able to subjugate the lower orders to be able to maintain control of their own economic and political benefit. The Marxist view suggests that misogynistic attitudes were motivated by economic fears and motivations. The state began to control reproduction, helped by the witch hunt. Demography became the first ‘state science’. Certain common medieval contraceptive practises were eradicated and witches were often the village midwives. Women were demonised, particularly from the lower classes, and their position in the family and in society, their sexual and maternal duties and their relationships with men and the qualities women should have were redefined. Witches were ‘loose’, promiscuous, prostitutes or adulteresses, women who exercised their sexuality outside the bounds of marriage and procreation, they rebelled, took initiative, talked back, argued, swore and did not cry when they were tortured and posed a challenge to male authority and the church. By contrast a virgin could not be a witch and pregnant women were rarely charged with witchcraft. The fact that this charge could be punishable even in the absence of any evidence shows these charges were not designed to punish but were aimed at modifying social behaviour. The biggest fear was the erosion of male authority which posed a major threat to...
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...This action caused the Witch to awaken. Digory also ignored the sign on the gate and took an apple because the Witch tempted him. He wanted the apple to keep him and his mother healthy and young. He broke the rule by taking the apple, but then saved his character when he gave it back to Aslan. Aslan rewarded Digory’s unselfish choice by letting him pick an apple and bring it to his sick mother. He was almost tempted by the Witch to leave everyone in the other world except himself and Polly, but instead he stayed to help save...
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