Results
The data collection procedures for this research is by observation of 118 health care professionals preparing medication preparation of intravenous narcotic preparation. Researchers were focusing on 2 potential approaches to reducing medication error, individual error focus and systematic error focus. Observing the health care professionals with different procedural changes, process design, to see if it reduces the possibility of error is the appropriate data collection. This research did not directly involve patient identifiable health information. This study was based off of the data from the original study that used some patient protected health information. This research studied the two possible approaches that would possibly effect the reduction in medication errors.
The principles of validity and reliability are essential bases of the scientific method. Validity of research must have been randomization of the sample groups and appropriate care and diligence shown in the allocation of controls (Shuttle, 2008). The research is validated since the sample group is randomized with professionals within their field such as RN’s that are licensed to prepare IV mediations along with hospital pharmacists. Also controls were allocated with diligence. For example, the group in the research were randomly selected and the controls, such as the same medications and stations, were kept the same for each participation as much as possible.
The reliability of the research is defined that researchers must be able to perform exactly the same experiment, under the same conditions and generate the same results. This will reinforce the findings and ensure that the wider scientific community will accept the hypothesis (Shuttle, 2008). This research is low in reliability. Since the individual performing the same task will vary per person therefore the results may vary and the same result might be similar but not the same results.
The data collection tool for this research is mainly observation of the health care professional’s ability to reduce medication error. One of the approaches is “person-centered approach” (Etchells, 2008) focuses on the health care professional who makes the error. This individual may receive education, training, or possibly discipline if the error was serious enough as measured by the hospital standards. It assumes the individual knows the correct process and performs it step-by-step as stated in the process.
The second approach is “system-centered approach” is based on three principles; error is unavoidable; processes can be designed to reduce the possibility of error; and processes can be designed so that errors are detected and corrected before harm occurs (Etchells, 2008). Many strategies can reduce the possibility of error. For example, putting calculators at the IV stations would eliminate the individual from mentally performing calculations. In theory, this would not completely eliminate error but it would reduce the probability of error.
Data Analysis Procedures
The data analysis procedure is appropriate for the data collection of this research. The form of data collection is observation of two different approaches and which approach reduced medication errors. One was to observe how the individual was affected by the “person-centered approach” which had no positive reinforcement would reduce the error. The second was observation of the individual that received the “system-centered approach” which would identify flaws in the design of the process that would assist in the reduction of errors.
The data analysis procedure, observation, answers both the research question of which one of two approaches will affect the reduction of medication preparation of IV medication. For example, the data analysis procedure, observation of the individual, provides data that the “person-centered approach” is not the most effective approach because it does not take into consideration that there will be errors if a human is involved. The observation of the “system-centered approach” identifies steps within the process design that can be corrected or simplified to ultimately reducing the chance of error by the individual. It also supports the hypothesis that the “person-centered” approach is the more effective of the two approaches.
Some key differences between the two types of research is their objectives. The qualitative objective is to gain an understanding of primary reasons and motivations for medication errors. Also it provides awareness into the setting of a problem as person versus process attributing to the errors. This research is exploratory into which approach is most useful in reducing the cause of medication errors.
The quantitative objective is to generalize results from a sample to the population of interest. For example, the generalization is to error is human and the health care professionals will make mistakes. One of the other objective is to measure the incidence of various opinions in a chosen sample. For instance, to measure the occurrences of errors between the “person-centered approach” and the “system-centered approach” and to measure any change of the errors.

Conclusion
The finding of this research is that the “system- centered approach” is the preferred form of approaches recognizes that it is an unquestionable reality that humans make mistakes. Patients will be safer when we accept this reality and design clinical tasks accordingly. One of the strengths of this research is that the original data was provided by peer reviewed and this research was also peer review increasing the credibility of the data. An identifiable weakness of this research only briefly describing what steps were taken in either approach that would provide education to the reader to use in their own setting. These findings support the hypothesis that the “system-centered approach” is favored to reduce medication errors by the health care professional.

References
Etchells, E. (2008). Medication Errors: The human factor. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 178(1), 63-4.
Shuttle, M. (2008, 10 20). Validity and Reliability. Retrieved from Explorable Psychological Tests: https://explorable.com/validity-and-reliability