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Woman Decision

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WOMAN DECISION

Salah satu keinginan yang diperjuangkan oleh gerakan perempuan adalah bertambahnya pemimpin perempuan, terbukanya kesempatan bagi perempuan untuk mengambil bagian dalam pengambilan keputusan, yang selama ini pimpinan atau manajer hampir selalu didominasi oleh laki-­‐ laki. Perempuan memang mempunyai peluang untuk memegang peran melihat jumlahnya yang cukup besar yang bila diikuti dengan kualitas dan kemampuan, akan menjadi suatu potensi pembangunan yang kuat. Namun pada kenyataanya, perempuan masih selalu dianggap sebagai orang kedua (subordinat) dari berbagai bidang. Sementara seorang pemimpin dikatakan baik dan berhasil manakala mampu mengambil keputusan yang rasional dan bijaksana, tanpa melihat gender.

Yukl (1998) mengemukakan bahwa pengambilan keputusan berhubungan erat dengan gaya dan tekhnik kepemimpinan. Pengambilan keputusan dapat dianggap sebagai suatu hasil atau keluaran dari proses mental atau kognitif yang membawa pada pemilihan suatu jalur tindakan di antara beberapa alternatif yang tersedia. Setiap proses pengambilan keputusan selalu menghasilkan satu pilihan final. Keluarannya bisa berupa suatu tindakan (aksi) atau suatu opini terhadap pilihan. Menurut Robbins (2006:180) keputusan adalah pilihan yang dibuat dari dua atau lebih alternative. Sedangkan Stoner (1996), menyatakan bahwa keputusan adalah pemilihan diantara alternative-­‐alternatif.

Sebuah studi yang dilakukan oleh Nicole Lighthall dari University of Southern California, Amerika Serikat menyatakan bahwa jenis kelamin dapat mempengaruhi seseorang dalam mengambil sebuah keputusan. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam kondisi tertekan, pria dan wanita memiliki reaksi yang berbeda dalam membuat keputusan. Lighthall menemukan bahwa pengambilan keputusan pada pria yang dibawah tekanan hasilnya banyak yang melakukan hal-­‐hal yang beresiko tinggi. Sedangkan pengambilan keputusan pada wanita yang dibawah tekanan, hasilnya cenderung lebih bersikap menunggu, lebih berhati-­‐hati dan menggunakan lebih banyak waktu dan intuisi dalam bertindak.

Pengambilan keputusan merupakan persyaratan keterampilan bagi seorang pemimpin dan menjadi tolak ukur efektivitas kepemimpinan seorang pemimpin apabila mampu dan mahir mengambil keputusan, dimana keputusan tersebut dikatakan baik, memiliki syarat rasional, logic, realistis dan pragmatis. Keputusan yang realistis dan pragmatis merupakan ciri kamu feminim (A. Nunuk P. Murniati, Getar Gender).

Menurut George R. Terry, terdapat beberapa macam dasar pendekatan dalam pengambilan keputusan yang dapat digunakan, yaitu intusi, pengalaman, fakta, wewenang dan rasional. Kemudian John D. Miller menjelaskan faktor yang berpengaruh dalam pengambilan keputusan adalah jenis kelamin, peranan pengambilan keputusan dan keterbatasan kemampuan. Pengambilan keputusan

membutuhkan pendekatan yang berdasarkan teori dan ilmiah untuk memberi pertimbangan objektif, inovatif dan intuitif yang disertai dengan keterlibatan emosional. Kemudian setelah keputusan diterapkan dan dijalankan, masih membutuhkan refleksi terhadap hasil keputusan tersebut. Dalam melakukan refleksi ini, pemimpin membutuhkan sikap dan sifat yang menyeluruh, rasional, objektif, perasaan yang mendalam, bahkan memasukkan faktor-­‐faktor misteri yang tidak dapat ditangkap akal manusia.

Faktor-­‐faktor misteri ini tentu saja tidak dapat dilihat secara lahiriah, tetapi dapat ditangkap oleh perasaan yang sangat mendalam. Hanya seseorang yang mempunyai kesadaran potensial, yang dapat menangkap faktor-­‐faktor misteri di balik keputusannya itu. Sikap dan sifat tersebutlah , yang sekarang didambakan oleh masyarakat yang haus akan keadilan dan perdamaian. Situasi damai terjadi apabila keputusan yang diambil dirasa adil oleh banyak orang. Keputusan yang mendekati keadilan, apabila melibatkan orang yang akan dikenai keputusan atau dengan singkat bisa dikatakan, keputusan demokratis akan dirasa lebih adil oleh banyak pihak jika dibandingkan dengan keputusan otoriter. Keputusan otoriter lebih cenderung pada pandangan sepihak, tanpa memperhitungkan pandangan yang lain.

Para peneliti menemukan bahwa para pemimpin yang berhasil adalah mereka yang mampu menggabungkan pendekatan rasional dan logis dengan pendekatan intuitif. Kemampuan menggunakan intuisi pada dasarnya memanfaatkan kemampuan mental dan intelektual seseorang. intuisi sering bekerja dengan tiba-­‐tiba secara holistic. Apabila intuisi bekerja dengan baik, seseorang dengan tiba-­‐tiba saja mampu memahami totalitas situasi yang dihadapi. Dengan intuisi yang bekerja baik, tiba-­‐tiba seseorang bisa melihat, merasa, mengalami situasi secara keseluruhan. Ia akan merasa mengalami suatu relasi dengan lingkungannya secara total. Terlebih lagi, apabila kemampuan itu

ditambah dengan kepribadiannya yang jujur dan terbuka. Karena kejujuran dan keterbukaan membuat hati bersih, dan peka terhadap sentuhan apapun. Sifat intuitif ini dimiliki oleh hampir semua perempuan, sehingga dalam pengambilan keputusan atau tugas pokok pemimpin, perempuan sudah mempunyai modal utama.

Salah satu contoh nyata dalam pengambilan keputusan penting yang dilakukan oleh perempuan adalah keputusan yang diambil oleh Perdana Menteri Britania Raya yaitu, Margaret Thatcer. Margaret Thatcer adalah Perdana Menteri wanita pertama dan satu-­‐satunya di Inggris sampai saat ini yang dikenal dengan pemimpin yang tegas, percaya diri, disiplin, teguh pada pendirian dan cerdas. Margareth Thatcer menjadi Perdana Menteri selama 3 kali masa jabatan secara berturut-­‐ turut dari tahun 1979 hingga 1990. Pada tahun 1982, Thatcher memimpin negaranya dalam Perang Falklands. Perang ini merupakan salah satu perang dalam sejarah imperialisme yang memaksa Inggris menurunkan pasukan untuk merespon invasi Argentina dan menyelamatkan 1800 jiwa warga British di Kepulauan Falkland. Perang Falkland merupakan perang bersejarah berbasis militer kelautan. Kepemilikan Kepulauan Falkland telah dipersengketakan sejak abad ke-­‐18 antara Inggris dan Argentina, yang disebut Argentina sebagai "Las Malvinas". Perebutan kedaulatan ini dikarenakan secara historisis wilayah tersebut diklaim milik Argentina namun dalam konsepsi imperial merupakan hak kepemilikan Inggris. Perang ini tercetus karena Presiden Argentina, yaitu Leopoldo Galtieri memerintahkan invasi Kepulauan Falkland dimana pasukan Argentina berhasil menduduki Port Stanley.

Thatcher sempat mengalami dilemma etik dan moral dalam pengambilan keputusan untuk mempertahankan kedaulatan kepulauan Falkland. Berbagai aspek dan resiko telah Ia pertimbangkan dari segi biaya sampai pertimbangan para prajurit yang akan tewas saat perang. Thatcher pun sampai meminta pendapat para petinggi Angkatan Laut. Sampai akhirnya, dengan tegas sembari mengikuti intuisinya, Thatcher memutuskan untuk perang dengan mengirimkan pasukannya untuk melawan Argentina dan mengembalikan Falklands ke tangan Inggris. Thatcher memerintahkan penyusunan angkatan laut untuk untuk merebut kembali Kepualauan Falkland. Dipimpin oleh Laksamana Sir John Fieldhouse, gugus tugas terdiri dari beberapa kelompok yang terbesar dipusatkan di kapal induk HMS Hermes dan HMS Invincible. Dibawah pimpinan Laksamana Sandy Woodward, juga terdapat grup Sea Harrier yang akan memberikan perlindungan udara untuk armada laut (Hickman 2013). Dan akhirnya pada tanggal 14 Juni 1982, pasukan Argentina pun menyerah.

Selama perang, Margaret Thatcher menolak banyak rencana perjanjian damai yang dicetuskan oleh negara-­‐negara Amerika lainnya. Hal ini dikarenakan, Margaret Thatcher menyatakan bahwa Ia tidak akan pernah main-­‐main dan mau melakukan kompromi mengenai wilayah kedaulatan Inggris. Hal ini membuat Margaret Thatcher semakin disegani oleh Negara luar. Penyelesaian konflik panjang tersebut berakhir pada kesepakatan status quo ante bellum. Pasukan Inggris yang berhasil merebut kembali Falklands dan memenangkan perang, membuat nama Thatcher kembali terkenal dan membangkitkan kembali rasa nasionalisme rakyat Inggris yang sudah pudar dalam beberapa tahun karena masalah ekonomi dan sosial. Dengan modal kemenangan di Falklands dan ekonomi yang membaik tersebut, Thatcher menang kembali pada tahun 1983 untuk masa jabatan kedua.

Contoh di atas menunjukkan bahwa intuisi memiliki peranan besar dan penting dalam pengambilan keputusan. Meskipun intuisi ini adalah pengambilan keputusan berdasarkan atas perasaan, namun Margaret Thatcher menunjukkan dan membuktikan bahwa intuisi nya tepat. Sebagaiamana yang sudah dijelaskan pada teori sebelumnya, bahwa Sifat intuitif ini dimiliki oleh hampir semua perempuan, maka bisa dikatakan keputusan yang diambil oleh wanita adalah keputusan yang benar-­‐benar memperhatikan dan mempertimbangkan segala aspek. Di dalam biografi Margaret Thatcher disebutkan bahwa pasca perang Falkland, terdapat pergelutan batin yang dialami oleh Margaret Thatcher terkait banyaknya prajurit Inggris yang gugur di medan perang. Oleh karena itu, Thatcher menulis surat kepada para keluarga prajurit yang telah gugur di medan perang, bahwa Ia sangat menghargai pengorbanan dan kecintaan prajurit Inggris yang telah gugur di medan perang dan pengorbanan yang telah mereka lakukan bagi Inggris Raya tidak akan sia-­‐sia.

Hal yang dapat dipetik dari contoh yang berhubungan dengan teori di atas adalah, pemimpin yang dibutuhkan masa kini adalah pemimpin yang peduli dan iba hati melihat dan merasakan penderitaan sesamanya. Pemimpin yang berorientasi pada kebahagiaan dan kepentingan masyarakat banyak meskipun banyak resiko yang harus diambil demi keadilan dan kebenaran, berani mengubah struktur atau membuat sesuatu sistem yang tidak adil menjadi adil, dan menghargai martabat dan hak-­‐hak manusia merupakan pemimpin harapan masa kini tanpa memandang gendernya laki-­‐laki atau perempuan. Dalam kebudayaan Cina, dikenal konsep yin dan yang, dimana konsep ini bermakna

kekuatan laki-­‐laki dan perempuan berjalan bersama-­‐sama, seimbang secara alamiah, memelihara hidup manusia dan alam lingkungannya. Berdasarkan konsep tersebut dikembangkan kualifikasi kepemimpinan yang logis, rasional, objektif, intuitif, berperasaan halus dan peka. Perempuan dan laki-­‐laki pada dasarnya sudah memiliki modal tersebut. Jika perempuan dianggap memiliki kualifikasi pemipin yang kuat dan mampu mengambil keputusan secara tepat, karena pada umumnya mereka tidak akan pernah dapat melepaskan relasi dengan sesama dan lingkungannya.

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Strategic Impact on Empowerment

...change? 2. Why do women join or not join associations and why do they remain in them or leave? 3. To what extent has change occurred beyond the individual and how? 4. Has association formation had any negative effects. Evidence Catagories________________________________________________________ The following key evidence catagories have been identified. A 3-days workshop was held to identify relevant indicators under these catagories, which gauge empowerment in the Yemeni context.[1] The following is a list of these catagories: 1. Self-image, self-esteem 2. Legal, civil and tribal rights/ awareness 3. Access to information 4. Educational attainment 5. Employment 6. Family labour 7. Mobility 8. Decision making in the household 9. Group membership-Activism 10. Ownership material assets 11. Health awareness/integrity 12. Negotiation 13. Marriage/kinship...

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