...INTRODUCTION The role of women in politics and public affairs is one of the current governance issues because of the perceived and acknowledged potential and contribution of women to governance processes. Participating effectively and meaningfully in order to have an impact is a process of empowerment that enhances self-worth of individuals and groups at the political level. There is no disputing the fact the number of women is seeing a steady growth from local government level in particular especially in the number of contestants and actual elected women. At the national level, particularly in the legislature, the picture has not seen much significant change since 1996. This reflects strongly in the composition of the membership of standing committees and selected committees of parliament where real debate on legislative issues takes place. Certainly, this affects the contribution of women to the policy making process. At the political party level , although all the parties selected for the study which are the National Democratic Congress (NDC), the New Patriotic Party (NPP), the People’s National Convention (PNC), the Convention People’s Party (CPP) except for the Great Consolidated People’s Party (GCPP), make claims in their manifestoes to their commitment to gender issues in general and women’s concerns in particular, it is not very evident even in their party leadership structure and in their own internal organization. Some party leaders corroborated this by stating...
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...FACULTY OF ACCOUNTACY, FINANCE AND BUSINESS BACHELOR OF ORPORATE ADMINISTRATION (HONOURS) BBBD 3014 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE COURSEWORK ONE ACADEMIC YEAR 2015/2016 KUA YUN XIN 13WBR09901 3RCA10 (SEMESTER 3) WORD COUNT: 4200 WORDS TITLE: GENDER DIVERSITY OF BOARD COMPOSITION IN MALAYSIAN BANKING INDUSTRY PLAGIARISM STATEMENT & MARK SHEET Bachelor of Business (Honours) in Corporate Administration YEAR 3 ACADEMIC YEAR 2015/2016 BBBD3014 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Coursework I PLAGIARISM STATEMENT I, Name: Kua Yun Xin Registration Number : 13WBR09901 Signature: confirm that the submitted work is my own and is in my own words. 3RCA Tutorial Group10 Semester 3 Date: 15 July 2015 MARKING SCHEME | % | | | | Maximum | | Evaluation of frameworks, values and governance practices of listed company or companies in the Malaysian context | 30 | 30 | | Application of knowledge and analytical skills relating to legal compliance, best practices and guidelines for achieving business and governance goals | 10 | 10 | | Synthesis, implementation and development of strategies in achieving world-class governance | 20 | 20 | | Total | 60% | 60 | | Tutor’s Comments: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
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... Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1 2 Email: dalilawati@um.edu.my/dee_dalila@yahoo.com , Email: norhayah@um.edu.my 3 Email: zakiahs@um.edu.my Abstract This study examines the trend of gender and nationality diversity of corporate board in top 300 Malaysian public listed firms over a five-year period from year 2005 to 2009. It also identifies any significant difference in characteristics of firms with women and foreign directors and those without women and foreign directors. Based on the secondary data derived from firms’ annual report, a longitudinal descriptive analysis on the trend of board diversity is presented. Mann-Whitney U test is conducted to identify several characteristics that differentiate between firms with women and foreign directors and those without women and foreign directors. This study found little change in the presence of women directors and foreign directors over the five-year period, which reflects a slow progress in board diversity in Malaysia. Other than that, several characteristics that differentiate between firms with women and foreign directors and those without women and foreign directors were highlighted. Overall, this study indicates the need for more efforts to encourage board diversity in Malaysia. It shed some light on board diversity issue from a developing country’s perspective, particularly Malaysia. With the unique corporate ownership structure that is different from the developed countries, Malaysia provides an interesting avenue for research....
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...governmental regulations and other international regulatory bodies such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC). Some positive relationships have been explored between the number of women, director ages, nationalities and other minorities on the board and the overall value of the firm. Being a household products and pharmaceutical company it is imperative for HouseDreams to incorporate measures to include more women on its board of directors thereby making it more diverse. This is because of the fact that women are the prime household decision makers and have a better understanding on the company’s target consumer. Boards with no or limited female membership may be weak in terms of understanding and connecting with the customer and workforce and offer limited encouragement to female employees. Based on research, analysis and examples, this memorandum supports the argument that a diversified board structure and composition brings increased value to the organisation. Board Composition: To understand the significance of board composition is it useful to first briefly look at the board, its members and the roles they play. The corporate governance system in most countries can be...
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...at: http://www.oecd.org/daf/ca/48806174.pdf. [Accessed 18 February 2016]. * . 2016. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.apa.org/about/division/officers/dialogue/2012/02/governance-report.pdf. [Accessed 18 February 2016]. * Developing Good Governance | United States Institute of Peace. 2016. Developing Good Governance | United States Institute of Peace. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.usip.org/publications/developing-good-governance. [Accessed 18 February 2016]. * . 2016. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/rca/218/RCA21802.pdf. [Accessed 18 February 2016]. * 8 ways SOX changed corporate governance. 2016. 8 ways SOX changed corporate governance. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.insidecounsel.com/2012/01/01/8-ways-sox-changed-corporate-governance. [Accessed 18 February 2016]. * . 2016. . [ONLINE] Available at: https://business.illinois.edu/zimmerman/wp-content/uploads/sites/56/2015/08/C-25-Ben-Amar-Boujenoui.pdf. [Accessed 18 February 2016]. * The Rise and Fall of Enron. 2016. The Rise and Fall of Enron. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/issues/2002/apr/theriseandfallofenron.html. [Accessed 18 February 2016]. * Improving Business Behaviour: Why we need Corporate Governance - OECD. 2016. Improving Business Behaviour: Why we need Corporate Governance - OECD. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.oecd.org/daf/ca/corporategovernanceprinciples/improvingbusinessbehaviourwhyweneedcorporategovernance.htm. [Accessed 18 February...
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...E-Administration refers to improving government processes and internal affairs of the public sector with new ICTs executed information processes. E-Services is a way to improve delivery of public services to citizens. Meanwhile, E-Democracy implies greater and more active citizen participation and involvement enabled by ICTs in the decision making processes. The benefit of this is that it can increase transparency, corruption-free governance, greater convenience, revenue growth and cost reductions. The example improvement of using E-Governance in Cambodia is first, Electronic Approval System where it allows government ministries to exchange document internally and externally, lower the use of office equipment, and make administrative affairs easy and fast. Secondly, they can keep track real asset transaction including price and tax paid using Real Estate Registration. Next, by using Resident Registration, they can keep trace and record of resident, family composition, education for school age children and collecting income tax of Cambodian. Vehicle Registration is in charge in keeping trace of vehicle ownership, tax paid and safety inspection. Lastly the presence of Government on the World Wide Web which is the National homepage...
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...Mark Mozur 27.01.06 Question 1 What is the importance of Decentralization and Local Governance for Europe and the CIS? This question can be broken down into two separate parts: What problems afflict the CIS and Europe and how can Decentralization and Local Governance help? The answer to these two questions can be summarized in one word – “accountability”. The lack of political accountability in CIS member states has led to disillusionment, poor institutions, and underdevelopment – in short, bad governance. The solution to these issues is re-establishing political accountability, and the keys to that are Decentralization and Local Governance, which would in turn lead to improved stability and increased cooperation with Europe. The eleven former Soviet Republics which comprise the Commonwealth of Independent States have a long history of centralized rule, at various times being governed by Mongol emperors, brutal tsars, or repressive communist dictators. Since the collapse of communism, many of the CIS member states have struggled to shake off the yoke of authoritarianism, as new tyrants have taken advantage of existing state structures. The result among the population, to generalize blatantly, has been a widespread disillusionment with government brought about by the lack of political accountability. Centralized governments serving ideologies or the whims of dictators have free reign and rarely take the interests of the general public into account. Hence the...
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...Good governance means an ideal governing system that is inevitable for political, economic, social and cultural development of a country. Ideal governing system means the ideal orientation of a state that works best to achieve self-reliance, sustainable development and social justice and the ideal functioning of government that operate most efficiently. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP- “Governance and Sustainable Human Development, 1977) has identified five basic principles of good governance, which are stated below: * Legitimacy and voice: All men and women should have a voice in decision-making either directly or through legitimate intermediate institutions that represent their intention. * Direction: Leaders and the public have a broad and long-term perspective on good governance and human development, along with a sense of what is needed for such development. * Performance: Institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders and institutions produce results that meet needs while making the best use of resources. * Accountability: Decision makers in government, the private sector and civil society organizations are accountable to the public. * Fairness: All men and women have opportunities to improve and maintain their well-being and legal framework should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly the laws on human rights. Bangladesh constitution provides most of the essential elements for good governance though the country is...
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... The need for corporate governance among listed and unlisted companies and state-run enterprises is so great in Zimbabwe. The drive toward corporate governance has been fuelled by a number of factors. There is wide recognition that corporate governance can contribute to the economic success of corporations and to their long-term sustainability (going concern). It is also recognised that good corporate governance can enhance corporate responsibility and improve the reputation of companies, which in turn can attract local and foreign investors. Corporate governance is also seen as a deterrent to corruption and unethical business practices that has scared our business image.( WOYO MANNERS 2013) The market discipline and transparency...
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...predominantly large private sector organizations to help women to address the board application process from application to accepting the right position. They also assist them in preparing for a position on a public board through a one-to-one training for up to a year. The training includes workshops on corporate governance, risk management, roles of a non-executive director and assistance in capturing types of board aligned for their interest and strengths (Sealy, Doldor, & Vinnicombe, 2009). The Female FTSE Report in 2008 has named 1,800+ women at committee level across a variety of industries and these names were compiled as a very real response to the ‘lack of pipeline’ argument. However, these are just a list of names envisioned to be on the radar of search consultancies. Initiatives in database management in the UK therefore saw a major executive search consultancy announced a compilation of a database of senior female executives in the FTSE 250 companies aimed to increase the percentage of female board members on the organizations (Sealy, Doldor, & Vinnicombe, 2009). In addition, the Appointment Commission and UKRC for women in SET have been actively managing their database of potential female candidates. These organizations will match opportunities and those women on their databases. In 2004, a FTSE 100 cross-company set up a mentoring scheme aimed to provide mentoring at senior level for senior women in the FTSE 100 companies who were deemed to be potential...
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...Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Concerns Gender equality is a global concern in the community, women, in particular, have been vulnerable to abuse by their male counterparts. Gender equality cannot be achieved until each woman has control over their sexual and reproductive health decisions, this includes the risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. This decision is important to determine the spacing of children and also avoidance of early pregnancies, for achievement of equality, comprehensive interventions should be implemented at an early stage such as schools and in the community setting. Educating the girl child is an important tool for empowering them to better their control over sexual and reproductive health decisions among the adolescents, (Parsons 1). The control over sexual and reproductive health issues is an important element in achieving gender equality. Women need to decide whether, when and with whom to have sex, they can make the decision on childbearing and have an opportunity to ask their partners to use a condom. Today there are millions of unintended pregnancies each year, this is an indication that women and girls are unable to make decisions for their reproductive health decisions. Statistics shows that early initiation of sex predisposes girls to a higher risk of HIV, STIs, and early pregnancies. Statistics shows that pregnancy-related cause is the largest contributor of mortality among girls of ages 15 to 19 years with close to 70...
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...Ethics Term Paper Women in Power Women are not making it to the top of any profession anywhere in the world. The percentage of women in corporate governance remains low in comparison to men. The evidence presents itself through numbers. There are 190 heads of state, only nine are women. The percentage of women who are at positions such as chief executive officers, senior executives, and board members is significantly low in large, publicly-held companies. Women are not only underrepresented in the United States but all around the globe. Multiple surveys were conducted by the Pew Research Center concluding the general finding that “according to the majority of Americans, women are every bit as capable of being good political leaders as men and the same can be said about their ability to dominate the corporate boardroom.” Yet, 43 percent of women are held to higher standards in regards to top executive business positions and 38% of women in regards to high political offices. What causes the absence of women leaders in corporate governance? Do the causes follow ethical guidelines? Looking at the Pew Research Center survey, a major reason that more women are not in top executive business positions is because they are healed to higher standards than men and many businesses are not ready to hire women for top executive positions. A minor reason is that family responsibilities get in the way of women committing time to run a major corporation, women do not have access...
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...community to co-exist peacefully. Members of the society transferred their rights to some few individuals who were bestowed with the duty of leading the society. This era paved way for the formation of various democratic societies, and increased interest in social studies by various sociologists (Coady, 2005). One such sociologist is Mary Wollstonecraft, whose sociological work largely transformed subsequent studies, formation, ideologies and inclinations of the society towards women, education and human rights (Browning et al, 1999). This essay is going to critically evaluate the works of Mary Wollstonecraft as well as a critical analysis of the socialist contribution to the sturdy of the society. The essay will also evaluate the impacts of the sociologist’s ideas on current sociological studies regarding the society. Discussion Background information Mary Wollstonecraft was born on 27th April 1759 and died on 10th September 1797. She was considered a prolific writer, a staunch advocate for women rights and a philosopher. Mary has...
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...PUNJAB LOCAL GOVERNMENT BILL 2012 (A CRITICAL ANALYSIS) By: Amjad Nazeer RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY INSTITUTE (RDPI) & PRACTICAL ACTION (August 2012) Islamabad PUNJAB LOCAL GOVERNMENT BILL 2012 (A CRITICAL ANALYSIS) Theoretical Context: Believed to be an integral part of democratic system of governance, it is the third tier of local governance that is highly argued about and advocated in contemporary times. Closer to the people and representatives of their essential needs and aspirations, it holds tremendous potential for civic comfort, environmental peace, social justice and economic development. One can hardly find any progressive or progressing state in the world that is either not evolving or thriving with an efficient and autonomous system of devolved governance. Not interchangeable though, notions like deconcentration, devolution and delegation hinge around the modalities and practices of decentralization. Richard Bird (1994) defines decentralization as “the degree of independent decision making exercised at the local level.” In theory decentralization is sometimes classified into three forms of governance i.e. delegation, deconcentration and devolution (Cheema and Rodinelli 1983). If the dispensation of services is removed from the centre and delivered through representatives of the central government, this is termed as ‘deconcentration’ (Smith 1967), while ‘delegation’ stands for a case, where local government functions as an agent of the federal...
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...SMEs and the Networks Governance Structure in Tanzania: Literature Review and Research Issues Lettice Rutashobya Issack Allan Faculty of Commerce and Management, University of Dar es salaam P.O Box. 35046 Dar es salaam, Tanzania Tel: 255 741 323661, 255 22 2410221 Fax: 255 22 2410510 Email: Lettice@fcm.udsm.ac.tz Jan-Erik Jaensson Umea University school of Business Administration and Economics, Sweden Jan-Erik.Jaensson@fek.umu.se Abstract This paper reviews the networks and the IMP literature to inform research on the network phenomenon in small and medium enterprises in Tanzania. It is noted that while a lot of work in this area has been done in Western Industrialized countries, little by way of serious research has been undertaken in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The role of networks in enterprise development and growth in these countries remains unexplored and therefore unclear. It is argued here that research on networks needs to be contextualized if it is to gain currency. Integrating the networks and the IMP perspectives this paper identifies three crucial areas relevant for future research in Tanzania: viz, the network-performance nexus, female versus male networks and social networks. Introduction The main purpose of this paper is to provoke research on networks in Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in Tanzania. We integrate the networks, IMP and entrepreneurship literature to justify research in this area. In the entrepreneurship literature networks have been...
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