...New Art Forms of the High Middle Ages Throughout history Europe has experienced countless changes in culture and other aspects. The Middle Ages, or Medieval Period, lasted from around 800 into the 1400’s (349). This period can be subdivided into three categories: early, high, and late. The Middle Ages brought about changes in religion, law, and daily life. Changes also occurred in the arts with the introduction of Gothic architecture and troubadour poetry. Although the Middle Ages began as a time of violence, the emergence of Gothic architecture and troubadour poetry are examples of devotion and expression. During the tenth and eleventh centuries cathedrals were constructed (367). The style of the cathedrals resembled Roman architecture, which was the preceding time period. (367). Features of Roman architecture included “massive walls, rounded stones arches, and small windows” (367). By the twelfth century, this new style gained the name “Gothic.” The Gothic style introduced new engineering improvements and emphasized more emotional expression. The structures of Gothic architecture consisted of pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses (367). A flying buttress carried the weight of the roof. “Midieval Archtechture” states: “The walls of Gothic buildings could be thinner than previous styles of architecture because the weight of the roof was supported by the arches rather than by the walls. The pointed Gothic arch provided greater flexibility could also span...
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...THE HISTORY OF MUSIC The Middle Ages 450-1450 Characteristics of Music Music comes from the Ancient Greek muses, who were the nine goddesses of art and science. Music actually began around 500 B.C. when Pythagoras experimented with acoustics and how math related to tones formed from plucking strings. The main form of music during the Middle Ages was the Gregorian chant, named for Pope Gregory I. This music was used in the Catholic Churches to enhance the services. It consisted of a sacred Latin text sung by monks without instrumentation. The chant is sung in a monophonic texture, which means there is only one line of music. It has a free-flowing rhythm with little or no set beat. The chants were originally all passed through oral tradition, but the chants became so numerous that the monks began to notate them. Music in Society Towards the end of the Middle Ages, about the 12th and 13th centuries, music began to move outside of the church. French nobles called troubadours and trouveres were among the first to have written secular songs. Music of this time was contained among the nobility, with court minstrels performing for them. There were also wandering minstrels who would perform music and acrobatics in castles, taverns, and town squares. These people were among the lowest social class, along with prostitutes and slaves, but they were important because they passed along information, since there were no newspapers. Links to Composers...
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...radicalism Immigrants might be the problem… Let’s go back to the good ole days… Q: Are the old days really better? The Jazz Age (1920s) The Long Nineteenth Century Historians always ignore what everyone else is doing 1789 to 1918-???? Industrial Revolution French Revolution Victorian Ideas and Imperialism Bigger push for imperialism Ends in 1918- why? WW1 is over, Russian Revolution taking place What replaces it? “The Modern Age” parallels “Return to Normalcy” what does that mean? Science better at understanding the world than religion Individuals have the right to choose their own lifestyles Women control their minds and bodies More rights for minorities? Reactions? The New Traditionalists God trumps science Bible is the ONLY source of morality Women are subservient to men Immigrants are subservient to white Anglo-Saxon men 1920s The New Era The Roaring Twenties Rise of automobile, gangsters, rise of the radio & other gadgets and appliances The Jazz Age Clash of old & new values The Economy after the war… Switch from war to peace initially difficult Gets re-cranked up by 1922-1923 United states’ industry still intact after war, unlike Europe Becomes world’s top producer of consumer products Middle class expands greatly What about the lower classes? Same problems as before Too much prosperity for middle class to care!!! Rise of consumer spending on new fangled items Luxuries become necessities Auto Industry Urban and...
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...Influences of Sexual Behavior in Adolescence During Adolescence, children are more likely to imitate other role models because they want to be accepted by others in their age group and peer pressure. The importance of peers and media in middle childhood and adolescence can influence them to have risky sexual behaviors. Due to the need for acceptance during adolescents, children are more likely to act upon certain risky behaviors they wouldn't otherwise act upon. The media is the biggest influence in adolescents that promotes sexual behavior. Sexual explicit behavior affects an adolescent by initiating early sexual tensions and leading to drastic consequences they aren't ready to accept. The Need for Acceptance Adolescence is a time when children are trying to understand their identity in their society. As most of their time is spent in school, children feel like they need a sense of acceptance and belonging in a particular peer group. The need for this recognition leads them to make certain choices; they feel like they need change their attire, how they talk, and how they behave so they can be accepted into a group. Certain groups have higher expectations and joining them increases social statuses, adolescents get too...
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...80's Music vs. New aged Music Chelsey Stafford COM/170 January 10, 2013 Tameka Winston In today's society our music comes from a different era than it was in the 80's. The genre and style of the generation will follow. Music comes from the Ancient Greek muses, who were the nine goddesses of art and science. Music actually began around 500 B.C. when Pythagoras experimented with acoustics and how math related to tones formed from plucking strings. The main form of music during the middle Ages was the Gregorian chant, named for Pope Gregory I. This music was used in the Catholic Churches to enhance the services. It consisted of a sacred Latin text sung by monks without instrumentation. The chant is sung in a monophonic texture, which means there is only one line of music. It has a free-flowing rhythm with little or no set beat. The chants were originally all passed through oral tradition, but the chants became so numerous that the monks began to notate them. Towards the end of the Middle Ages, about the 12th and 13th centuries, music began to move outside of the church. French nobles called troubadours and trouveres were among the first to have written secular songs. Music of this time was contained among the nobility, with court minstrels performing for them. There were also wandering minstrels who would perform music and acrobatics in castles, taverns, and town squares. These people were among the lowest social class, along with prostitutes and slaves, but...
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...Student’s name Professor’s name Course name Date Mozart Introduction According to Fisher (15), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a powerful Austrian composer whose success can precisely be dated from his childhood. The composer was born in Salzburg in 1756 and died in 1791 having written over 600 pieces of work of which many remain popular to date. Mozart could play clavichord at the age of three and began writing short compositions at the age of four. When he was 5, he gave his first public performance at Salzburg University. Between 1763 and 1766, Mozart, Nannerl, his sister who was talented in music, together with their father who was a musician as well toured Europe. They visited Paris, London among several other places where Mozart gave several successful concerts, even performing before royalty. This research paper examines the crucial role Mozart played during The Enlightenment. It further highlights the contribution made by the Austrian composer in the transition to romantic from the Enlightenment. Before and during the time of Mozart, composers served the royal courts or church as highly-skilled servants. In the same manner, he began his carrier by working for Salzburg’s Archbishop. Notably, his travels to France as well as England gave him an exposure to the ideals of equality and independence as well. This exposure prompted him to sever his loyalty to the master who employed him to offer services in a very rigid manner. He left for Vienna where he...
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...The exact dates of the Middle Ages are misleading, Historians place the beginning of the period between the death of the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 395 and the fall of Rome to the Goths in 410. Also known as The Dark Ages, the term may be more a judgment than an actual period of history, because of the lack of available sources that could be used evaluate the period were lost or destroyed due to years of war and insurrection. After the fall of Rome in 410, life changed dramatically. The aqueducts that once delivered fresh water to citizens fell to ruin because maintenance was no longer funded, and even worse, the once great architectural marvels were harvested by peasants to build their homes. As well, the complex system of waste removal...
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...impacted the different cultures within the medieval age. From the rise of the Christian Churches to the time of courtly love, troubadours and the romantic love era vernacular languages impacted the people of France throughout Western Europe and the rest of the world. Though the people of the general population where not able to interpret and understand the Latin language known as the language of the elite (the educated or the people of higher and political authority) until mid to late middle ages, they began to write and speak through the common languages within their countries to make it easier to communicate and understand laws, romantic love and to also spread the words of god within the Christian churches. The Catholic Church was established in 325 CE (Sayre,2013), approximately 300 years after the death of Jesus Christ. By 476 BE, the Germans had taken over the Roman Empire under the rule of Constantine as he started to build his empire known as the Byzantine Empire . Constantine, the first Christian ruler, a believer of Jesus Christ, moved the Roman Empire to Instanbul, formerly known as modern day, Turkey. Upon establishing his empire and the Christian church Constantine named that city after himself, Constantinople. After the Christian Church was established came the Medieval Ages which took place in Britain. The Medieval Age was also known as the dark or the middle ages. Not many things changed or were created during this time, as the people followed the words of...
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...extensively are Chanel, Nike, and Hot Topic. These brands have apparel but are completely different in their target audience. Chanel is a prestigious high-fashion brand; Nike is a popular athletic line; Hot Topic is musically and artistically edgier with a smaller target audience between the three. With these apparel brands, a person wearing each would be labeled or even stereotyped. One wearing a Chanel’s 2012 Spring/Summer ready-to-wear designer outfit with a white jacket, lambskin dress with pearls, and a glass pearl belt would be labeled as rich, successful, and intelligent. Another wearing Nike running apparel consisting of a shirt, shorts, and footwear is someone athletic and always on the go. An individual in a Hot Topic black graphic music t-shirt with plug piercings would be stereotyped as “Goth”, tough, or edgy. 2. 2. | | | Geographic | * Located at tourist...
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...Love in Music of Then and Now During the 11th and 13th centuries during a period known as the Middle Ages a new breed of poets emerged in the south of France. Known as the Troubadours, these poets roamed the land turning their poetry into art by adding an accompaniment of musical instruments. These lyricists wrote their music in the vernacular of Southern France, French, but also included hints of Spanish and Italian from the nearby countries. These storytellers captivated the audiences with their many poems of love and romance. Even though the Middle Ages may have ended eight centuries ago, the content and romance found within the songs still flourishes today in modern songs. The themes and feelings of love have not changed with the advancement in musical technology, this is apparent in the song by Billy Currington Must Be Doin' Somethin' Right. Within this song there are many similarities along with a few differences in his experience with love with that of the Troubadour artist Bernard de Ventadour and his composition of When the Fresh Grass. In the song Must Be Doin' Somthin' Right by Billy Currington he is telling about the feelings and images of love and the woman. He talks about how women are complex and don’t actually know what they want with a man, but, once you find out what they want there are many ways to tell that they are starting to fall in love. It is the man's responsibility to touch upon these hints of love and start working with them in order to...
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...umbrella term used for the various dance forms which includes isolation of different parts of the body. It is characterized by its intricate hip, hand and chest movements, though it incorporates many techniques, from many different parts of the Middle East; Egypt, Lebanon, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and Morocco to name a few. Each country has its own style. Many experts say belly dancing is the oldest form of dance, having roots in all ancient cultures from the orient to India to the mid-East. Probably the greatest misconception about belly dancing is that it is intended to entertain men. Throughout history, this ritualized expression has usually been performed by women for other women, generally during fertility rites or parties preparing a young woman for marriage. In most cases, the presence of men is not permitted. The term 'belly dance' is said to come from the French 'danse du ventre' - dance of the stomach - a phrase coined at the turn of the century after the introduction of Raqs Sharqi (pronounced Roks Sharkee) at the Chicago Exposition or World Fair in 1893. The promoter of the Egyptian music and dance group at the Exposition became concerned because nobody was interested in seeing the dancing show (prejudice against middle eastern people). It occurred to the promoter to rename the performers Bellydancing. The name of the dancer’s who was dancing was Little Egypt. Thus renamed, the dance created a controversy that became a media sensation. Lines gathered around...
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...and “the Jazz Age.” These nicknames represent exactly what the Twenties were. The changes that happened during this time were good and bad, but they were mostly positive. Women had the right to vote, they were becoming modernized, and jazz became a new sound. This decade should be viewed exactly as it is. This decade was a time of great change for America in general. Before the “flapper” emerged, “the Gibson Girl was the rage”. The Gibson Girl was inspired by Charles Dana Gibson’s drawings. She was the total opposite of the “flapper” that was soon to come. She was able to participate in some sports including golf, roller skating, and bicycling. She had long hair, and her attire was a long, straight skirt with a shirt that had a high collar (Rosenberg). She was not a risk taker and did not date. After the “Gibson Girl” came the “flapper.” The term came from Great Britain. It described a young girl still in the middle of becoming a woman (Rosenberg). It literally was defined as “a fledgling, yet in the nest, and vainly attempting to fly while its wings have only pinfeathers” (G. Stanley). “She smoked, drank, danced, and voted. She cut her hair, [and] wore make-up…” (Rosenberg). The women in those days had a hard time accepting this new style. The “flapper” was a girl that loved to dance. She needed her clothes to allow her to move freely, so she changed her style to make her clothes lighter. The hem line of the flapper’s dress rose to just below her knees during 1925 to 1927....
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...years developed a reputation for its ability to provide localized content without diluting what MTV stood for. However, the company faced the most challenging test in late 2007 with its launch of MTV Arabia in the Middle East, which some experts considered as the biggest launch in the channel’s history. While the market in the Middle East offered MTVN with huge opportunities due to its huge youth populace, MTV’s controversial content that was known for angering religious, political, and conservative communities could easily backfire in the conservative environment prevalent in the region. On the other hand, too much localization to suit the tastes of the region could dilute MTV’s global brand. The case discusses in detail the strategy adopted by MTVN to enter and expand in the Middle East and also the challenges faced by the channel. TEACHING OBJECTIVES & TARGET AUDIENCE The case will help the students to: • Understand the issues and challenges in entering and expanding operations in new markets which were culturally different from the organizations home/traditional/existing markets. • Understand the pros and cons of entering a new market with a standardized/adapted product to suit local preferences. • Analyze MTVN’s strategy in the Middle East, identify challenges and explore strategies that the channel could adopt in the future This case is meant for students of the MBA/MS level programs in the Business Strategy curriculum. The case is also suitable...
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...Elizabethan times Wealthy * Wealthy women were allowed education * Wealthy women were tutored at home * They were taught in Latin, Italian, Greek and French * Dancing and Music skills were essential * Women were not allowed to go to university Middle Class/Poor * Did not attend school * Did not receive formal education * Had to learn to govern a household * Had to become skilled in housewife duties * Learned only what needed to be known in order to marry Marriage * Elizabethan women were expected to marry * People were suspicious with single women * Single women were often associated with witches * Elizabethan women are supposed to be dependant of their male relative throughout their entire life * Marriage was desirable for lower class women * With parental permission, it is legal for girls at 12 years of age to marry * The Role of Unmarried Women * Single women could spend their life in a convent or a nunnery * It was eventually no longer an option * Thus, the only other option was domestic service The Role of Women in Marriage * Women were expected to bring a dowry (i.e. a small amount of money, goods and property) to the marriage * After marriage, women were expected to run households and provide children * Large families were normal * High mortality rates (i.e. death of infants under 1 years old) at that time * Many women made arrangements for others to take care...
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...THE ROARING TWENTIES AN AGE OF JAZZ By: Vinson Gill Instructor: Dr. C.A. deGregory “The Golden Twenties or the Roaring Twenties as the 1920’s has been known to be called; when everybody seemed to have had money to party. The nightmare of the Wall Street Crash of October 1929 was inconceivable right up until it happened. While looking backward in time, when we hear “The Roaring Twenties” we tend to think almost automatically: mobsters, flappers, the Charleston (dance), a nightlife that seemingly was the highlight of the day, and that is what Hollywood would have you believe. Actually Hollywood has its beginnings in the twenties and celebrated the culture. The new fad was a new music form called Jazz; a culture for a new generation, a passion for the young adult, a crossover appeal that rocked the urbanites of America and a passionate people who were not just fascinated by jazz but supported it. Langston Hughes described jazz as, “The music from the trumpet at the Negroes lips is honey mixed with liquid fire.” At first the art form was not accepted by black intellectuals. Most blacks distanced themselves from a music that seems to draw white attention to black culture; criticized and called it folk art. Jazz was born in brothels, performed in speakeasies which were illegal, actually brought together music lovers of all races in some clubs. Jazz went from being played only in New Orleans to becoming a staple of the American airwaves, dance halls, and homes. African Americans...
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