...tension existed within the Russian Empire. This was not helped by the fact that over 80% of the population were peasants who were closely regulated, were redistributed land allotments and only had somewhat primitive farming techniques available. This led to underproduction, land hunger and even famine. As a result of no one solving these issues, there were incidents of peasant violence that forced the government to introduce a new series of reforms. However this had happened far too late and peasantry rebellions became a recurring dilemma for the government until a long time after the 1917 revolution. However, it was not just Russian peasantry that caused reason for a revolution but the industrial working class too. In a very short amount of time, the working class had developed into a highly militant force with regards to both economic standing and politics. This was indicated by strikes in October 1905 that left which caused the Russian economy to temporarily collapse. This huge change in the working class that helped spur a revolution was a result of several factors. Firstly, the horrific living and working conditions that they were subjected to but also the result of propaganda and the organisation of Marxist revolutionary activists who looked to over-throw tsarism. Workers formed revolutionary parties such as the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, split into two groups the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks, that also helped spur the Russian Revolution through spreading their...
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...progress is for the benevolence of all three of these elements equally, revolutions such as the Industrial Revolution are more driven towards the success of the economics. The industrial revolution itself caused a massive uprising of ideas based on engineering for the sole purpose of convenience, and made a huge gap between the rich, the middle, and the poor, and classified the middle and the poor as the working classes and most of the topics went to the working class. However, this is more unlikely to be a political progress since the convenience and affordable factor all went to boost England’s economy and have the society afford them for cheaper. The progress of the Industrial Revolution was based on socioeconomic reasons because, due to the Industrial revolution, England’s economy increased, rate of employment for unemployed workers increased because of the ability to mass produce products using the newly invented machines to create a better economy for corporations, and a lot of products could be produced in cheap prices because mass production was possible and this increased the standard of living to modernization. Another example of socioeconomic progress is the French Revolution. The French revolutionists and poor social class strived to change the social class division by killing aristocrats and women’s march of Versailles also indicated a strive for a change on social class and economy with the women fighting the king for a better economy to solve the poverty crisis and...
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...dynasty collapsed during the Russian Revolution of February 1917, following Tsar Nicholas II’s abdication on the 2nd March. However, whilst the Revolution spurred this on, short and long-term causes were important. Most important was Russia’s involvement in the First World War, in which they suffered around two million losses compared to the British Empire’s one million and suffered embarrassing defeats. Historians suggest that victory in the war depended on a nation’s military effectiveness, economic strength, administration, and political stability. These were all challenges which the tsarist government failed to meet and led to the tsar’s downfall. The argument that the First World War led to the downfall of tsardom is supported by the military unreadiness of the Russian army. This is including the poor conditions that soldiers fought in, shortages and the low self-confidence of soldiers. Russian soldiers particularly experienced terrible conditions at war, including weaponry shortages. Despite having the largest army of all the countries who fought in the war, Russia did not send many men in proportion to its entire population to the war. This proved to be a mistake as the army was not as strong as it could have been. As well as this, up until 1915, a quarter of those men that were sent to the front were unarmed and were instructed to simply pick up what they could from the dead to use as weapons. Because of these conditions that Russian soldiers endured, disease began...
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...How did the Tsar survive the 1905 Revolution? The Russian revolution of 1905 was triggered by the event of “Bloody Sunday” and continued to escalate with various protests against the Tsar’s refusal to make political concessions and an accumulation of economic factors like poor working conditions, high taxes and famine. There were numerous aspects which contributed to Tsar Nicholas II surviving the 1905 Revolution. Collectively these enabled the Tsar to survive, however the most significant of these was the loyalty of the Russian army during the period. Without the reliance he had upon the Army, the Tsar may not have been ultimately successful in surviving the revolution. The army remaining loyal to Tsar Nicholas was indeed crucial to him keeping his power, as they were able to majorly control the opposing threats; the disturbances throughout Russia were crushed by the army. For example December saw an armed uprising in Moscow, largely involving the Bolsheviks; this revolt resulted in over 1000 people being killed as Tsarist soldiers controlled the situation. Loyal units identified in the army were used to close down the St Petersburg Soviet that represented 96 factories, while mutinies within the army were met with brutal suppression. Through the use of the army, over the next year the Tsarist Government were able to overpower all revolutionary activity. Their actions included the killing and exportation of thousands of workers, beating up children, arrest of thousands of...
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...Peace, Land, and Bread The Bolsheviks’ Rise to Power in Revolutionary Russia In January of 1917, Vladimir Lenin said that he did not believe that he would not live to see a socialist revolution. Indeed, Russia appeared to be comfortably transitioning in bourgeois democracy. Progressive leaders, Pavel Miliukov and Prince Lvov were taking control of the State Duma, both Leon Trotsky and Lenin were in exile, and their Bolshevik Party’s following had been decimated by conscription. Yet by the closing of that very year, the Bolshevik Party had taken control of Russia and transformed the country into the world’s first communist state, with a very much alive Lenin at its helm. In addition to seizing power against all odds, the Bolshevik apparatus succeeded in crushing its rivals in the following years and created a regime that would survive a global depression, genocide, a world war, and a bitter half-century arms race with a world superpower. The Bolshevik Party’s ascension to power was enabled by a number of factors which coincided to create a ‘perfect storm.’ Disunity amongst the Bolsheviks’ adversaries contributed to a lack of opposition. Russia’s wartime economy proved to be a major inciter of unrest in both the urban and rural populace. Aid, both intentional and unintentional, from foreign powers bolstered the Bolsheviks’ position. And of course a sizeable amount of luck cannot go without credit. But the deciding factor, which is apparent before, during and after...
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...Why and What Do We Compare? The Story of Revolution and Democratization Mehrzad Boroujerdi, Syracuse University Introduction The field of comparative politics starts with the assumption that knowledge in the social sciences must proceed by way of the search for comparisons, or what has been called "suggestive contrasts." Scholars of comparative politics compare in order to discover similarities and explain differences. As infrequent and highly complex events, revolutions have attracted a great deal of attention from comparativists. In this article, we will address the following topics: • The Concept of Revolution • Why Revolutions Happen? • Can Revolutions be Predicted? • What Do Revolutions Accomplish? • What Are some of the Failures of Revolutions? • Comparing Characteristics and Outcomes of Some Revolutions • Questions The Concept of Revolution: According to the American philosopher Richard Rorty "revolution," like such other words as "reason," "democracy," and "socialism" is a "thick word" which can be contrasted with such "thin words" as truth, dialogue, and justice. How do we define a "revolution?" How are revolutions distinct from other forms of political change such as Coup d'état, rebellion, mutiny, insurrection, or uprising? All of the above nouns may denote acts of violence aimed at changing or overthrowing an existing order or authority. However, there are important legal and political differences among them as well. ...
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...Exam 2: Chapter 28-32 Atlantic revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Latin America) Rise of nationalism Industrialization Global transitions: the americas, the ottoman empire, Romanov Russia, Qin China, Japan. Global empires. Atlantic Revolutions: In the early modern period (1450-1750. Period of early European exploration and contact. It caused the establishment of european commercial empires. Primary tributary, it focused on trade, and some settler comics. This caused there to be “nation-states”, in tern proto-industrialization in europe (innovation) Europe started into three major processes: Revolution, (and nationalism) Industrialization Imperialism Lastly the Rise of the “nation-state” Age of Enlightenment (1650-1780’s) There were plenty of forward thinkers. Each was moving toward science as the new way of thinking. They used the application of universal laws of the natural world to social world. They valued ration over revelation. The government was as a contract. The ideas of Freedom, equality and sovereignty were held as the highest. The belief was to move forward in progress. French Revolution (1789-1799) The aim was to abolish the monarchy that was in france, it ultimately failed. It was far more radical than the American, but still failed. Mostly because they had no idea how to run a government. Whereas the Americans had some knowledge about their own rule. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Declared himself emperor and attempted to bring...
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...Russia has never been a happy place. Since the 12th Century it has been bogged down in poverty, horrific living conditions, and an extremely separated class system. It took many years for the workers and slaves of Russian life to finally organize themselves and revolt against the causes of such hardship; many years of pain, suffering, and oppression that were brought on by the czars. It was this stagnant suffering that would finally begin to lift, and eventually bring power to the Bolsheviks and communism to Russia. Many revolutionaries encouraged killing, robbery, and used terror to advance their effort. However, there were other kinds of revolutionaries, some violent, some not. Gorky, Dostoevsky, and Turgenev all contributed to the progress of the revolution by communicating through literature. All four books were intended to identify critical issues of life, to instigate social and political changes throughout Russia, and to wholly improve Russian life. Gorky’s My Childhood explains the terrible conditions Russia peasants faced. Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons represents the struggle between two ideologies, romanticism and liberalism. Gorky’s next book Mother is the idea of insurgency cells and how a group with no distinct leader can be effective. Finally, Fyodor Dostoevsky’s The Possessed shows how violence can be a major tool in fuelling a rebellion, although it also shows how extreme nihilism is self-destructive. Simply listing the problems with Russia up to the 19th and early...
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...associated with women and sacred objects. One view is that as a religious item, it is intended to show honor to an object or space. The actual sociocultural, psychological, and sociosexual functions of veils have not been studied extensively but most likely include the maintenance of social distance and the communication of social status and cultural identity.[1][2] In Islamic society, various forms of the veil have been adopted from the Arab culture in which Islam arose The first recorded instance of veiling for women is recorded in an Assyrian legal text from the 13th century BC, which restricted its use to noble women and forbade prostitutes and common women from adopting it.[citation needed] The Mycenaean Greek term a-pu-ko-wo-ko meaning "craftsman of horse veil" written in Linear B syllabic script is also attested since ca. 1300 BC.[3][4] In ancient Greek the word for veil was "καλύπτρα" (kaluptra, Ionic Greek "καλύπτρη" - kaluptrē, from the verb "καλύπτω" - kaluptō, "I cover"[5]) and is first attested in the works of Homer.[6][7] Classical Greek and Hellenistic statues sometimes depict Greek women with both their head and face covered by a veil. Caroline Galt and Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones have both argued from such representations and literary references that it was commonplace for women (at least those of higher status) in ancient Greece to cover their hair and face in public. For many centuries, until around 1175, Anglo-Saxon and then Anglo-Norman women, with the exception...
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...Lincoln High School IB History Internal Assessment Student Handbook Table of Contents What is the History IA? Planning Your Historical Investigation Examples of Types of Investigations Examples of Research Questions Choice of Topic 20th Century History of the Americas Alternative The Written Account & Assessment Criteria A. Plan of the Investigation B. Summary of Evidence C. Evaluation of Sources D. Analysis E. Conclusion F. Sources and Word Limit Sample History IAs 1Trotsky and the Russian Civil War 2US in Chile 3Women in the French Revolution 4PreWWI Alliances 4 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 1 2 2 3 4 10 16 Information in this guide is gathered from a variety of sources, including, but not limited to: The IB History Course Guide, Oxford’s IB Skills and Practice, IBOCC, and anecdotal experience. What is the History IA? The History IA is your chance to explore a period, theme, or event in history that you are interested in. For full IB Candidates, it also serves as 20% of your final History Grade. The final paper will be assessed by your teacher, with a sampling sent off to IB for score moderation. The History IA asks you to use the full range of skills you have been taught in class. In particular: ● knowledge and understanding ● application and interpretation ● synthesis and evaluation...
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...THE FAMILY The Consanguine Family (The First Stage of the Family) The Punaluan Family The Pairing Family The Monogamous Family The Iroquois Gens The Greek Gens [The Rise of Private Property] The Rise of the Athenian State The Gens and the State in Rome The Gens Among Celts and Germans The Formation of the State Among the Germans Barbarism and Civilization Appendix: A Recently Discovered Case of Group Marriage INTRODUCTION After Marx’s death, in rumaging through Marx’s manuscripts, Engels came upon Marx’s precis of Ancient Society – a book by progressive US scholar Lewis Henry Morgan and published in London 1877. The precis was written between 1880-81 and contained Marx’s numerous remarks on Morgan as well as passages from other sources. After reading the precis, Engels set out to write a special treatise – which he saw as fulfilling Marx’s will. Working on the book, he used Marx’s precis, and some of Morgan’s factual material and conclusions. He also made use of many and diverse data gleaned in his own studies of the history of Greece, Rome, Old Ireland, and the Ancient Germans. It would, of course, become The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State – the first edition of which was published October 1884 in Hottingen-Zurich. Engels wrote The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State in just two months – beginning toward the end of March 1884 and completing it by the end of May. It focuses on early human history, following...
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...Russian Culture and Human Resource Management Thad Lopez Saint Leo University Human Resource Management (HRM) as described by Ivancevich & Konopaske (2013) is the function performed in organizations that effectively uses employees to achieve both organizational and individual goals. Throughout the years HRM has evolved domestically influenced by both business and social events leaving behind a renewed emphasis on human capital. Today’s environment requires business leaders to focus on the financial returns of the company as well as the contributions of strategic HRM to that end. Organizations are continuing to scan the business environment looking for opportunities creating value and differentiation. Increased evidence points to an engaged workforce as a competitive advantage for many companies and more than ever these organizations are looking to expand internationally. Successful global organizations have come to understand that western theories of HRM may not apply to other cultures and as a result have found ways to remain strategic with HRM outside of their domestic borders. Russian culture is primary example where HRM practices must be evaluated in the context of Russian culture and values. Global Human Resource Management (GHRM) refers to the policies and practices that relates to managing people internationally and according to Ivancevich & Konopaske (2013) the external environment of the international organization is one of the most important...
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...A2 Russia and its Rulers 1855–1964 Past Questions workbook How to use this booklet Your Russia and Cold War teachers will discuss what they want you to do in each Cold War lesson (now that your coursework is finished). This booklet has a page for each examination question that has been asked about our course since the change of course in 2010. For each question there is a section from the guidance given to examiners for marking it, and a section from the examiner’s report on each question. Each page also contains a section where you can record what you have learned about answering each question. Tackling past questions is an excellent way of revising. You could be doing several things in any order: * Reading the examiner’s remarks; * Planning an answer to the question; * Using your notes to find the evidence you’ll need to answer each question; * Sending a plan to a friend for constructive criticism. Before you get going – please note the advice that the Chief Examiner has given to his exam markers for the last year: ------------------------------------------------- “Candidates are expected to demonstrate understanding of the issues in each of their selected questions over a period of at least a hundred years (unless an individual question specifies a slightly shorter period.) Candidates are reminded of the synoptic nature of the Unit. Answers are required to demonstrate understanding of the processes of historical continuity, development...
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...Zetkin Similarities between Two The Most Famous Feminists Kyrylo Hrechko Academic Writing 1 Sharareh Sharifi Yazdi March 23third, 2016 Thesis Statement: Rosa Luxemburg and Klara Zetkin have similarities between in three aspects: inspiration, intentions, and effects. I. Inspiration A. Rosa Luxemburg 1. Political systems a. Socialism b. Democracy 2. Character’s inspiration a. Marx b. Engels 3. Inspiration for others a. Women b. Low-Class Workers B. Klara Zetkin 1. Political Systems a. Socialism b. Democracy 2. Character’s inspiration a. Marx b. Engels 3. Inspiration for others a. Women b. Low-Class workers II. Intentions A. Rosa Luxemburg 1. Ambitions a) Equal right for the women b) Equal social standards for the workers 2. Activities a) Anti-War agitation b) Strikes 3. Ideology a) Social-Democracy b) Marxism B. Klara Zetkin 1. Ambitions c) Equal right for the women d) Equal social standards for the workers 2. Activities c) Anti-war agitation d) Strikes 3. Ideology c) Socialism d) Marxism III. Effects A. Rosa Luxemburg 1. Reputation a. Feminists b. Socialists 2. Accomplishments a. Equal rights b. International Women’s Day 3. Legacy a. Feminism movements b. Communism movements B. Klara Zetkin 1. Reputation a. Feminists b. Communists 2. Accomplishments ...
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...the foreign intervention and Qajar. Patriotic opinions of the religious classes established a Constitutional Movement that took place from 1905 to 1911. An alliance consisting of ulama bazaaris and fellow thinkers forced Qajar Shah to pass a constitution to enact a parliament 1906. The introduction of the constitution limited the absolutist rule powers. After the discovery of oil in 1908 in Britain, Qajar Shah Position and military power weakened. Some artists were in Europe to study and master academic paintings and upon their return; they found fine arts academies (Arjomand, 2008). During the World War I, the British and Russian powers occupied the country but it maintains neutrality. With Reza Shah in power, Iran began to secularize and modernize the government as well as taking control over the provinces and tribes. The British together with the Russians overthrow Reza Shah in 1941 and Muhammad Reza, his son overtakes his place through to 1980. During Muhammad's time in power...
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