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Oklahoma City Bombing and the Media

Before September 11, 2001 America was attacked April 19, 1995 by one of its own citizens, the attack is now known as the Oklahoma City Bombing. The attack claimed 168 lives, which 19 of them were children and several hundred were injured, (FBI). By definition this attack was terrorism; terrorism is the unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized group against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or government, often for ideological or political reasons, (Barnett, Reynolds). From researching and studying terrorism and the media this paper will include; the background on Timothy McVeigh, Oklahoma City Bombing, how it was reported, how it is different from now and the speculations of how the media helped or harmed the situation.
Timothy McVeigh grew up living a ‘normal life’, with loving parents and childhood friends but he felt unloved. In third grade he witnessed a neighbor boy drown a bag of kittens in a nearby pond he was so disgusted that day forward he could not bear the sight of death to the point he stopped shooting bull frogs with his bb gun. That all changed when he joined the United States Army and was deployed to the Gulf War. In basic and deployment training his mind set was changed to killing was an act of war, he even declared the attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building an act of war, (Michel, Herbeck).It was just a mission and solider are used to carrying out missions that brought pain to others, (Michel, Hebeck). In a way Timothy was trying to be America’s freedom fighter, “one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter,” (Barnett, Reynolds). Psychological is one of the motives for political violence, Timothy displayed this in his attack in Oklahoma City, he had justified his actions to himself but no one understood or saw his point of view. He was trying to get the government’s attention, his belief was you reap what you sow and he wanted the government to reap what the sowed, (Michel, Herbeck). He insisted that prior to deployment the Army injected him with a computer chip, (Michel, Herbeck). He hated the government; he showed this in Waco two years prior to the attack in Oklahoma City because of its raid on the Branch Davidian compound, (Casey).
The morning of April 19, 1994 when Oklahoma City’s Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was attacked by an American citizen, (FBI). The American citizen was Timothy McVeigh, a decorated war veteran who served in the Gulf War, a man that felt that he needed to gain justice for America from their own government, (Michel, Herbeck). He was accomplice by Terry Nichols, a friend from the Army, (Casey). This attack was a citizen vs. state form of political violence, (Barnett and Reynolds). As people turned on their television they witnessed emergency crews rushing to the scene of the attack and debris scatter around the streets of Oklahoma City, (KOCO-TV). Seeing the building in this condition will be a site many people will never be able to erase from their memory. This shock media was what made many viewers stay tuned in, people that did not normally watch the news turned on their television to learn, (NBC).
Images stick in people’s minds staying with them for years to come, it grabs attention of viewers having them staying alert to the details of the story. Images are not just used in television but also in news articles posted on the internet to retain an audience, people learn even through an image, (Barnett, Reynolds).These images followed Newhagen’s order of effectiveness, they first brought anger to the people, then fear because they did not know what happened and if it was going to happen again, then disgust overcame the viewer’s due to simply not understanding why this happen to their city, (NBC). In both of these instances having the images on the television after both events occurred caused a ‘rally around the flag’ effect. In the 1995 attack there was a picture taken of a firefighter holding a dying infant and in the 2001 attack there is a picture of firefighters hold up the flag in all the ruble, (Casey). These images are recognized still to this day, it is way to show America pride. People gathered to help the community, citizens showed their patriotism; money and reliefs teams were sent from all corners of the states to join together in the effort of putting Oklahoma City back together, (Naureckas).
According to the FBI it was the worse act of homegrown terrorism in the nation’s history; of course this happened before America was attacked on September 11, 2001. With nothing to stand on but the original attack on the World Trade Center just a couple years earlier the media and Americans assumed the attack was done by terrorist from the Middle East, (FBI).CBS News’ Jim Stewart even went to the extent to state, “The betting here is on Middle East Terrorist,” (Naureckas). The New York Post stated,
“Knowing the car bomb indicates Middle Eastern terrorist at work, it’s safe to assume that their goal is to promote free-floating fear and a measure of anarchy, thereby disputing American life,”( Naureckas).
Almost like Americans refuse to believe one of their own would bring harm to their own people. After the attack Americans had no sense of security, they were surprised to find out there were militia groups throughout their homeland, (Casey). Before the bombing Clinton did not feel like legitimate violence against the federal government and its employees was possible or a reality. Fifteen years later President Clinton spoke to the country about the tragic event, he mentions how the images of the attack still brings back the feeling had so many years ago, (Clinton). As the newscasters tried to explain what they witnessed they were speechless, impossible not to show their emotion. As events took place they covered it, almost like the CNN effect; the CNN effect takes place when 24 news coverage shapes public policy, (Barnett, Reynolds). Like the coverage of September 11th they continued to show the building in shambles, no matter what else was going on in the world that day the only thing people paid attention to was the city of Oklahoma,(Today Show). Framing is a central organizing idea for news content that supplies a context and suggests what the issue is through the use of selection, emphasis, exclusions and elaboration, (Barnett, Reynolds).The media coverage and the framing of the story were formed by the news reporters as they gained information, trying to keep America informed the best as possible. Hard news was difficult to report; there was no time to have any type of agenda setting.
The FBI conducted an investigation determined to find who was responsible for the mass murder that occurred where they found a metal frame of a vehicle that lead them to Junction City, Kansas,(FBI). Addition to the frame they also discovered footage from a camera from a nearby bank that showed a moving truck being parked in front of the building, (Casey). In Junction City, Kansas is where they were able to collaborate with security video at a truck rental business. During this time Timothy was being pulled over 90 miles from the terrorist attack and arrested for speeding and having a concealed weapon, (FBI). The bomb that was created for the attack included agricultural fertilizer, diesel fuel and other chemicals leaving a residue on Timothy in which lead the FBI to their suspicion. Once Timothy McVeigh was arrested and became a suspect the media had already convicted Timothy, there was not even a trial scheduled, (Michel, Herbeck). It was not until August 10, 1995 a grand jury indicted Timothy and Terry and charged with count of conspiracy to use weapons of mass destruction, death and injury, malicious destruction of federal property and the murder of eight federal employees, (Casey).
The media helped and hurt the situation after the Oklahoma City bombing, media outlets have been known to accuse people, groups, and organization to the point it seems like it is a conviction before all the facts have been gathered. It happened 20 years ago, and it happens today, journalist’s agenda setting is determined by their thoughts and feelings. The people watching the news only could conclude their feelings and thoughts on what was being told to them, causing unfair judgment causing people to have hatred to people that were innocent. Since television was the fastest way to get word out about the attack it was the only thing people learned. Internet was not as developed and people did not log in new channels as often as they do now and newspapers would be a day later with older information.
April 19, 1995 America was attacked by an American terrorist, Timothy McVeigh, all for the purpose to gain attention from the government, to get back at the government for things that he believed were wrong. Fear spread across Oklahoma City that morning, their citizens did not know why or what happened, the concern that it might happen again came up. The media did what it could to report they needed and make everyone aware of the situation. Even though they jumped to conclusion so did rest of America.
Works Cited
Barnett, Brooke, and Amy Reynolds. Terrorism and the Press: An Uneasy Relationship. New York: Peter Lang, 2009. Print.
Clinton, William J. “The Tragedy of Oklahoma City 15 years Later and The Lessons of Today.” Vital Speeches of the Day 76.6 (2010): 261-267 Academic Search Premier. 26 Jan 2015.
Diana, M. Casey. “Oklahoma City Bombing.” Salem Press Encylopedia (2013): Research Starters. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
Michel, Lou, and Herbeck, Dan. American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing. New York: HarperCollins World, 2001. Print.
Naureckas, Jim. “The Oklahoma City Bombing.” Fair. Fair, 01 Jul. 1995. Web. 10 Feb 2015.
"KOCO-TV News...Oklahoma City Bombing April 19, 1995." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.
"NBC News Coverage of the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks (Part 1 of 2)." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.
"Oklahoma City Bombing Live Coverage 1995." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. “Terror Hits Home: The Oklahoma City Bombing.” FBI. FBI. 21 May 2010. Web. 25 Jan 2015.

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