...Chapter: Working Capital Management 1.Definition of Working Capital: 1.The capital which is required to finance current assets is called working capital. 2. That is in operating daily business of the firm effectively, some resources are needed and the capital which are needed to finance, these resources is called working capital 3. “Working capital may be defined as all the shot term assets used in daily operation”—John. J Harpton. 4. Short term assets of a firm means cash money, short-term securities, inventory, Bill receivable, note receivable, Debtors etc. 5.In operating daily business, fixed assets are also needed in addition to current assets. Though some fixed assets help on the daily operation of a firm, these can’t be told as working capital, because these can’t be converted into cash in this current accounting period. So, the assets which can be converted into Raw Material from cash---R/M—Finished Goods—B/R—Cash and helps in operating daily business of the firm, is called working Capital. Working capital is also called ‘Trading Capital”, Circulating capital/Short term capital /Short /Current Assets management. 2.Concepts of Working Capital: There are 2 concepts of working capital. 1. Gross working capital. 2. Net Working capital. 1. Gross Working Capital: In fact, working capital means Gross Working Capital. It means the firm’s investment in current assets. Current assets are the assets which be converted into cash within an accounting period or one year (normally)...
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...Trends in Working Capital Management and its Impact on Firms’ Performance: An Analysis of Mauritian Small Manufacturing Firms Kesseven Padachi* A well designed and implemented working capital management is expected to contribute positively to the creation of a firm’s value The purpose of this paper is to examine the trends in working capital management and its impact on firms’ performance. The trend in working capital needs and profitability of firms are examined to identify the causes for any significant differences between the industries. The dependent variable, return on total assets is used as a measure of profitability and the relation between working capital management and corporate profitability is investigated for a sample of 58 small manufacturing firms, using panel data analysis for the period 1998 – 2003. The regression results show that high investment in inventories and receivables is associated with lower profitability. The key variables used in the analysis are inventories days, accounts receivables days, accounts payable days and cash conversion cycle. A strong significant relationship between working capital management and profitability has been found in previous empirical work. An analysis of the liquidity, profitability and operational efficiency of the five industries shows significant changes and how best practices in the paper industry have contributed to performance. The findings also reveal an increasing trend in the short-term component of working capital...
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...Capital Working Strategies FIN/414 December 18, 2014 Richard Nashner Working Capital Strategies Walmart is on the path of expanding its brand; this paper highlights its finances by looking at its recent financial reports- balance sheets and statements of cash flow. By doing so, we can therefore make a projection or forecast Walmart’s revenue for 2015. Such projection comes with working capital recommendation, and the new lesson learned from previous financial reports of the company. Working Capital A review of Walmart’s financial statements shows that its net working capital had range from positive to negative and vice versa. Walmart current revised assets total $61,185 billion; an increase of two percent in 2014. The current liabilities in 2014 total $69,345 billion and $71,818 billion in 2013 (Walmart, 2015). This information indicates that Walmart working capital in was negative in 2014 with a balance of -$8,160 billion, which obviously reflects a long term liabilities. In 2013, its working capital was also in the negative of -$11,878 billion; this notwithstanding reflects a decrease of its working capital by over three million dollars. According to Walmart (2015), “ The decrease in our working capital deficit was primarily attributable to a decrease in long-term debt due within one year and an increase in our inventory levels due to lower than anticipated sales across the Company” (p. 27). Walmart as per its first quarter report in 2015 intend to decrease...
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...British Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences September 2012, Vol. 5 (2) The Effect of Working Capital Management on the Profitability of Turkish SMEs Ece C. KARADAGLI Cankaya University, Department of Banking and Finance Eskisehir Yolu 29. km, Ankara, 06810, Turkey Phone: (90) 312 233 12 04; Fax: (90) 312 233 10 27 E-mail: ece@cankaya.edu.tr 36 Abstract This paper focuses on the effects of working capital management as measured by cash conversion cycle and net trade cycle on the firm performance for a sample of Turkish listed companies and searches for potential differences between the profitability effects of working capital management for the SMEs and for the bigger companies with an accompanying aim to examine whether net trade cycle can efficiently substitute for cash conversion cycle as a measure of working capital management. The research is conducted for the period of 2002-2010 by using pooled panel analysis with annual data. The findings suggest that an increase in both the cash conversion cycle and the net trade cycle improves firm performance in terms of both the operating income and the stock market return for SMEs where as for bigger companies a decrease in cash conversion cycle and net trade cycle is associated with enhanced profitability. Besides, the findings also imply that managers can use net trade cycle instead of cash conversion cycle confidentially. Keywords: cash conversion cycle, net trade cycle, firm performance, SMEs, emerging economies...
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...Sweden University Department of Social Sciences Business Administration D Master Thesis Fachhochschule Aachen Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften Europäischer Studiengang Wirtschaft Diplomarbeit THE IMPACT OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT ON CASH HOLDINGS – A Quantitative Study of Swedish Manufacturing SMEs Author: Place of Birth: 1st Examiner: 2nd Examiner: Tutor: Term: Due Date: Maxime Abel Frankenthal, Germany Prof. Håkan Boter (Mid Sweden University) Prof. Dr. Jürgen Stephan (Fachhochschule Aachen) Dr. Darush Yazdanfar Summer 2008 May 30th, 2008 Abstract This study examines the impact of working capital management on cash holdings of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in Sweden. The aim of this work is to theoretically derive significant factors related to working capital management which have an influence on the cash level of SMEs and test these in a large sample of Swedish manufacturing SMEs. The theoretical framework for this study consists of a treatise of motives for holding cash, working capital management and cash level. From these theoretical findings, two hypotheses are deduced: • H1: Cash holdings are negatively related to the presence of cash substitutes • H2: Cash holdings are positively related to working capital management efficiency The quantitative investigation consists of the statistical analysis – namely comparison of means and correlation analysis – of key figures which are calculated from the financial statements of a...
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...WORKING CAPITAL DEFINITION OF WORKING CAPITAL Working Capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities ❖ Current Assets are - ➢ Customer Outstanding ➢ FG Inventory ➢ WIP ➢ GIT ➢ Other Current Assets ➢ Vendor Debits. ❖ Current Liabilities are - ➢ Customer Advances ➢ Vendor Credits etc. ❖ +ve WC signifies requirement of money and vice versa ❖ Analogous to Cash Inflow – Cash Outflows Working Capital Budgeting/ Monitoring of Various Parameters Customer outstanding – Amount receivable from the customer for progress / pucca invoices raised including the retention money both for divisible and indivisible contracts. Tax deducted at source by the customer should form part of outstanding until customer issue TDS certificates. For divisible contracts, the outstanding represent gross amount of the invoices less pure advance and milestone payments received. For indivisible contracts, the outstanding represent gross progress bill amount less pure advance, milestone and progress payments received. Format for computation of customer outstanding |Month |April 01 |. |. |Mar2002 |Average | | |1 |2 |3 |12 ...
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...SUMMER TRAINING REPORT SUBMITTED TOWARDS THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF POST GRADUATE DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT On Kotak Mahindra Group INDUSTRY GUIDE FACULTY GUIDE AMITY INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, NOIDA AMITY UNIVERSITY – UTTAR PRADESH TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter No. Subject Page No. Ch No.1 Executive Summary…………………. 6 Ch No.2 Research Methodology……………… 7 2.1 Primary Objective(s)…………. 2.2 Hypothesis…………………… 2.3 Research Design……………… 2.4 Sample Design……………….. 2.5 Scope of the Study……………. 2.6 Limitations……………………. Ch No.3 Critical Review of Literature……….. 9 Ch No.4 Company Profile ……………………. 18 Ch No.5 Industry Profile……………….. 21 Ch No.6 SWOT Analysis…………………. 45 Ch No.7 Data………………………………….. 46 7.1 Collection……………………… 7.2 Primary Data…………………… 7.3 Secondary Data….…………….. Ch No.8 Working Capital- Overall View……… 53 Ch No.9 Findings & Analysis…………………. 100 Ch No.10 Recommendations…………………… 112 Ch No.11 Bibliography…………………………. 114 Ch No.12 Annexure…………………………….. 115 12.1 Tables…………………………. 12.2 Graphs………………………… Ch No.13 Case Study...…..................................... 117 Ch...
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...materials cost Tk. 50 per unit Direct labor cost 20 per unit Overheads cost 40 per unit Total cost 110 per unit Profit 30 per unit Selling Price Tk.140 per unit You are also given the following additional information: (i) Average Raw material in stock: One month (ii) Average Raw materials in process: Half a month (iii) Stock of Finished goods: 30 days (iv) 20% of sales are cash sales (v) Expected cash balance is: Tk. 100.000 (vi) Credit allowed to debtors: Two months (vii) Credit allowed by Creditors: 45 days (viii) Time Lag in payment of wages: 15 days (ix) Time lag in Payment of Overhead: 1 month You are required to prepare statement showing the working capital requirement if level of activity of the company is at 70,000 units. Solution: First we should calculate the investment in all current assets: A. Investment in Inventory: 1) Inventory in Raw material: Consumption of Raw material x R.M. Conversion Period = Tk. 291,667 360 days 70,000 Units x Tk.50 = X 30 days 360 days (2) Inventory in work in progress: Cost of Production x W.I P. Conversion Period = Tk.3,20,833 360 days 70,000 Units x Tk.110 x 15 days 360 days (3) Finished Goods Inventory: Cost of Sales = X Finished goods conversion period 360 days 70,000 Units x Tk.110 = X 30 days 360 days Tk. 6,41,667 ...
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...Two Readings on Working Capital Management Keys To Successful Working Capital Management From the perspective of the Chief Financial Officer (CFO), the concept of working capital management is relatively straightforward: to ensure that the organization is able to fund the difference between short-term assets and short-term liabilities. In practice, though, working capital management has become the Achilles' heel of scores of finance organizations, with many CFOs struggling to identify core working capital drivers and the appropriate level of working capital. As a result, companies can be limited in their ability to weather unforeseen or adverse events and ensure that cash is readily available where it is needed, regardless of the circumstances. By understanding the role and drivers of working capital management and taking steps to reach the "right" levels of working capital, companies can minimize risk, effectively prepare for uncertainty and improve overall performance. Factors Influencing Working Capital Performance For most CFOs, the greatest challenge with respect to working capital management is the need to understand and influence factors that are out of their direct control, in order to obtain a complete picture of the company's needs. The CFO's span of control can be limited in terms of functional silos, though corporate finance may well have some powers of influence over operating units. While organizations generally concentrate on the right processes...
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...BETWEEN WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT AND PROFITABLITY OF LISTED MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN GHANA Agyemang Badu Ebenezer Lecturer, Department of Business Administration Presbyterian University College, Ghana Michael Kwame Asiedu Lecturer, Department of Business Administration Presbyterian University College, Ghana ABSTRACT This study examines the effect of working capital management on the profitability of companies listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange. Secondary data from the Ghana Stock Exchange on manufacturing companies within the Accra metropolis was used to examine whether working capital management influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. The study found out that, the major component of working capital management such as inventory days, account payable and cash conversion cycle have influence on the profitability of manufacturing companies. The study recommended that, manufacturing companies should adopt efficient and effective ways of efficiently managing these components of working capital management. KEY WORDS: Working capital management, profitability, net operating profit 1.1 INTRODUCTION Working Capital Management has become very important in financial management because of its effects on the firm’s profitability, risk and consequently its value. There are several important reasons why the management of working capital is important to both small and large organisations. (Smith, 1980). A well designed and implemented working capital management...
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...Definition of 'Working Capital' A measure of both a company's efficiency and its short-term financial health. The working capital ratio is calculated as: Working Capital This ratio indicates whether a company has enough short term assets to cover its short term debt. Anything below 1 indicates negative W/C (working capital). While anything over 2 means that the company is not investing excess assets. Most believe that a ratio between 1.2 and 2.0 is sufficient. Also known as "net working capital", or the "working capital ratio". Investopedia Says Investopedia explains 'Working Capital' If a company's current assets do not exceed its current liabilities, then it may run into trouble paying back creditors in the short term. The worst-case scenario is bankruptcy. A declining working capital ratio over a longer time period could also be a red flag that warrants further analysis. For example, it could be that the company's sales volumes are decreasing and, as a result, its accounts receivables number continues to get smaller and smaller. Working capital also gives investors an idea of the company's underlying operational efficiency. Money that is tied up in inventory or money that customers still owe to the company cannot be used to pay off any of the company's obligations. So, if a company is not operating in the most efficient manner (slow collection), it will show up as an increase in the working capital. This can be seen by comparing the working capital from one...
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...August 23, 2015 M. Shahjahan Mina Professor, Department of Finance University Of Dhaka Subject: Letter regarding Submission of report on Working Capital Management Of M.I. Cement Factory Ltd Dear sir, With due respect, we, a study group of six members of B.B.A. Program (18th Batch) under Department of Finance, University of Dhaka, submit the report entitled “Working Capital Management of M.I. Cement Factory Ltd.” that you have assigned us as the partial course requirement of the respective semester. We thank you, sir, for this assignment which has enriched our knowledge of this topic. Also, our involvement with little field study has nurtured our understanding, which will undoubtedly help us in the coming semesters and further. Respectfully ………………………………… Md. Akramuzzaman On behalf of the group, Roll: 18-113, Section: A Department of Finance University of Dhaka Working capital management is the management of current assets and liabilities of an organization. It is extremely important for any manufacturing company. WC represents a large portion of the total investment in assets. This clearly indicates that the finance manager should pay a close attention to the management of current assets on a continuing basis. Besides, there is a direct relationship between a firm’s growth and its working capital needs. As sales grow, the firm needs to invest more in inventories and debtors. In this report, we have...
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...Money and Currency Market Assessment Working Capital Management Report #3 Faculty of Business Field of Study: Money and Currency Market Kozminski University, Warsaw Handed in by: Ewa Dembska, Jennifer March, Sarah Steinberger Course: WIB-bi 13 Academic tutor: Prof. Dr. Mieczysław Grudziński Warsaw, 25th March 2015 | Introduction to the problem You are the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of BP. This afternoon you played golf with a member of the company’s board of directors. Somewhere during the back nine, the board member enthusiastically described a recent article she had read in a leading management journal. This article noted several companies that had improved their stock price performance through effective working capital management, and the board member was intrigued. She wondered whether BP was managing its working capital effectively and, if not, whether BP could accomplish something similar. How was BP managing its working capital, and how does it compare to its competitors? Upon returning home, you decide to do a quick preliminary investigation using information freely available on the Internet. Task 1 Obtain BP’s financial statements for the past four years from Yahoo! Finance (http://finance.yahoo.com). See attachments Excel File: Case#3 Spreadsheet Task 2 Obtain the competitors' ratios for comparison from Yahoo! Finance (http://finance.yahoo.com). See attachments Excel File: Case#3 Spreadsheet Task 3 Compute the cash conversion cycle for BP for each of the...
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...Finance / under West Bengal State University, Barasat) Title of the Project WORKING CAPITAL MANGEMENT IN MARUTI SUZUKI INDIA.LTD Submitted by Name of the Candidate: TANUMOY ROY Registration No. : 13611131114020870 OF 2011-12 Name of the College: RBC EVENING COLLEGE College Roll No: 21 Supervised by Name of the Supervisor MR RANJIT KUMAR DUTTA Name of the College: RBC EVENING COLLEGE Month & Year of Submission FEB 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank our head of the department (HOD) Mr. Ranjit Kumar Dutta, for giving necessary support during the course. Chapter No. | Particulars | Page No. | 1. | INTRODUCTION | 4-7 | 2. | AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY SCENARIO IN INDIA | 8 | 3. | PRESENTATION OF DATA, ANALYSIS, FINDING | 9-11 | 4. | CONCLUSION,RECOMMENDATION,LIMITATION | 12 | 5. | BIBLOGRAPHY AND REFERANCES | 13 | 6. | SUPERVISER CERTIFICATE | 14 | 7. | STUDENT DECLARATION | 15 | CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1.1CONCEPT OF WORKING CAPITAL The term working capital is used to mean that proportion of working capital of a business which is employed in short Term or current operations. There are two type of working capital: gross and net. Gross working capital is the sum total of all current asset, while net working capital is the difference between current asset and current liabilities. IMPORTANCE OF WORKING CAPITAL * The business can avail the advantages of cash discount facilities offered...
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...u08a1 Essay – Minimizing Working Capital Using Internet resources or the Capella University Library, research and write an essay on the importance and challenges of minimizing working capital. Your paper should be 4–6 pages in length and include three outside references. Your writing should be well organized and clear. Writing structure, spelling, and grammar should be correct as well. How to improve better performance of Working Capital Management Read more: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/finance/how-to-improve-better-performance-of-working-capital-management-finance-essay.php#ixzz2E8PrJWkr http://www.studymode.com/essays/Working-Capital-408723.html http://blog.accountingcpd.net/2012/08/16/working-capital-optimisation-in-smes-part-iii/ http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Working-Capital/53803 * http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Minimizing-Working-Capital/30029 * http://www.ing-wholesalebanking.com/insights/assets/pdf/research/1482.pdf * http://smallbusiness.chron.com/effect-revenue-increase-working-capital-42574.html * Working Capital * In business accounting, working capital is a benchmark measure of your company's ability to meet its short-term obligations. It's calculated by taking your business' current assets and subtracting its current liabilities. Current assets are those that can or will be converted to cash in the next year. The major current assets are cash, accounts receivable and inventory. Current liabilities are obligations...
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