...depicting the past and neglecting the present” and “challenged artists to paint the ordinary aspects of modern life and to find in them some grand and epic quality” (Chu 258). This statement marks the transition to Realism. Some Realist artists responded to Boudelaire’s call by depicting scenes of labor of ordinary lower class people. In this essay, I will compare five paintings on the subject of work and explain the different approaches each artist used to convey their message. Jean-Francois Millet’s primary objective was to “portray the rural poor as icons: a noble peasantry condemned to backbreaking labor in a harsh environment who nonetheless remain dignified, even achieving spiritual power" (Murphy 1). Man With a Hoe (Figure 1) epitomizes this goal. In this painting, a single isolated man stands hunched over his hoe, mouth sagging, resting from the back-breaking work he endures under the burning sun. The ruthless environment he labors in is accentuated by the dry and barren landscape that surrounds him which also emphasizes his isolation. Nonetheless, the sun shines upon and highlights the laborer’s face and posture, giving him a presence that shows that he commands his space and has full control of the landscape around him. In this way, Millet portrays his character as somewhat of a rural hero, someone that could be respected and looked up to despite his lower class status. Gustave Courbet also depicted rural labor, but instead he desired “to create...
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...shaped by history, ethics, philosophy, and law, but from the late 19th century onwards, scientific approach to study politics gradually emerged. Comparative politics, in my view, do not study and analyze big issues of politics only. It also provides us the stage to study and analyze the political, social and economic situation of a particular society or state from the lens of art, literature, cinema, dramas, etc. Not only that, art and literature are the mirror of the society, so to understand particular society and political system, studying and analyzing art, literature is important. Being a student of comparative politics, here I have a good opportunity to study and compare three distinct images of a particular society. In this term paper, I am going to study three distinct pillars of Indian art and literature, which represent three different images and ideas. Satyajit Ray, MF Husain, and Arundhati Roy are an Indian film director, painter, and writer respectively which represents the postcolonial Indian society. Introduction: India is the country with the world's ancient civilization; however the modern political history of India was shaped only after the India's independence from the British Raj. On one hand, India is the home of the world's second largest population and on the other hand, based on the number of an electorate, India is also...
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...Art and Culture The role women and their influence in the twentieth century started when they were challenged, by men, not allowing women to be included in the art exhibits and therefore the feminist movement had begun. The feminist movement was started with four women artists: Yoko Ono, Adrian Piper, Carolee Schneemann, and Eva Hesse who participated in and prompted the artistic directions. The purpose of the feminist movement was to protest for equal rights, sexism, gender roles, and reproductive rights so women could be allowed in the American art world. In 1971, art historian Linda Nochlin published an essay “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?” In this article she argued with art critics and historians. Nochlin explained how women were being excluded from all art exhibits and collections. Women started protesting by picketing museums and staging demonstrations. In 1972, women started shaping American society by opening their own art galleries all over the world to show their work. They opened feminist art programs at Fresno State College and California Institute of the Arts (Cal Arts) in early 1970. By 1974 over 1,000 United States colleges and universities offered women’s studies courses. In 1975, women started creating images of their bodies to proclaim women’s right to control and enjoy their bodies, which was the start of women’s liberation, while other women decided to dress up their painting with embroidery, knitting, quilting, and china paintings...
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...SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR HISTORICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN Gerard M Koot History Department University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Allen, Robert C., The British Industrial Revolution in a Global Perspective, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Pp. viii, 331. Allen’s book is an excellent example of the persuasiveness of the new economic history. It is solidly rooted in statistical data and uses sophisticated methods of economic analysis but its analysis is presented in plain English. He argues that the first industrial revolution occurred in northwestern Europe because its high wages during the early modern period encouraged technological innovation. Although high wages were initially a consequence of the demographic disaster of the Black Death, they were reinforced during the early modern period by the economic success of the region around the North Sea, first, in European trade and manufacturing, especially in wresting the textile industry from the Italians, and then in world trade. According to Allen, the first industrial revolution took place in Britain instead of the Low Countries primarily because of Britain’s abundant and cheap coal resources, combined with the central government’s ability to use mercantilist policies and naval power to reap the greatest benefits from an expanding European and world trade. Once it had taken the lead from the Dutch, and defeated the French, Britain used its comparative advantage to consolidate...
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...Impressionism and Post-Impressionism Art In researching periods of art, the rebellious changes in the late 19th century sparked my interest. Artists in the late 19th century sought to transform the idea of portraying realistic subjects and developed a less formal style that they viewed as more true to how we actually see. I found the Impressionism and Post-Impressionism movements, each with their own distinct styles and characteristics were the gateway to the modern art of today. In this essay I will describe and compare art in the two periods, including social conditions of the time and how these movements influenced the future art world. Impressionism represents a style as well as a name of a group of artists who rebelled against the art academies in Europe. These art academies and government-sanctioned art exhibits, known as salons, controlled how artists made their work known and the value of that art. Artists, such as Monet, Renoir and Degas, used radical techniques in their compositions and were rejected by the salons. These artists challenged the conservative academic standards of form and detail. They came together in 1874 to hold their own independent art exhibition. The name of the style came from critic, Louis Leroy, after publishing his review of the exhibition in which Monet’s painting Impression: Sunrise was displayed. Leroy criticized Monet’s work for appearing unfinished and only giving the impression of art (Samu, n.d.). The Impressionism artists renounced...
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...Introduction At the time of Olaf Leu’s writing, the traditionalist geometry of the international typographic style and unrestrained freedom of American design was just as important as the influences on both German design and design around the globe. The American and japan conceptual innovation and visual invention was spread throughout the globe. During the 1980s and 90s the rapid development of electronic and computer technology began to change the process and appearance of design. Overnight these big changes recurred within mail, fax machines and the internet, this all served to further shrink the human community into Marshall Mcluhans global village. Influential People Alan Fletcher is one of the most influential figures in post-war British graphic design. The fusion of the cerebral European tradition with North America’s emerging pop culture in the formulation of his distinct approach made him a pioneer of independent graphic design in Britain during the late 1950s and 1960s. As a founding partner of Pentagram in the 1970s, Fletcher helped to establish a model of combining commercial partnership with creative independence. He also developed some of the most memorable graphic schemes of the era, notably the identities of Reuters and the Victoria & Albert Museum, and made his mark on book design as creative director of Phaidon. Siobhan Keaney After graduating from the LCP, Siobhan Keaney worked briefly for three of London’s most prestigious design companies. She...
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...In the book Selenidad author Debra Paredez discusses the difference between Latinidad in general and the type that originated after the death of popular Tejano performer, Selena Quintanilla. Paredez's depiction of an accepted non-White femininity can be used to better understand what it is to be Latina. In addition, Paradez describes Selenidad as a reconstructed symbolism that transcends various groups within the Latino/a community as is seen in modern popular performances. Rita Moreno, Gloria Estefan, and Jennifer Lopez are women who in the past have shown that it is possible to be Latina and popular among the dominant culture. Yet, we do not speak about, "Ritanidad" or "Jenniferdad" because, as Paredez explains, in the U.S. a person is not...
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...The Final Portfolio Parker May 16th, 2013 World History A2 Table of Contents Part 1: Exams Part 2: Research Essays Part 3: Comparative Papers Part 4: Current Events Reports Part 5: Self Reflection Appendix Artifact 1: Unit 1 Test Artifact 2: Unit 3 and 4 Test Artifact 3: Unit 6 Test Artifact 4: Isis Egyptian Paper Artifact 5: Crusades Paper Artifact 6: Current Events article: India Artifact 7: Current Events article: South America Artifact 8: Current Events article: Russia Part 1: Exams Artifact 1 is the test over unit 1. This artifact consists of matching, multiple choice, fill in the chart, short answer, fill in the blank, and an essay. The test covers the characteristics of ancient civilizations and facts on the civilizations themselves. The religion of each civilization is examined and gods are compared. This comparison is present in some multiply choice questions about each culture and it's most powerful gods. There is also a chart matching a Greek god to it's Roman counterpart and a section where a god is matched to it's description. In this artifact writing style of different civilizations are examined. There is a small portion covering terms and geography as well as jobs and social classes. In this artifact the student was given three pictures of different types of columns and asked to classify each as Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian. The purpose of this unit was to teach the students about the origins of many cultures...
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...|Analysing an Essay Question | 1. Introduction Common criteria of undergraduate essay writing focus on the following requirements: students need to be analytical and critical in their response students need to structure their writing logically students need to be persuasive writers | students need to answer the question | This booklet looks at, how to analyse your essay question. Other Learning Centre booklets in this series deal with the other aspects: • Analytical Writing deals with the difference between analytical and descriptive writing • Planning and Structuring an Essay deals with logical structures • Developing and Supporting an Argument deals with persuasion Expectations of student assignments One of the difficulties experienced by students, particularly in first year, is understanding what standard is expected in essays at tertiary level. As well as this, each subject discipline has its own ways of doing things and its own conventions about essay structure and writing style. For instance, in some subjects it is acceptable to write very personally and put forward your own opinions and feelings on a topic and in others such a personal response would not be appropriate. You need to find out the expectations and conventions...
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...Marxist theory has both informed community development and provided one of the most resonant critiques of it. Discuss Over the years Marxist theory has not only informed community development but it has also provided one of the most resonant critiques of it. To Marxism, the biggest critique of community development is that it is a mechanism for control to keep the working class in their place and in reserve for when their labour is needed. I will discuss the Marxist theories of alienation and struggles over mode of production and resource allocation, as well as how Western Marxism has shaped community development. In this essay I will also discuss how Marxist theory has identified that the working class are to be exploited by the bourgeoisie and the only way to improve society is to dismantle the capitalist society and install a socialist society. Marxist theory is based on Karl Marx’s theory of the struggle of the working class people selling their labour to the bourgeoisie – the capitalists – and their oppression by the welfare system. Marx believed that the rich bourgeoisie exploited the working class and the only way to stop this exploitation was to overthrow the capitalist system with socialism. The only real difference between capitalism and socialism is that private property rights and voluntary exchange define capitalism, whereas socialism is based around collective ownership of the means of production, which is owned by the state (Butgereit and Carden 2011, p41)...
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...Franco 101 * Office Meeting Period MWF 1:15-2:15 (For an office meeting during this or a different time, please e-mail, phone, or speak to me in advance, if possible.) Office: 117 Franco * Office Phone: (610) 396-6298 * E-mail: TJL7@PSU.EDU Please note: This syllabus and various other course documents (including essay guidelines) will be posted online at our ANGEL course site. “I am proud of my humanity when I can acknowledge the poets and artists of other countries as my own. Let me feel with unalloyed gladness that all the great glories of man are mine.” ~ Rabindranath Tagore Course Overview Official Penn State description of CMLIT 153: “Comparison of narrative techniques employed by literature and film in portraying different cultures, topics may vary each semester.” This Fall 2015 offering of CMLIT 153, “International Cultures: Film and Literature,” focuses on cultural tensions in varied parts of the world. Among the tensions that these films and novels explore are ones that arise in relation to poverty and wealth (class tensions); changing female and male gender roles; concepts of love and marriage; family dynamics; traditional and modern identities; work and education; and shifting political realities. In your approach to the works considered in this course, moreover, please consider how such tensions are expressed through the imaginative prisms of cinema and literature. What are some of the resources that films employ to which textually-based literatures...
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...ALEX KITNICK “New Brutalism” remains a tricky term for the student of postwar art and architecture, both too specific and too general. On the one hand, it is associated with a small number of writings and projects carried out by a group of architects, artists, and critics in 1950s London. Alison and Peter Smithson first used the term to describe a residential project in Soho that was to be characterized by a “warehouse” aesthetic and unfinished surfaces, and, in a famous 1955 essay, Reyner Banham wrote that the movement’s three primary characteristics were “Memorability as an Image,” “Clear exhibition of Structure,” and “Valuation of Material ‘as found.’”1 Despite having been granted these attributes, however, or perhaps because of the way they lend themselves to both oversimplification (unfinished sur faces) and open- ended abstract ion (“Memorabilit y as an Image”), Brutalism is often employed today as nothing more than a vague epithet lobbed at vast expanses of postwar institutional building; its associations with art practice are, more frequently than not, left out entirely. The purpose of dedicating this issue to New Brutalism, then, is both to reconsider its theses and to reevaluate its work and writings, while at the same time amending and supplementing earlier histories of the moment, which have emphasized the pop aspects of the work. 2 In doing so, we hope to recapture something of New Brutalism’s latent critical potential. As Theo Crosby wrote in the January 1955...
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...Semester III & IV (As per Credit Based Semester and Grading System with effect from the academic year 2012–2013) 2 Programme – Bachelor of Arts (B. A.) Credit Based Semester and Grading System S.Y.B.A. Psychology Syllabi To be implemented from the Academic year 2012-2013 Semester III Course Course Code Title UAPSY301 Social Psychology: Part I UAPSY302 Developmental Psychology: Part I Units 1. The Field of Social Psychology 2. Social Cognition 3. Social Perception 4. Attitudes 1.Introduction - Beginnings 2.The Start of Life; Birth and the Newborn Infant 3.Physical Development in Infancy 4.Cognitive Development in Infancy Credits 3 Marks 100 ( 60 +40) 100 ( 60 +40) 3 Semester IV Course Course Code Title UAPSY401 Social Psychology Part II Units 1. Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination 2. Social Influence 3. Aggression 4. Groups and Individuals 1. Physical, Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years 2. Cognitive Development in Pre-school years 3. Physical, Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood 4. Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Credits 3 Marks 100 ( 60 +40) UAPSY402 Developmental Psychology: Part II 3 100 ( 60 +40) UAPSY 301 Semester III. Social Psychology: Part I (Credits = 3) 3 lectures per week; 45 lectures per Semester Objectives: 1. To impart knowledge of the basic concepts and modern trends in Social Psychology 2. To foster interest in Social Psychology as a field of study and research 3. To make the students aware of the...
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...1. Literature of the 17th century. John Milton. “Paradise Lost”. John Bunyan. “Pilgrim’s Progress”. The peculiarities of the English literature of the 17th century are determined by the events of the Engl. Bourgeois Revolution, which took place in 1640-60. King Charles I was beheaded in 1649& General Oliver Cromwell became the leader of the new government. In 1660, shortly after Cro-ll’s death, the dynasty of the Stuarts was restored. The establishment of new social&eco-ic relations, the change from feudal to bourgeois ownership, escalating class-struggle, liberation movement and contradictions of the bourgeois society found their reflection in lit-re. The main representatives of this period is: John Milton: was born in London&educated at Christ’s College. He lived a pure life believing that he had a great purpose to complete. At college he was known as the The Lady of Christ’s. he Got master’s degree at Cambridge. It’s convenient to consider his works in 3 divisions. At first he wrote his short poems at Horton. (The Passion, Song on May Morning, L’Allegro). Then he wrote mainly prose. His 3 greatest poems belong to his last group. At the age of 23 he had still done little in life&he admits this in one of his sonnets. (On his 23d B-day) In his another sonnet he wrote on his own blindness. (On his Blindness) Milton wrote diff. kinds of works. His prose works were mainly concerned with church, affairs, divorce & freedom. The English civil war between Charles...
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...Introduction Pire Paolo Pasolini was renowned Italian artist who plied the domains of poetry, intellectualism and film and literature with some of his works spanning the High renaissance epoch. Pasolini was notably distinguishable as a journalist, linguist and philosopher among a host other art domains that he pursued in the long yet drastically ended course of his art career. Pasolini was also a newspaper and magazine columnist as well as painter and renowned political figure. Eloit Audrene (2004) notes that Pasolini illustrated a unique and uncommon cultural dynamism in his course towards turning into a highly controversial figure evident through a closer assessment of his works of art. Pasolini was marked by outright disdain for the Bourgeoisie culture and social system. His ideologies tended towards the conceptual tenets and thrust of communism. On the 26th of January 1947 the author wrote a contentious declaration published on the front page of newspaper entitled Liberta, "In our opinion, we think that currently only communism is able to provide a new culture". What heightened the controversy with regards to his political ideological inclinations is that whilst it was evident in his art works that he disdained Feudalism Pasolini was still not a member the Country’s Community Party (PCI) which embraced ideas akin to his. This was contrary to common expectations given his public denouncements of the Bourgeoisie and the entirety of the feudalist social and societal conventions...
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