...X-Radiation Project Abstract This project will look at the history of X-radiation in its notable historical forms and trace the use of the technology all the way to contemporary forms of X-Radiation, including computed tomography. The origins of the two technologies will be traced as well as the improvements that have been made to them over the past number of decades. The importance of the technology will be assessed in terms of its efficiency and usefulness in the context of modern medicine. The finding is that CT, CAT, and X-ray allow for great convenience, lower cost, and higher quality imaging than is possible without these technologies. Background & State of the Art The story of X-rays begins in the late Nineteenth Century when a German professor named Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen introduced the discovery that a cathode ray tube could create a fluorescent glow of crystals that were placed on a surface near the tube (NA, 2014). After giving the cathode ray tube a higher voltage and removing all air from the inside of the tube, the professor found that the tube gave nearby objects a fluorescent glow of light. The upshot for the professor from this improvised experiment was that the tube must be giving off a new kind of ray that scientists were not yet familiar with. The most significant part of Roentgen’s discovery, for modern medical purposes, at least, was that the new ray...
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...An X-ray is a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. (Basic Principle) Other types of electromagnetic radiation that make up the electromagnetic spectrum are microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, and gamme rays. They all travel in waves, but possess different wavelengths. X-rays are shorter in wavelength compared to ultraviolet rays, but longer wavelengths when compared to gamma rays. (Comparison and Contrast) X rays are produced inside a vacuum tube called a Coolidge tube by the use of the principal cathode ray tube or an x-ray tube. (Location) In the case of the x-ray tube, the cathode and the anode have a voltage of 20-100 kV. The anode is typically made out of a substance called tungsten. Electrons emerging from the cathode hit the tungsten, loses energy from ionization and radiative collision, and results in x-rays and Brehmsstrahlung (white light photon). (Analysis) To be classified as x-rays, the frequency must range from 3x10^16 through 3x10^19 Hz. (Physical Description) The word X-ray, known as Roentgen rays in German-speaking countries, was named after its discoverer Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen. It was aptly named “X-rays,” with the “x” being a mathematical symbol for something unknown. He accidentally discovered it while experimenting with vacuum tubes in 1895. (Word Derivation) Strong, deeply penetrating, and highly destructive rays with short wavelengths are called hard X-rays. Those with longer wavelength and less penetrating...
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...Since an x-ray tube requires a direct current, some sort of means is required to change from AC to DC. With this x-ray tube it uses a single phase unrectified power source. Rectification is essential for safe and efficient operation of an x-ray tube. Since it is a single phase it will end up having a pulsating x-ray beam. This is caused by the alternating swing in voltage from 0 to 120 times each second under full wave rectification. A disadvantage of a single phase power source is that the x-rays created from single-phase voltage have a value close to zero and are of little diagnostic value due to their low penetrability. * single-phase generators produce voltage that varies from 0 to its maximum value With a metal enclosure the tube is able to maintain its constant electric potential between the electrons of the tube current and the enclosure. Some of the benefits of a metal tube are that it will have a longer life and is less likely to fail. With a metal enclosure you eliminate the problem of tungsten vaporization through grounding of the metal enclosure. The rotating anode which is usually made of molybdenum due to its poor thermal conduction allows the electron beam to interact with a larger target area; therefore, the heating of the anode is not confined to a small spot like with stationary anodes. The heat capacity can be improved by increasing the speed the anode is rotating at. A rotating anode is used in units that produce high-intensity beams and allows...
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...System Programming ﻣﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ: ﻣﻧﺎﻝ ﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ Second Class CHAPTER FIVE (Loaders and Linkers) Introduction: In this chapter we will understand the concept of linking and loading. As discussed earlier the source program is converted to object program by assembler. The loader is a program which takes this object program, prepares it for execution, and loads this executable code of the source into memory for execution. Definition of Loader: Loader is utility program which takes object code as input prepares it for execution and loads the executable code into the memory. Thus loader is actually responsible for initiating the execution process. Functions of Loader: The loader is responsible for the activities such as allocation, linking, relocation and loading 1) It allocates the space for program in the memory, by calculating the size of the program. This activity is called allocation. 2) It resolves the symbolic references (code/data) between the object modules by assigning all the user subroutine and library subroutine addresses. This activity is called linking. 3) There are some address dependent locations in the program, such address constants must be adjusted according to allocated space, such activity done by loader is called relocation. 4) Finally it places all the machine instructions and data of corresponding programs and subroutines into the memory. Thus program now becomes ready for execution, this activity is called loading. Loader Schemes: Based on the various...
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...inches) It limits the size of the area exposed by the primary beam. It also reduces the amount of scatter. Film holder: The holder aligns the x-ray beam with the film in the patient’s mouth. Filtration: The filtration system removes the long (soft) non-penetrating...
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...of surgery. Staffing for the clinic consists of one surgeon, two senior resident students, three clerks and four registered nurses. Patient flow for the clinic was approximately 80 patients per day, with 60 percent being for follow-up appointments. The process at the clinic can be broken down into several steps. First, at the front-desk, patients must register and verify all necessary medical and identification documents with three nurses and three clerks. Registration ends promptly at 11:30am, while verification continues until 12:45pm. Next, patients are taken to the radiology department where there is six imaging rooms and six technicians on staff. In this step, patients take two types of generic x-rays: upper extremity or lower extremity. Depending on the type of x-ray, extra time must be allotted for adjusting the machine. Patients then also had to wait for development and review of their films by radiologists. Finally, the patients had to return to the clinic and wait for a doctor to review their films with them regarding their injuries. Dr. Kellie Leitch, Chief of Paediatric Orthaepedic Surgery at CHWO was concerned with mounting wait times that were being reported, and decided...
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...Medical Imaging is a vital part of today’s medical industry as technology and the understanding of nuclear medicine has been able further provide diagnosis for thousands of diseases and injuries. The beginning of medical imaging occurred in 1895 when the first ever x-ray was taken by German Physics Professor, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (Imaginis, 2008). Since then the expanded knowledge of the atomic nucleus and discovery of radioactive isotopes have expanded the ability enabling us to image soft tissue, inflammation, abnormal growths and circulation. The atomic nucleus is essentially the number of electrons, protons and neutrons within an atom which determines the characteristics of the element. Within the atom, strong nuclear forces hold the neutrons and protons inside the nucleus, preventing the atom from breaking apart which provides stability for the smaller elements, such as oxygen and carbon (J. Lucas, 2014). To produce stability for heavier elements, the ratio of neutrons to protons must increase as the repulsion forces between the protons increase. This increase in neutrons decreases the space between the protons and prevents the repulsion forces from overcoming the strong nuclear forces. Isotopes are identified by the varying number of neutrons within the nucleus (Khan, 2014)...
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...Week 3 Lab Research Report 1 Ciera M. Jimerson Professor Alisha A. Etheredge SCI-110 October 27, 2013 Once it was impossible to understand the composition of the smallest basic cells, until the invention of microscopes. Even with the tools that exist it is not always possible to safely do in a field that deals with atoms, particles, radiation, and unstable compounds. The technology in the area of physical science makes it very important on how much is learned and studied in the fields of astronomy, chemistry, physics and even earth sciences. There have been many advances that allow for direct measurements in the field of physics, there are many obstacles and challenges to making direct observations in many circumstances. Physics is the study of energy, matter and the interaction between the two, which are impossible to observe with the naked eye. One common thing the field studies is energy creation to non-particles, all of the most recent discoveries in subatomic particles and the origins of the universe have all creative methods to study things that are extremely tiny. This would be the first major challenge to making direct measurements in physics. To avoid this problem, physicist usually studies these particles indirectly through things like associated radiation, energy, or the displacement of other atoms and/or compounds. Every measurement made on atoms or subatomic particles has caused indirect measurements (Kross). There are certain measurement tools whose...
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...assessing the extent of cortical compromise and the risk of pathological fracture in tubular bones.[6] For example, lytic lesions that destroy 50% or more of the diaphyseal cortex can result in a 60% to 90% reduction in bone strength, significantly increasing the risk of fracture.[6] Radiographs are recommended for patients with symptoms of pain or tenderness that might be related to a weight-bearing bone (eg, femur or tibia).[6] The radiographic bone survey, however, remains important in staging of multiple myeloma due to poor sensitivity of scintigraphy in this condition.[4,6] Plain radiography Radiography is the use of x-rays to visualize the internal structures of a patient. X-Rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, produced by an x-ray tube. The x-rays are passed through the body and captured behind the patient by a detector; film sensitive to x-rays or a digital detector. There is variance in...
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...Dental X-Rays More Than Just a Picture Mary Elise Golowic Wayne County Community College District – DEN 100 Abstract Many dental instruments used today are similar or identical to the day they were created, although it is not the case with the diagnostic tool used by dentists known as oral radiographs or dental x-rays. This paper will explore what a diagnostic radiograph is, how the x-ray is performed, how it provides dental professionals an aid in the finding of cavities, abscess and infection under tissue prior to having the ability to see it with the naked eye saving the patient time, money and possible pain, also with touching on how today’s technology has improved the dental professionals ability to detect many abnormalities from bone loss to tumors by using the ability to view medical issues prior to physical or visual signs are present (ADA 2014). Today, x-rays have become state of the art; occlusal radiographs, panoramic and intraoral views, or even the newer digital x-rays have become valuable tools in the care and treatment of dental health. Dental X-Rays More Than Just a Picture Diagnostic radiographs or dental x-rays, are a type of image of the teeth and mouth that are used to diagnose or treat patients by recording images of the internal structures in order to assess whether or not there is disease, foreign objects, or structural damage. X-rays are a form of high energy, electromagnetic, radiation that can penetrate the body to form an image on film. Structures...
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...S w 908D01 PAEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDIC CLINIC AT THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF WESTERN ONTARIO Manpreet Hora wrote this case under the supervision of Professor Robert D. Klassen and Dr. Kellie Leitch solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality. Ivey Management Services prohibits any form of reproduction, storage or transmittal without its written permission. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Management Services, c/o Richard Ivey School of Business, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7; phone (519) 661-3208; fax (519) 661-3882; e-mail cases@ivey.uwo.ca. Copyright © 2008, Ivey Management Services Version: (A) 2010-01-13 Dr. Kellie Leitch glanced at the data on wait times collected from the patients in one of her clinics. As Chief of Paediatric1 Orthopaedic surgery at the Children’s Hospital of Western Ontario (CHWO), she was very concerned by the long times that the young patients (and their parents) were experiencing in the daily clinic. Long wait times tended to aggravate the already pent-up distress and concern that they were feeling, and parents were...
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...Ultrasonic B-scans are used to create 2-D cross sectional images of the structure of interest. A solid ball would create merely a filled in circle; a tennis ball filled with air would create an image of a outer rim with empty space inside, as shown below: 4. The three controls that a technician uses on an x-ray machine are the voltage adjustment, mA control and the exposure timer. The voltage adjustment is used to control the penetrating power of the beam. A greater penetrating power will decrease the contrast of the image. The mA control is used to determine the current which flows through the filament in the cathode. This changes the number of photons produced, which affects the blackness of the image. Finally, the exposure timer is combined with the mA control to manipulate the darkness of the image. 5. Grids improve the image sharpness when a relatively thick body part is being imaged by maximizing the number of primary photons to pass through to the film, and interacting with the secondary photons to decrease the chance of secondary photons hitting the film. 6. CT scans use multiple x-rays or the rotation of a single x-ray rather than a single straight-forward x-ray to create the final image. The rotational motion of the scanner makes the target area...
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...You should have copies of the form IMM 5419, which contains Sections B to E. If you do not, please write to the Director of Immigration Health Programmes, at the address below, for information on how to obtain the form IMM 5419 on CD ROM. 2. Procedures for medical examination: (a) The person presenting this form requires the following medical tests: - complete medical examination - for persons of all ages - chest x-ray and report - for persons 11 years of age and over - urinalysis - for persons 5 years of age and over - syphilis serology - for persons 15 years of age and over - HIV testing should be performed on all applicants who are 15 years of age and over, as well as on those children who have received blood or blood products, have a known HIV positive mother, or are potential adoptees (b) The results of the examination must be reported on form IMM1017 AND form IMM 5419. Form IMM 1017 + Form IMM 5419 = one Medical Report One complete Medical Report is required for each person examined. (c) Actual laboratory reports are required. 3. Procedures for x-ray: (a) The radiographer will assure himself as to the identity of the person to be...
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...other methods of imaging however, the advantage of a PET scan is its ability to show how parts of the body are functioning and detect problems much earlier (NSP Medicine Wise, 2010). Whilst this may be seen as a great advantage, the PET scan is far more dangerous to the human body than any other method of imaging as the gamma rays penetrate structural components of cells and break DNA of biological molecules with the potential to cause mutations and cancer (K. Henderickson, 2014). CT scans can only image half the aspects of the human anatomy as the PET scan yet only project three...
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...having to cut them open. Medical imaging, especially X-ray examinations and sonography which is also known to some as ultrasound, is essential in an everyday medical setting. Preventive medicine as well as healing medicine depends on the proper diagnosis and treatment by physicians, and the use of diagnostic imaging can help evaluate the course of a disease, as well as assess and document the disease in response to the treatment. Medical imaging has rapidly expanded from the first medical image discovered by Professor Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. During a late night experiment in November of 1895, Roentgen, a physics professor from Germany, was examining Crookes tubes. He noticed that some light had managed to pass through a tube that he had wrapped in thin black cardboard, reflecting on the wall of his dark laboratory. Upon further investigation he found that the light could also be passed through paper, books, and eventually through human flesh. Unintentionally, he had stumbled upon a very important discovery that led to the discovery of what we now call an X-ray. One of the very first x-rays was one that Roentgen made was of his wife’s hand. The flesh of the hand looked like a shadow, and around the finger bone the wedding band was visible and solid. This was the first time that bone had been viewed through the skin. Within a few months of the discovery, x-ray machines were produced to be used in the medical field. The x-ray machine was the first tool that allowed the internal...
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