...“Poisons and medicines are sometimes the same substance given different intent.” (Latham Mere Peter) In the early 19th century, little was known about the depths of biology. Doctors and research began to wane away from traditional ideas that women were smaller versions of men, just turned inside out. While anatomy was thoroughly explored, the body was considered to be but a closed source of energy. The century brought forth a tremendous amount of change. Researchers began to challenge medicinal ideas and made momentous strides in several areas. In order to have an immersed understanding of medicinal developments of the 19th century, one must examine the driving factors, newer practices, medicinal advancements and leading scientist. Epidemics...
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...What aspects and characteristics of American health care of the 18th and 19th centuries have had a major impact on shaping today’s U.S. health care system?” The main historical developments that have shaped the health care delivery system in the United States. Knowledge of the history of health care is essential for understanding the main characteristics of the system as it exists today. For example, the system’s historical foundations explain why health care delivery in the United States has been resistant to national health insurance, which has been adopted by Canada and most European nations. Traditionally held American cultural beliefs and values, technological advances, social changes, economic constraints, and political opportunism are the main historical factors that have shaped health care delivery Because of these factors, health care in the United States is mainly a private industry, but it also receives a fairly substantial amount of financing from the government. However, government financing is used mainly ▪ Cultural beliefs and values • Self-reliance ▪ • Welfare assistance only for the most needy ▪ Social factors • Demographic shifts • Immigration • Health status• Urbanization ▪ Advances in science and technology • New treatments • Training of health professionals • Facilities and equipment Major changes driven by social, cultural, technological, economic, and political forces will be instrumental in shaping the future of medical services in the...
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...As Americans started to spread throughout the Atlantic coast during the 17th and 18th centuries, geography greatly influenced the economic development and overall success of the colonies that began to form. The Atlantic Ocean connected the colonial world to the old world, which helped colonists obtain goods like tea, steel, and manufactured products. When England creates its first permanent colonies in North America, an essential difference arose between the southern colonies, whose economy was dedicated to production of staple crops, and the more diverse economies of the northern colonies. Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, the New England colonies and the southern colonies in America were significantly impacted by their environment and surrounding natural resources, which is a primary factor of growth for lifestyle and production. The England colonies up in the north had a colder climate than the other two regions of America and greatly benefited because the weather prevented the spread of life threatening diseases. This climate had some drawbacks however. A negative aspect was that there were many harsh winters, which was horrible to early settlements and killed a lot of people. This cold climate also didn’t allow many cash crops to be grown. Many Puritans lived in Plymouth in 1620. They wanted religious freedom from England, did not tolerate other religions, and went to set up their first settlement. Their first years were terrible with lots of starvation and diseases killed...
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...Comparison Paper What is history? Why do we need to study history? When I first started this assignment, I wondered why we needed to describe the history of public health and include pertinent dates and significant events. Being a good student, I did what I was told. While doing the research I realized that history is what shapes us. We not only learn from our successes, but our failures too. History has transformed us into what we are and why we do the things that we do. The History of Public Health According to the “Southeast Public Health Training Center” (2012), “Leviticus is believed to be the first written health code in the world” (para. 1). The book of Leviticus was written around 1500 B.C. and dealt with such issues as personal and community responsibilities, hygiene, sexual behavior, and protection against infectious diseases (“Southeast Public Health Training Center,” 2012). I found this very interesting since here we are thousands of years later still dealing with basically the same issues. The middle ages (500 to 1500 A.D.) marked a time when sickness was thought to be a consequence of sin. Bloodletting and alchemy were prevalent during this time. The biggest mistake of this era was their failure to believe that the environment could be the culprit, thus leading to epidemics such as the bubonic plague which resurfaced in Europe during 1348. Two-thirds of the population died within two years before scientists and religious figures discovered the...
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...History A former American holding company, Chase Manhattan Corporation’s roots were planted during the final days of the 18th century in New York. During this time, after an epidemic of yellow fever the New York state legislature chartered the Manhattan Company to build a water supply system to bring clean water to the state. Because of the surplus of capital, some $2 million, the directors voted to use those funds to open an office of “discount and deposit”. On September 1, 1799, the Bank of the Manhattan Company was founded by Aaron Burr and opened in a house on 40 Wall Street. Over the next few years, after the success of its waterworks, the company sold the waterworks and retained its focus solely on banking. Growth was steady over the years, but its expansion took off after the onset of the 20th century. In 1918, the company acquired its first branch office after a merger with the Bank of the Metropolis. Two years later, it merged with the Merchants’ National Bank of the City of New York and then the International Acceptance Bank, Inc in 1929. This merger noted the banks future in foreign trade financing. The Chase National Bank was organized September 12, 1877, by John Thompson, who named the bank in honour of the late U.S. Treasury secretary Salmon P. Chase although Chase had no connection with the bank. Chase National’s growth was phenomenal, and by 1921 it had become the second largest national bank in the United States, without any mergers. After that year the bank...
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...Travel Poster Betty Kapasa Nur/408 Professor: Jacqueline Paik June 8, 2011 University of Phoenix This writer’s country of choice is Zambia located in the southern part of Africa. Zambia’s history goes back to the debut of Homo sapiens: evidence of human habitation going back 100,000 years has been found at Kabwe, north of Lusaka. Beginning around 1000 AD, Swahili-Arab slave-traders gradually penetrated the region from their city-states on the eastern coast of Africa. Between the 14th and 16th centuries a Bantu-speaking group known as the Maravi migrated from present-day Congo (Zaïre) and established kingdoms in eastern and southeastern Zambia. In the 18th century, Portuguese explorers following the routes of Swahili-Arab slavers from the coast into the interior became the first known European visitors. After the Zulu nation to the south began scattering its neighbors, victims of the Difaqane (forced migration) began arriving in Zambia in the early 19th century. Squeezed out of Zimbabwe, the Makalolo people moved into southern Zambia, pushing the Tonga out of the way and grabbing Lozi territory on the upper Zambezi River. Zambia is a land locked country with a population 12,935,368. Kenneth Kaunda, a militant former schoolteacher, took over the leadership of the Africans from the more moderate Nkumbula and in 1959 formed a new party, the United National Independence Party (UNIP). Following a massive civil disobedience campaign in 1962, Africans were given...
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...He highlights the benefits of having a free-colored militia that resulted into recruiting fewer whites to join military institutions. In Jackie’s comparison, white military were absolutely expensive. Spanish authority had no time and money to recruit the whites. Thus, the factor of money and time paved way for the recruiting free-colored soldiers. Spanish aftermath changed their attitude on racial discrimination. They started seeing free-colored man as more resourceful. Jackie’s’ analysis revealed that black soldiers were not prone to yellow fever in the coastal regions unlike the whites. In as much as the whites “needed the blacks, they did not want them (p. 261)”. The Spanish were left with no option. Instead they had to absorb the black as their militia to ensure that they reduced the time taken for colonization. Jackie Booker book shows how racial discrimination reduced after forming the free-colored...
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...An excellent example of urban sprawl within our country is that of the city of Bangalore. After the establishment of IT industry in Bangalore, the population exploded from 24,76,355 in 1980 to 42,92,223 in 2001 with influx of 18 lakh immigrants within two decades. The growing population has increased pressure on several resources including civic amenities, residential availability, cost of living, local infrastructure, transport, traffic and administration. Bangalore has lost many if its water bodies (lakes) and consequently the fragile ecosystem has been disturbed due to the everincreasing need for space, to cater to residences and business establishments. The beginning of urbanization can be traced back to Renaissance times in 16th century. Turkish assaults resulted in movement of Christians from the east to western European countries. As a result, trade grew and European cities along the coasts developed greatly. A further boost for urbanization was created with the arrival of the “Industrial Revolution”....
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...much of Asia by sending settlers to populate the land or by taking control of governments. The first colonies were established in the Western Hemisphere by the Spanish and Portuguese in the 15th – 16th centuries. The Dutch colonized Indonesia in the 16th century, and Britain colonized North America and India in the 17th – 18th centuries. Later, British settlers colonized Australia and New Zealand. Colonization of Africa only began in earnest in the 1880s, but by 1900 virtually the entire continent was controlled by Europe. The colonial era ended gradually after World War II; the only territories still governed as colonies today are small islands. http://www.answers.com/topic/colonialism#ixzz1lYMQdYfY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism Colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. It is a process whereby the metropole claims sovereignty over the colony, and the social structure, government, and economics of the colony are changed by colonizers from the metropole. Colonialism is a set of unequal relationships between the metropole and the colony and between the colonists and the indigenous population. The colonial period normally refers to the late 15th to the 20th century, when European states established colonies on other continents. During this time, the...
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...The Southern Colonies made up of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The first permanent settlement in North America was Jamestown, Virginia Southern Colonies in North America were established by England (later Great Britain), during the 17th and 18th centuries and consisted of the Province of Maryland, the Colony of Virginia, the Province of North Carolina, the Province of South Carolina, and the Province of Georgia. The English started the Southern Colonies. The Southern Colonies included Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Jamestown, Virginia was the first successful Southern Colony in America. The surrounding area was full of disease-carrying mosquitoes and the people who came...
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...e region for his employer. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland). The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Dominican trader Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues). Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–1614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor.[87][88] A painting of a coastline dotted with red roof houses and a windmill, with several masted ships sailing close to shore under blue sky. New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it "New York". A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 – making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States [89] – with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam).[90][91] The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan. The Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a...
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...Sierra Leone (Officially The Republic Of Sierra Leone) Archaeological finds show that Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populated by successive movements from other parts of Africa. The use of iron was introduced to Sierra Leone by the 9th century, and by AD 1000 agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes. Sierra Leone's dense tropical rainforest largely protected it from the influence of any pre-colonial African empires and from further Islamic influence of the Songhai Empire. The Islamic faith however became common in the 18th century. European contacts with Sierra Leone were among the first in West Africa. In 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro da Cintra mapped the hills surrounding what is now Freetown Harbour; naming shaped formation Serra de Leão (Portuguese for Lion Mountains).The Italian rendering of this geographic formation is Sierra Leone, which became the country's name. The Krio Language is national language spoken throughout the Sierra Leone. Krio is spoken by 97% of Sierra Leone's population and unites the different ethnic groups in the country, especially in their trade and social interaction with each other. Krio is the primary language of communication among Sierra Leoneans at home and abroad. The language is native to the Sierra Leone Creole people or Krios, (a community of about 300,000 descendants of freed slaves from the West Indies, United States and Britain), but it is spoken as a second...
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...serve ethnic foods, nice parks, and a lovely pier where people fish. Most of the action takes place on 86th street, and there are more than one hundred bars in this town. While there are subway stations and an express bus in Bay Ridge, the commute to Manhattan is lengthy. Drivers have easy access to major highways, but parking can be challenging. Most people, especially the senior will walk to their destination. The lack of parking adds to the problem. It does not make sense to move the car when there is no parking available. Some houses have created their own parking spaces by making a space in the front yard Upon walking down 86th street, the street is lined with every kind of store you would expect to find in a mall in suburban America: Century 21, McDonald's, 86 Noodles, Star Bucks, Duane Reade, Bank of America, Washington Mutual, The Avenue Park Bank, Citi Bank, HSBC Bank, Verizon Wireless, T-mobile, Sprint, AT&T, Cingular Wireless, Gap, Unite Colors of Benton, New York and Company, Cohen's Fashion Optical, Circuit City, Game Stop, NY sports club, Radio Shack. On a typical afternoon, you can see schoolgirls in parochial Catholic uniforms, young...
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...Practice Questions 1. Self assessment tools can be useful in your career planning by a. Helping you prepare a personal profile 2. In contrasts to formal tests, informal measures a. Rely on subjective opinions 3. People who believe that rewards in life are generally outside their control a. Have an external locus of control 4. Your career interests include your favorite kinds of work activities. Most of these interests a. Will still be enjoyable after many years 5. Career interest assessments a. Identify occupations or occupational groups that most likely match your interests 6. Recent research about life stages suggests that a. Adults make dramatic changes in their personal lives and careers as their core values change 7. The works of John Holland and Carl Jung serve as the basis for two major career assessment approached related to a. Personality 8. According to Duane Brown’s career model a. People have different values because they have different experiences and opportunities 9. ESTP is an example of a. Myers Briggs temperament type 10. Among the three most common types of measurement in a complete battery ability tests, you should expect to be tested on a. Psychomotor abilities 11. The College Level Examination Program is an example of a. Achievement measures 12. In assessing your skills...
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...public health challenges of the current century is HIV/AIDS, which kills millions of people worldwide each year. In developed nations, there has been a reduced death rate from the disease due to increased access to antiretroviral therapy which has been very successful in prolonging the lives of those infected with HIV. In developing nations, there is less access to this treatment because of the lack of technology the nations possess, and due to the high costs associated with the treatment. There are different theories of public health and disease causation that changed from the 19th to 20th to now 21st century, which influenced and can explain certain policies that were made for handling HIV/AIDS. Policymaking for this deadly virus also came with the stigmatization of certain groups of people, and these stereotypes about people with HIV/AIDS even hampered policymaking to an extent. “The Age of AIDS” is a PBS Frontline documentary that looks into the disease and the public health response to it, showing how all of this really worked. There are many theories of disease causation that influenced public health policies in the 19th, 20th, and 21st century. In the 19th century, there was the supernatural theory, the personal behavior theory, the miasma theory, and the contagion theory. The supernatural theory was the idea that God caused diseases when he was unhappy with the human race. This theory started when the Black Plague of the 14th century killed close to...
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