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Zumwald Ag

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Zumwald AG
Zumwald AG adalah perusahaan yang memproduksi dan menjual sistem pencitraan diagnostik medis dan peralatan test biomedical dan instrumen-instrumen lainnya. Perusahaan yang terdiri dari 6 divisi operasi ini memiliki total pendapatan pertahun sedikitnya lebih dari € 3 miliyar. Zumwald dijalankan dengan dasar desentralisasi yang sangat kuat, setiap manajer memiliki wewenang yang kuat. Manejer dari setiap divisinya diberikan kewenangan jika performance mereka sesuai dengan perencanaan. Kinerja mereka dievaluasi dan bonus manajemen diberikan atas dasar pencapaian setiap masing-masing divisi dari budgeted target untuk return on invested capital (ROIC) dan pertumbuhan penjualan. Meskipun sebagian perusahaan terintegrasi secara vertikal, manajer divisi diperolehkan untuk menyediakan komponen mereka dari supplier luar.
Permasalahan terjadi di 3 divisi perusahaan yaitu : the Imaging Systems Divisions (ISD) yang menjual complex ultrasound dan magnetic resonance imaging system, the Heidelberg Division (Heidelberg) yang menjual monitor yang beresolusi tinggi, graphics controllers dan display subsystem, dan the Electronic Components Division (ECD) yang menjual applikasi yang mengintegrasikan secara spesifik circuits dan sub perakitan.
ISD mendesign sebuah ultrasound imaging system yang disebut sistem X73. Teknisi Heidelberg turut berpartisipasi dalam mendesign X73 tetapi Heidelberg menanggung full cost dari waktu yang karyawan habiskan dalam proyek ini. Untuk material system display yang diperlukan produk X73 ada 3 tawaran, satu dari internal perusahaan yaitu Heidelberg Division dan dua tawaran lainnya dari luar perusahaan yaitu Bogardus NV yang merupakan perusahaan yang memiliki reputasi kualitas produknya tinggi serta sudah sering menjadi supplier Zumwald sebelumnya hanya belum pernah menjadi supplier untuk divisi terpisah; dan Display Technologies Plc. yang merupakan pendatang baru dalam pasar tersebut dan secara agresif dalam menghargai produknya demi merebut pangsa pasar.. Tawaran-tawaran tersebut memiliki spesifikasi spesifikasi sebagai berikut : Supplier | Cost per X73 Systems ( €) | Heidelberg Division | 140,000 | Bogardus NV | 120,500 | Display Technologies Plc | 100,500 | Setelah mempertimbangkan tawaran-tawaran diatas, managing director ISD memutuskan untuk memperoleh display systemnya dari Display Technolgies. Pemilihan Display Technologies menimbulkan beberapa pertimbangan penting. Yang pertama adalah kualitas karena melihat Display Technologies adalah pemain yang baru di pasar tersebut. Hal lainnya adalah mungkin saja tawaran Display Technologies adalah tawaran dalam skala kecil, sehingga untuk order berurutan kedepannya mereka mungkin harus menaikkan harga yang signifikan untuk kelangsungan hidup perusahaannya. Ini bisa menyebabkan ISD menanggung biaya tambahan untuk menggani supplier sewaktu-waktu di masa depan. Keputusan memilih Display Technologies ini membuat General Manager dari Heidelberg marah dan segera complaint ke Managing Director dari ISD tetapi tidak mendapat respon yang diinginkan. Akhirnya ia complaint ke Managing Director Zumwald. Akhirnya diputuskan untuk mengadakan meeting tentang masalah ini. GM Heidelberg meminta GM ECD untuk turut hadir didalam meeting untuk mendukungnya dalam masalah ini karena jika Heidelberg mendapat order dari ISD, ia akan membeli semua komponen-komponen elektroniknya dari ECD.
Dalam meeting tentang masalah ini, baik dari pihak ISD maupun Heidelberg menguatkan argumen mereka masing-masing. Disini managing Director ISD beranggapan bahwa mereka tidak membeli dari Heidelberg karena Heidelberg memberikan harga yang lebih mahal. Mereka beranggapan harga yang mahal tersebut akan mempersulit pencapaian baik ROIC-nya yang mengakibatkan penilaian kinerja mereka tidak baik. Menurut divisi ISD mereka memiliki kebebasan dalam pengambilan keputusan terhadap supplier mana yang mereka pilih. Tetapi disaat mereka memilih yang menurut mereka terbaik, pilihan mereka dikeluhkan oleh Heidelberg. Sedangkan GM Heidelberg beranggapan bahwa ISD meminta mereka memotong harga dibawah cost jika ingin dibeli. Menurut Heidelberg mereka menetapan harga seperti itu agar mereka dapat ROIC yang baik. Heidelberg juga menganggap ISD melupakan bahwa teknisi darinya telah membantu mendesign X73 dan bantuan jasa tersebut tidak dikenakan mark-up.
Permasalahan diatas bisa muncul karena Zumwald menilai kinerja berdasarkan financial target dari masing-masing divisi. Hal ini menyebabkan para manajer dari masing-masing divisi hanya memikirkan pencapaian kinerja divisinya sendiri tanpa memikirkan benefit untuk keseluruhan perusahaan dan divisi lainnya. Planning dan budgeting yang tepat seharusnya bisa meminimalisasi masalah ini karena dengan planning yang tepat informasi di dalam perusahaan akan tersalurkan dengan baik sehingga manajer-manajer bisa memiliki pandangan yang luas mengenai keseluruhan perusahaan. Dengan begitu manajer bisa menyelaraskan tujuan pribadinya, tujuan divisi, dan tujuan perusahaan (goal congruance). Sebaiknya CEO dari company merubah beberapa bagian dari strategic planning nya. Terutama strategi dari masing-masing bisnis unit agar mereka bisa lebih selaras dengan strategi perusahaan secara keseluruhan dan membantu para manajer mengerti kebutuhan dari unit bisnis lainnya. Sistem kompensasi dan reward juga perlu dipertimbangkan. Seharusnya reward tidak diberikan berdasarkan penilaian financial target yang menyebabkan rasa individualisme dari masing-masing divisi. Evaluasi kinerja harus termasuk reward grup berdasarkan hasil kolektif. Solusi yang mungkin adalah menawarkan reward dengan indikator penilaian yang sama pada level korporat bukan level divisi. Dengan begitu Zumwald dapat mendorong kolaborasi yang kuat antar tim dalam perusahaannya.
Zumwald akan lebih baik jika Heidelberg menyediakan display untuk ISD. Tawaran dari Heidelberg lebih baik untuk diterima Zumwald secara keseluruhan karena ini sudah termasuk kontribusi dari Heidelberg dan ECD. Perhitungannya dijelaskan sebagai berikut: * Heidelberg: * Revenue : €140,000 (from ISD) * Variable cost : €50,000 * Fixed cost : irrelevant, beroperasi dibawah full capacity * Contribution Margin : €90,000 * ECD: * Revenue : €21,600 (from Heidelberg) * Variable cost : €9,000 * Fixed cost : irrelevant, beroperasi dibawah full capacity * Contribution Margin : €12,600 * Total contribution margin jika membeli internal :
€90,000 + €12,600 = €102,600 * Keuntungan jika membeli dari Display Technologies : €140,000 - €101,500 = €39,500
Terlihat bahwa keuntungan secara keseluruhan perusahaan Zumwald jika membeli secara internal akan lebih besar dibanding jika membeli dari Display Technologies. Perbedaannya mencapai €63,100. Dilihat dari biaya yang dikeluarkan kedua alternatif itu juga didapat selislih yang sama yaitu €101,500 – (€28,400 + €9000) = €63,100.
CEO harus mencoba mengidentifikasi proyek mana yang bisa diimplementasikan di perusahaan bersamaan di dalam keenam divisinya. Dalam hal ini komunikasi hal yang penting karena proyek yang dipilih harus proyek yang paling bisa menghubungkan tujuan perusahaan dengan proyek setiap divisi. Berhubungan dengan proyek X73, diperkirakan business volume-nya kurang dari 5% untuk beberapa tahun pertama. Karena itu pada tahap introduction dari siklus hidup produk ini tujuan perusahaan adalah meminimasi biaya. Jadi keputusannya tidak masalah untuk memperbolehkan divisi ISD melakukan outsourcing. Lalu jika setelah itu hasil dari produk tersebut berhasil, Zumwald harus menemukan cara lain yang akan menguntungkan semua divisi di perusahaan.
Sudah terlihat bahwa X73 merupakan bisnis yang menguntungkan. Terlihat dari perhitungan: Revenue €340,000 Non-display material cost €72,000 Variable conversion cost €26,300 €98,300 Contribution margin before display costs €241,700 Fixed conversion costs €117,700 Gross margin before display costs €124,000 *contribution jika beli dari Display Technologies = €241,700 - €100,500 = €141,200 *contribution jika beli dari Heidelberg = €241,700 - €140,000 = €101,700
Karena X73 ini merupakan proyek yang menguntungkan, perlu dipikirkan cara lain yang menguntungkan semua divisi diperusahaan. Alternatif pertama adalah mendorong ISD untuk mau membayar Heidelberg lebih dari harga Display Technologies, hal ini bisa menambah contribution margin untuk Heidelberg dan ECD yang artinya juga menambah contribution margin perusahaan secara keseluruhan. Alternatif kedua adalah Heidelberg memotong harganya untuk bisnis internal. Karena semua harga diatas €37,400 akan tetap memberikan contribution untuk Heidelberg maupun ECD. Data Heidelberg memotong harganya, ia bisa meminta ECD untuk memotong harganya dibawah normal mark-up 20% nya. Dengan seperti ini maka transfer price hanya memindahkan profits dari satu divisi ke divisi lainnya.

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...The Technology Choices Written By: Predrag Jakovljevic Published On: August 27 2005 Microsoft's Uncontested UI Supremacy In the battle between Microsoft Business Solutions (MBS) and the UK-based the Sage Group plc (LSE: SGE.L) for the small-to-medium enterprise (SME) market segment, technology choices will be a major factor. The previous parts of this note detailed the strategies of these two major vendors and analyzed how the market would respond. But, going a mile further, there are some important areas where the synergy and a bridge between MBS and the rest of the "classic" Microsoft world could take place, such as the previously mentioned "user experience" mantra. The basic hypothesis is that Office (i.e., Word, Excel, and Outlook) constitute the core of the user experiences of many millions of existing and prospective desktop customers. Leveraging that ubiquitous look-and-feel acquaintance in the MBS product lines (and in those of rapidly increasing independent software vendors [ISV]) is something that can add tremendous clout to MBS sales efforts—with the supposedly minimal training for the information technology (IT)-resource constrained SME market. In fact, the ongoing Outlook, Excel, or Word user interface (UI) metaphor moves may speak volumes about where the entire market is going. Possibly the most vocal in that regard could be the recent announcement made by Microsoft and SAP that they are jointly developing a product that will integrate back-end SAP...

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