Free Essay

Development of Connection Policy for Distributed Generation in the Uk

In:

Submitted By Serafi
Words 2304
Pages 10
Tnegra Design

Development of connection policy for distributed generation in the UK

Gareth Evans
Technical Directorate, Ofgem
The British Electricity & Gas Regulator
1

gareth.evans@ofgem.gov.uk

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Development of connection policy for distributed generation in the UK
• Introducing Ofgem
• The challenge of DG
• Connection incentives
• The Electricity Networks Strategy Group
• The Energy White Paper
• Conclusions

2

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Development of connection policy for distributed generation in the UK
• Introducing Ofgem
• The challenge of DG
• Connection incentives
• The Electricity Networks Strategy Group
• The Energy White Paper
• Conclusions

3

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

About
• Total staff currently
~300
• Principal disciplines:
– Economists
50%
– Finance/Admin
15%
– Legal
6%
– Social/Environmental 6%
– Technical
6%
• Overall Budget
~£30m

per year

4

Ofgem’s main office near
Houses of Parliament

+ small office in Glasgow
ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Principal objective
• Our first priority is to protect the interests of consumers now and for the future. We do this by:
– promoting markets/competition wherever appropriate, and
– regulating effectively the monopoly companies which run the gas and electricity networks

5

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Other duties
• We have other priorities too. We:
– help secure Britain’s energy supplies
– help energy markets and industry achieve environmental improvements, and
– take account of the needs of vulnerable customers

6

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Today’s GB Electricity Sector

Private
Companies

7 ly 1 es 3 sx e r x pp x c o su en rs) tor ra t ers ic s s) e ic e ra t l n p e es ee yer
Ow
r/O ion play
Op
m c t e do icen pla i on era big i on wn 0 l n ss ig iss
>3
nO ge 7 (bu ran ran ibu (bu
T
r
T
is t
D
Competition

Generation

7

Monopoly

Monopoly

Competition

Transmission

Distribution

Supply

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Development of connection policy for distributed generation in the UK
• Introducing Ofgem
• The challenge of DG
• Connection incentives
• The Electricity Networks Strategy Group
• The Energy White Paper
• Conclusions

8

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Networks .

Critical role in facilitating low carbon system this is now being widely understood
9

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

and the challenges ahead
G
G
G
G
G
G

Maintain existing assets renew assets efficiently facilitate new generation & DSM
10

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Which generation technologies will grow?
400kV

Conventional large power stations and offshore wind

132kV

Onshore & offshore wind, industrial CHP

11kV

230V

DSM

DSM

Commercial CHP & small renewables

Domestic wind, solar, CHP

Note: this is not intended to be an exhaustive list of generating technologies

11

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Which generation technologies will grow?
400kV

GW solutions

132kV

MW solutions

11kV

230V

12

DSM

DSM

MW solutions

kW solutions

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

The Future of the Supply Chain

For the first time, different generation technologies of radically different sizes could all be part of the optimum solution

13

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Facilitating change

The challenge for the network companies is to facilitate the development of the generation base in an efficient way
Sources: Capstone, Whispergen and Windsave

14

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Installed DG Capacity
(Up to and including 132kV)
13400
13200

MW

13000
12800
12600
12400
12200
12000
5
-0

05 cDe 05 pSe n
Ju

5
-0
ar
M
04 cDe 4
-0

4
-0
ct
O
04 pSe l
Ju

-0 ar 04 nJu 04 rAp 4

M

04 nJa 03 cDe 03 rAp Source – ENA published data

15

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Development Scenarios

LV

400kV

More of the same?
16

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Development Scenarios

LV

400kV

Or could the system turn on its head?
17

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

“Decarbonising the UK”
“the relative dominance of centralised supply is reduced from that of today in all scenarios” “an element of centralised supply emerged, to varying degrees, as an important facet in all of them” 18

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Development Scenarios
If the basic system structure does prove to be robust we will need
• Strategies to allow capacity to be increased at the voltage levels that call for it
• Communication options to allow
– efficient control and protection of the system, so that supply safety and reliability is maintained or improved
– markets to operate to meet the needs of all demand and generation customers

19

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Development of connection policy for distributed generation in the UK
• Introducing Ofgem
• The challenge of DG
• Connection incentives
• The Electricity Networks Strategy Group
• The Energy White Paper
• Conclusions

20

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

The main DG incentive mechanism
• Hybrid incentive for DG-related distribution investment
– pass-through 80%
– supplementary incentive £1.5/kW/yr for DG capacity connected
(£2.0/kW/yr for Scottish Hydro)
– cap (2 times cost of capital) and floor (cost of debt) for overall returns
– incremental unit cost above £200/kW paid in DG’s connection charges • £1/kW/yr for O&M
• Further incentive for the provision of ongoing network access – £0.002/kWh default rate (subject to further development)
21

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Innovation
Why is the Regulator interested?
• investment levels are far beyond recent experience
• diverse new challenges for networks
• the issues are Europe-wide and beyond





22

Ofgem’s primary duty is to customers, both today and in the future we wish to see effective and efficient investment, with innovation where it adds value, and evidence of effective deployment and technology management

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

New innovation incentives





Two years experience with IFI: Innovation Funding Incentive and
RPZ: Registered Power Zones
Review of these incentives took place in Nov 2006 (see website)
The incentive has been extended to 2015 to provide continuity
IFI is now also available to electricity and gas transmission

IFI – the Innovation Funding Incentive
• A ‘% of turnover’ allowance for engineering innovation [0.5%]
• Equates to £1-2m per company per year, plus 20% from Companies
• Funding is on a ‘use it or lose it’ basis
• No off-set if third party funding is also obtained
• Annual, open, reporting of activities on Ofgem website
23

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Distribution Company spend on Network R&D since 1990

7000

Privatisation

6000

£000

5000

4000
3000

2000
1000

4
20
0

3
03
/

20
0
20

20

02
/

20
0

2

1
20

01
/

20
0

0
00
/

20
0
20

19

99
/

19
9

9

8
98
/

19
9
19

7
19

97
/

19
9

6
19

96
/

19
9

5
95
/

19
9
19

19

94
/

19
9

4

3
19

93
/

19
9

2
92
/

19
9
19

1
19

91
/

19
9

90
/
19

19

89
/

19
9

0

0

Financial Year

24

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Distribution Company spend R&D Network R&D
DNO spend on Network on since 1990 since 1990

7000

Privatisation

•187 projects

6000

•No company is yet spending to its cap

£000

5000

4000

Impact of
IFI Incentive

3000

•Max spend is 0.4%

2000

• Forecast benefits total
£50m for a
£6.5m spend

1000

) ar al

ye

th s ci an fin

1s as t

I
(L

(I
F
/2
0

06

05
Ap
r
-

05

20

04 t 0c

)

04 t 20

20

Financial Year

6m

/2
0

03
03

/2
0

02
02

/2
0

01
20

01

/2
0

00
20

00

/2
0

99
99
19

19

98

/1
9

/1
9

98

97
19

97

/1
9

96
96
19

19

95

/1
9

/1
9

94
19

94

/1
9

93
19

93

/1
9

92
19

92

/1
9

91
19

91

/1
9

90
90

/1
9
19

89
19

95

0

* Data from 1989/1990 to 2003/2004 is the c ollaborative spending on R&D amongst the DNOs through a single provider.
* Data from Oc t 2004 - April 2005 and the last financ ial year (2005/2006) shows reported total IFI spend.

25

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

IFI projects reported to date

Tnegra Design www.innovationsolutions.co.uk 132kV
PFT cable oil leak location

Alternative Trident line
With fibre optics

Thermal line assessment

Circuit
Breaker
condition

Lidar scanning

Optimising Voltage control /
Var performance of large
Wind Farm

Hi res photography
Lightning
Protection

66 or 33kV

Network Risk

Woodhouse tower Wind Farm
Replacement
Gen AVC
Redox Storage

Broadband
Powerline
Carrier

Synchronising Remote
PMR
FPI

Line Tracker
& Line Sense

Wood pole disposal 11kV

On load tapchanger transformer

Autonomous Regional
Network Management

Fault Level
Monitor

Superconducting
Fault Current Limiter

On-line condition Monitoring
Cables
Lines & switches
Under-grounding
Cable plough
Intelligent
Universal
Transformer

26

Alternative fluid
Transformer

Fibre Optic
Temp Monitor

Distribution
State Estimator

Vista u/g mapping LV
LV Automation

Earthing
Condition

Mobile
Locator
GIS
Scada
Fenix
Customer
Interface module

Storage
1ph
Regulator

LV Incipient
Fault
Programme

Recycling
Excavated
Material

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

RPZ: Registered Power Zones
Networks where innovation is used to connect Distributed Generation


Ofgem registers, but does not approve projects



Hybrid £/kW incentive with cap of £0.5m per year per licensee



Open reporting of RPZ projects on Ofgem website

RPZ 1 Central Networks – connection of wind generation using dynamic line rating technology
RPZ 2 Scottish & Southern Energy – connection of renewable generation on Orkney using active network management
RPZ 3 EDF Energy – connection of wind generation using novel voltage control technology
RPZ4 EDF Energy – connection of landfill gas generation using novel voltage control technology with proving of simulation tool
27

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Development of connection policy for distributed generation in the UK
• Introducing Ofgem
• The challenge of DG
• Connection incentives
• The Electricity Networks Strategy Group
• The Energy White Paper
• Conclusions

28

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

The Electricity Networks Strategy Group
• The work of the DGCG and the TIWG will now be brought together under the ENSG
• First meeting took place in 2005
• Cross-industry representation
Ofgem
DTI

29

Wales

Scotland

NGT

Defra

DNOs
Developers

Finance

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

The Electricity Networks Strategy Group
ENSG
(DTI/Ofgem)

Transmission
Working Group

Distribution Working
Group

1.

Horizon scanning

1.

Horizon scanning

2.

Infrastructure standards

2.

3.

Connecting renewable generators Networks for low carbon economy 3.

Enabling active networks

4.

Facilitating small scale gen’

4.

30

Accommodating Variability
& New Technology

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Second Annual Report now published
Register for automatic updates
31

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Development of connection policy for distributed generation in the UK
• Introducing Ofgem
• The challenge of DG
• Connection incentives
• The Electricity Networks Strategy Group
• The Energy White Paper
• Conclusions

32

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

UK Energy White Paper 24 Tnegra2007
May Design














New meters to have real-time display from 2008. Aim for all smart meters within 10 years.
Consultation on energy efficiency of consumer electronics.
A cap and trade 'Carbon Reduction Commitment' for banks, supermarkets etc.
Simplification of energy market and licensing for localised energy by the end of 2008 and clearer export tariffs for microgenerators from all major energy suppliers.
Band the Renewables Obligation to benefit offshore wind, wave, tidal.
Publication of a Biomass Strategy.
Competition to build world's first end-to-end Carbon Capture and Storage plant, at least 300MW capacity, 90% CO2 saving, and be up and running between 2011 and 2014.
Legislation for gas storage under the seabed and unloading of
Liquefied Natural Gas at sea.
Three month deadline for consent decisions on large scale energy projects, pending more radical reforms set out in the
Planning White Paper.
A Low Carbon Transport Innovation Strategy and R&D funding
Consultation on giving private sector companies the option of investing in new nuclear power stations. A 20 week public consultation has started.
Consultation on 'Justification' and 'Strategic Siting Assessment' processes for new nuclear power. A 'pre-licensing' process has been started by the Health and Safety Executive.
New consent regime for nationally significant energy infrastructure. http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html
33

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

UK Energy White Paper 24 Tnegra2007
May Design
• Joint DTI/Ofgem report on DG to support the Energy White
Paper
• Addresses the barriers and incentives to affecting the growth of DG in the UK






Markets & licensing
Export reward
Better information
Easier connections
CHP

http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file39025.pdf

34

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Concluding remarks
• It is a very exciting time for the electricity supply industry • The challenge of being cost efficient now has to be achieved within increasingly stringent environmental constraints
• There are real opportunities and uncertainties relating to future generation technologies
• Networks will play a vital role in delivering a lowcarbon electricity supply chain
35

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Concluding remarks
• It is a very exciting time for the electricity supply industry • The challenge of being cost efficient now has to be achieved within increasingly stringent environmental constraints
• There are real opportunities and uncertainties relating to future generation technologies
• Networks will play a vital role in delivering a lowcarbon electricity supply chain
36

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Tnegra Design

Thank you for your attention

37

gareth.evans@ofgem.gov.uk

ERRA DG Working Group - July 2007

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Grid of the Future

...the long term evolution of electricity networks have been proposed. Visions of large scale, continent-wide interconnections, local scale independent distribution network cells and networks integrating other forms of energy have emerged. The inclusion of new classes of network participants, e.g. prosumers, services providers, transportation applications, regulators and the increase of the number of distributed generators is a common feature of all these frameworks. A series of challenges result from this evolution: the need to coordinate distributed participants, the need to harmonize standards and procedures, as well as the need to overcome a series of obstacles to change. This contribution reviews emerging network concepts and the associated challenges. Series compensation, reconfigurable power electronic systems and wide-scale use of phasor measurement units are early examples for these emerging solutions. Index terms – Power transmission, Power transmission planning II. CONCEPTS FOR FUTURE ELECTRICITY NETWORKS A. Microgrids In a system comprising distributed electricity generation, consumers and producers may be located within the same distribution system, reducing the need for long distance transmission. Therefore, the concept of microgrids, i.e. small distribution networks with energy sources and sinks of similar magnitudes has been proposed [1]. These network cells can be operated independently from their superordinated networks. This means that energy balancing, voltage...

Words: 3126 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Ijvsanfvuisdnv

...Caulier-Grice and Geoff Mulgan, all of whom have given valuable comments on the text. Published September 2009 CONTENTS 1 CONTENTS 1. The argument 2 5 9 23 39 52 54 55 2. The context of crisis 3. The emerging economic landscape 4. Can the new social economy respond? 5. Social innovation and the crisis of policy Bibliography Weblinks Endnotes 2 DANGER AND OPPORTUNITY CRISIS AND THE NEW SOCIAL ECONOMY 1 THE ARGUMENT The rise of the new social economy This pamphlet argues that the early years of the 21st century are witnessing the emergence of a new kind of economy that has profound implications for the future of public services as well as for the daily life of citizens. This emerging economy can be seen in many fields, including the environment, care, education, welfare, food and energy. It combines some old elements and many new ones. I describe it as a ‘social economy’ because it melds features which are very different from economies based on the production and consumption of commodities. Its key features include: • The intensive use of distributed networks to sustain and manage relationships, helped by broadband, mobile and other means of communication. Blurred boundaries between production and consumption. An emphasis on collaboration and on repeated interactions, care and...

Words: 22113 - Pages: 89

Premium Essay

Iphone Marketing Mix

...Iphone Marketin MIX When it comes to Apple Corporation, I always expect something new, something sensational, something transformational. They made Mac that realized Graphic User Interface before Microsoft’s Windows and actually enabled us to call personal computer from just computer. They made the iPod which not only boost sales and shares of Apple and saved from the crisis but also put Steve Jobs at the center of attention. Facing 35% shares down and softened consumption that probably caused by sub prime mortgage, Can iPhone be killer product for Apple? I am going to approach iPhone’s marketing plan from the business perspective. PRODUCT ”The iPhone is like the Mac for mobile.” says Jakob Nielsen. Indeed, iPhone’s major appeal might be the function as a tiny Mac computer. iPhone has capability to operate a various software and it has touch screen only interface. People can have videoconference and get the latest information as they wish through the iPhone. PRICE Researching ebay, I found that iPhone 8GB is being sold with around $430. Even though Apple built the premium image and has a number of loyal customers, considering current softened consumption and competition model, Blackberry, the price $430 seems to be way too expensive. I think $370 is proper price point. PLACE You can get iPhone in the AT&T or Apple store. However, I couldn’t find iPhone in Walmart and BestBuy’s web page. They sell iPhone’s accessory but iPhone. However, I don’t think that the limited...

Words: 1460 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Tidal and Wave Energy Review

...Axis Turbines 22 3.3 Reciprocating devices (oscillating hydrofoils) 22 3.4 Venturi Effect Tidal Stream Devices 23 3.5 Economic Appraisal: 24 3.6 Non Technological Barriers – Socio-Economic & Environmental Impacts: 27 3.7 Technological Barriers that impact the deployment of Tidal Stream energy. 29 3.8 Grid Integration: 30 3.8.1 Grid connection charges 30 3.8.2 Connection Charges. 30 3.9 Grid Connection. 30 3.9.1 Technological Barriers for Tidal Stream 31 3.10 Research and Development for future Irish Energy Strategies:. 37 4.0 Summary 41 5.0 Conclusion 41 5.1 Wave Energy: 42 5.2 Tidal Stream: 42 Bibliography 46 1.0 Introduction The aim of this report is to critically review the socio-economic and environmental impacts associated with Ocean Energy Technologies. The author begins the review by providing some examples of Wave Energy Conversion devices and then selects one type in which the impacts are discussed and critically examined in an Irish context. An economic appraisal is provided on the WEC and then the technical and non-technical barriers to the development of WEC’s are provided, using Irish, British and international...

Words: 9903 - Pages: 40

Premium Essay

Jit, Managmrnt, Hrmn

...Knoll Workplace Research Five Trends that Are Dramatically Changing Work and the Workplace By Joe Aki Ouye, Ph.D. Co-Founder and Partner New Ways of Working, LLC The Changing Nature of Work My wife, a manager at Hewlett-Packard, usually has a two minute commute—a thirty foot walk from the kitchen up to her office. She goes “to the central office” about once every other week, more to keep in touch socially rather than to formally collaborate. Although she only meets face-to-face with her globally-based team members about once per year, she has an audio conference with them weekly. As HP’s work force grows and becomes more global, she is a highly sought after manager. She has learned how to work with her distributed team, setting clear directions, communicating often and clearly, and, most importantly, creating activities to engender team trust and cohesion. Most workers today do not work like my wife; most still commute to and from traditional, centralized offices and work with teams in close proximity. Nevertheless, more and more of us are—or will be—working in both non-traditional ways and places, ranging from relying on adaptable furniture and hoteling desks at the central office, to satellite offices, offshore offices, and telework from home. According to a recent benchmarking study by our research consortium, The New Ways of Working, many organizations are formalizing “Alternative Workplace” programs that combine nontraditional work practices, settings and locations.1...

Words: 8048 - Pages: 33

Premium Essay

Five Trends That Are Dramatically Changing Work and the Workplace

...Knoll Workplace Research Five Trends that Are Dramatically Changing Work and the Workplace By Joe Aki Ouye, Ph.D. Co-Founder and Partner New Ways of Working, LLC The Changing Nature of Work My wife, a manager at Hewlett-Packard, usually has a two minute commute—a thirty foot walk from the kitchen up to her office. She goes “to the central office” about once every other week, more to keep in touch socially rather than to formally collaborate. Although she only meets face-to-face with her globally-based team members about once per year, she has an audio conference with them weekly. As HP’s work force grows and becomes more global, she is a highly sought after manager. She has learned how to work with her distributed team, setting clear directions, communicating often and clearly, and, most importantly, creating activities to engender team trust and cohesion. Most workers today do not work like my wife; most still commute to and from traditional, centralized offices and work with teams in close proximity. Nevertheless, more and more of us are—or will be—working in both non-traditional ways and places, ranging from relying on adaptable furniture and hoteling desks at the central office, to satellite offices, offshore offices, and telework from home. According to a recent benchmarking study by our research consortium, The New Ways of Working, many organizations are formalizing “Alternative Workplace” programs that combine nontraditional work practices, settings...

Words: 8071 - Pages: 33

Premium Essay

Quantitative Management

.../ March 2004 10.1177/1078087403261256 URBAN AFFAIRS ARTICLE CULTURAL-PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES AND URBAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Prospects for Growth and Market Contestation in Global Context University of California, Los Angeles ALLEN J. SCOTT The article begins with a brief definition of the cultural economy. A first generation of local economic development policy approaches based on place marketing and associated initiatives is described. The possibilities of a more powerful second-generation approach are then sketched out with special emphasis on localized complexes of cultural-products industries. An extensive review and classification of these complexes is laid out, and their inward and outward relations to global markets are considered. On this basis, a critical discussion of local economic policy options focused on cultural-products industries is offered. Contrasting examples of development initiatives in major global cities, in selected old manufacturing towns, and in the Multimedia Super Corridor of Malaysia are briefly presented. It is suggested that the growth and spread of localized production agglomerations based on cultural-products industries are leading not to cultural uniformity but to greatly increased diversity at the global level. Keywords: agglomeration; cultural economy; globalization; industrial districts; local economic development; place marketing Over the past decade or so, the industrial profile of many countries has tilted perceptibly in...

Words: 12496 - Pages: 50

Free Essay

Social Networking

...Social Networks THE NEXT GENERATION David A. Smith Chief Executive Global Futures and Foresight November 2010 Social Networks The next generation Contents Foreword Introduction 2 Chris van der Kuyl 3 David Smith Executive summary 1. 2.1. 2.2. 3.4. 3.5. History of social networks in the digital age in the UK. The present state of social networks. Innovative uses of social networks in today’s society o B2C - Business to Consumer o B2B - Business to Business o P2P - Person to Person (Peer to Peer) o G2C - Government to Citizen Key trends shaping the future of social networks 1. Broadband penetration 2. Rise of mobile technologies 3. Ambient technology - the 'internet of things' 4. 24/7 lifestyle 5. Data expansion 6. The future of the net: web v apps 7. Geo-spatial and augmented reality technologies 8. New era of mass communication 9. New business era 10. Trust 11. Education 12. Older social networkers 13. Gaming and virtual reality 14. Government intervention Tomorrow’s consumer o B2C - Business to Consumer o E-Government and the 'Big Society' o Educational networking o Social studies o Gaming and virtual worlds The evolution of social networks o Technological progress o Business models and revenue streams o From the web to the street o Privacy/security/ permissive marketing o Digital Asset Management o Longevity of digital assets o Impact on advertising Changing...

Words: 15628 - Pages: 63

Premium Essay

Indian Power Sctor

...economic rise, the demand for energy has grown at an average of 3.6% per annum over the past 30 years. In March 2009, the installed power generation capacity of India stood at 147,000 MW while the per capita power consumption stood at 612 kWH. The country's annual power production increased from about 190 billion kWH in 1986 to more than 680 billion kWH in 2006. India faces a serious shortfall in power generation. During the tenth plan, only 23,000 MW of capacity was added against the original target of 41,000 MW. During the 11th plan, a target of 78,000 MW has been set. Anil Kakodkar, Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission, India had estimated that the per capita electricity generation would reach about 5300 kWh per year in the year 2052 and total about 8000 TWh. The Government of India has an ambitious mission of „POWER FOR ALL‟ BY 2012. This mission would require that the installed generation capacity should be at least 200,000 MW by 2012 from the present level of 144,564.97 MW. Power requirement will double by 2020 to 400,000MW.     The ratio of energy generation and GDP growth should be 1:1. The growth in electricity consumption over the past decade has been slower than the GDP‟s growth. This could be due to high growth of the services sector or it could reflect improving efficiency of electricity use. Moreover, captive generation has also increased. However, as growth in the manufacturing sector picks up, the demand for power is also expected to increase at a...

Words: 5891 - Pages: 24

Free Essay

Pestle Analysis of Airtel Bd

...poverty. Airtel contributes to lower the level of unemployment rate by providing job opportunities for different level of people. For example – beginning from customer care service staffs to Managing Director etc. Social During the formation of marketing strategies, Airtel looks after a lot of factors. Deep study of local culture and social setups is also one of the major factors which account much in successful strategy formation of Airtel. Varying types of consumer behaviors are found in different societies. The study of society helps to understand the consumer behavior and in turn assists Airtel to improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues like: * The way how consumers think, feel and select a cellular connection * The psychology of how consumer is influenced by culture, family and social setups. * As Bangladesh is an...

Words: 2653 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Internet

...additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://www.europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. ISBN 978-92-79-08008-1 © European Communities, 2008 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium PRINTED ON CHLORE FREE PAPER The Future of the Internet A Compendium of European Projects on ICT Research Supported by the EU 7th Framework Programme for RTD European Commission I nform ati on S oc i et y and M ed ia ••• 2 Preface 5 priorities identified by the Internet Governance Forum: openness, security, access, diversity and critical Internet resources. The use of the Internet in public policies will considerably grow in areas such as education, culture, health and e-government. These topics will be at the core of our contribution to the OECD Seoul Summit in June. In the longer term, we have to prepare the future Internet, including for example, a 3D-Internet. This has already been pioneered through virtual environments such as “Second Life”. Turnover in online gaming has grown threefold over the past 5 years, and virtual worlds are estimated to attract more...

Words: 66329 - Pages: 266

Free Essay

Perspectives of Development

...PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT From theory to reality Table of Contents Introduction 1 What is Development? 2 General approaches to development 4 Dimensions of development 5 Economic Development 5 Human Development 6 Sustainable Development 7 Territorial Development 8 Western Definition of Development in Practice 8 Conclusion 10 Works Cited 11 Perspectives of Development Introduction When the concept of international development was initially developed in the post-World War II era, the countries of the First World had 65 percent of the world’s income with only 20 percent of its population, while the Third World was home of 67 percent of the world’s population but had only 18 percent of its income. People embraced the word development as a desirable objective of postwar economic policy in the late 1940s. "Development" was not precisely defined, but it was taken to mean improved economic opportunity by increasing production of goods and services in a long-term way, through capital formation. In short, it was associated with economic growth. In the 1960s the association of development with economic growth came under increasing criticism by authors such as Dudley Seers, Gunnar Myrdal, Paul Streeten, Hollis Chenery, Mahbub ul Haq and institutions like the International Labour Organisation (ILO). They pointed out that developing countries did not experience much change in the living conditions of the masses of the poor in spite of the impressive growth...

Words: 3547 - Pages: 15

Premium Essay

Telecom Sector

...Telecom Industry Business Environment Domain Study S. P. Jain Institute of Management & Research Telecom Industry Executive Summary The rapid growth in Indian telecom industry has been contributing to India’s GDP at large. Telecom industry in India started to set up in a phased approach. Privatisation was gradually introduced, first in value-added services, followed by cellular and basic services. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), was established to regulate and deal with competition (the service providers). This gradual and thoughtful reform process in India has favoured industry growth. Upcoming services such as 3G and WiMax will help to further augment the growth rate. The Indian telecommunications industry is one of the fastest growing in the world and India is projected to become the second largest telecom market globally by 2010. This is evident from the facts of Telecom Industry for example, India added 113.26 million new customers in 2008, the largest globally. The country’s cellular base witnessed close to 50 per cent growth in 2008, with an average 9.5 million customers added every month. This would translate into 612 million mobile subscribers, accounting for a tele-density of around 51 per cent by 2012. It is projected that the industry will generate revenues worth US$ 43 billion in 2009-10. In this report we have tried to capture most of the areas of Telecom Industry. Major highlights of the report are History of Telecom Industry...

Words: 14987 - Pages: 60

Premium Essay

The Game

...the brand needs to do to combat negative perceptions some people have based on old associations with the 80’s style yuppie arrogance. Company Profile BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft) was founded in 1916 and has been publicly traded since 1969. The company produces, and markets, a varied range of higher end sporty cars and motorcycles. BMW has also manufactured the first passenger car running on hydrogen ready for common use, although the production figures are limited by the lack of a respective filling station net. In addition to cars and motorcycles, BMW operates an aircraft engine division under the brand name of Rolls Royce. The company has worldwide subsidiaries and manufacturing plants in Germany, Austria, the UK, the USA, Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, Egypt, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam. The company also operates its own financing company, which offers financing for...

Words: 2493 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Creative Clusters and Innovation

...is Crown copyright and reproduced with the permission of the controller of HMSO and Queen’s Printer for Scotland. The use of the ONS statistical data in this work does not imply the endorsement of the ONS in relation to the interpretation or analysis of the statistical data. This work uses research datasets which may not exactly reproduce National Statistics aggregates. Copyright of the statistical results may not be assigned, and publishers of these data must have or obtain a licence from HMSO. The ONS data in these results are covered by the terms of the standard HMSO ‘click-use’ licence. Creative clusters and innovation Putting creativity on the map Foreword No one doubts the economic importance of the creative industries to the UK. At 6.2 per cent of the economy, and growing at twice the rate of other sectors, they are proportionately the largest of any in the world. But there is some evidence that the UK’s creative industries support innovation and growth in other parts of the economy too. The significance of these spillovers has only recently begun to be examined rigorously. And we know next to nothing about their geographical dimensions. This gap in our understanding is what NESTA set out to address in Creative Clusters and Innovation, the outcome of a two-year collaboration with Birmingham and Cardiff Universities. The study adopts the concept of creative clusters as a starting point to examine the role that creative industries play in local and regional innovation...

Words: 26101 - Pages: 105