...Executive Summary: Our report focuses on the “Application of Accounting in a Merchandising Business - Prime International Limited”. Accounting is important in business because it offers great support to management for planning, controlling as well as decision making process. It is with the aid of accounting information that the performance of a unit can be evaluated, at the same time as, its logical records make possible to get rid of the frauds and the thefts. The main interested parties for the company are stockholders who always want to know about the performance of his or her company. To prepare a financial statement, an organization must start its work from identifying recording, summarizing, and adjusting the transactions and at last preparation of financial statements. Accounting is important for businesses for several reasons. Effective record keeping helps a business survive efficiently all the while keeping track of the operations of the company. Background of the Study: The garments industry of Bangladesh has been the key export division and a main source of foreign exchange for the last 35 years. At present, the country generates about $6 billion worth of products each year by exporting garment. The industry provides employment to about 3 million workers of whom 90% are women. Two non-market elements have performed a vital function in confirming the garment industry's continual success; these elements are (a) quotas under Multi-Fibred Arrangement1...
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...ACCT7107 Solutions to Preparatory Questions Topic 1 Chapter 1 1-1 Management accounting measures, analyzes and reports financial and nonfinancial information that helps managers make decisions to fulfill the goals of an organization. It focuses on internal reporting and is not restricted by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Financial accounting focuses on reporting to external parties such as investors, government agencies, and banks. It measures and records business transactions and provides financial statements that are based on generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Other differences include (1) management accounting emphasizes the future (not the past), and (2) management accounting influences the behavior of managers and other employees (rather than primarily reporting economic events). 1-3 Management accountants can help to formulate strategy by providing information about the sources of competitive advantage—for example, the cost, productivity, or efficiency advantage of their company relative to competitors or the premium prices a company can charge relative to the costs of adding features that make its products or services distinctive. 1-5 Supply chain describes the flow of goods, services, and information from the initial sources of materials and services to the delivery of products to consumers, regardless of whether those activities occur in the same organization or in other organizations. Cost management is most...
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...Chapter 1: Introduction to Managerial Accounting 1. Identify managers’ four primary responsibilities * Planning involves setting goals and objectives for the company and determining how to achieve them. * Directing means overseeing the company’s day-to-day operations. Management uses product cost reports, product sales information, and other managerial accounting reports to run daily business operations. * Controlling means evaluating the results of business operations against the plan and making adjustments to keep the company pressing towards its goals. * Making decisions: management is continually making decisions while it plans, directs, and controls operations. 2. Distinguish financial accounting from managerial accounting Managerial Accounting | Financial Accounting | Internal Users such as managers | External Users such as creditors, stockholders, and govt regulators | To help managers plan, direct and control business operations and make business decisions | To help external users make investing and lending decisions | Any internal accounting report deemed worthwhile by management | Financial Statements | Management determines what it wants in a report, and how it wants it formatted. Reports are prepared only when management believes the benefit of using the report exceeds the cost of preparing the report. | Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) determines the content and format of financial statements | While some...
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...(Horngren/Datar/Rajan) Chapter 2 An Introduction to Cost Terms and Purposes Objective 2.1 1) Cost objects include: A) products B) customers C) departments D) All of these answers are correct. Answer: D Diff: 2 Terms: cost object Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 2) Actual costs are: A) the costs incurred B) budgeted costs C) estimated costs D) forecasted costs Answer: A Diff: 1 Terms: actual costing Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 3) The general term used to identify both the tracing and the allocation of accumulated costs to a cost object is: A) cost accumulation B) cost assignment C) cost tracing D) conversion costing Answer: B Diff: 1 Terms: cost assignment Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 4) In order to make decisions, managers need to know: A) actual costs B) budgeted costs C) both costs D) neither cost Answer: C Diff: 1 Terms: budgeted costs Objective: 1 AACSB: Ethical reasoning 5) The collection of accounting data in some organized way is: A) cost accumulation B) cost assignment C) cost tracing D) conversion costing Answer: A Diff: 1 Terms: cost accumulation Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 6) Budgeted costs are: A) the costs incurred this year B) the costs incurred last year C) planned or forecasted costs D) competitor's costs Answer: C Diff: 2 Terms: budgeted costs Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 7) Cost assignment : A) is always arbitrary B) is...
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...with Foreign University SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND COMPUTING MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND DECISIONS Unit 2 – PAPER #1 SUBMITTED BY: Rodolph Joseph B. Cannu SECTION B SUBMITTED TO: MR. MARK ANTHONY CASANOVA 4 February 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents 2.2 explain the importance of financial planning 3 2.3 ASSESS THE INFORMATION NEEDS OF DIFFERENT DECISION MAKERS 4 Lenders 4 Suppliers 4 Customers 4 2.4 explain the impact of finance on the financial statements 5 Investment 5 Borrowing 5 Sales of property 5 Cash sales 5 Leasing 5 4.1 DISCUSS THE MAIN FINANCIAL STATEMENT 6 4.2. Compare appropriate formats of financial statements for different types of business 7 TYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 7 Owner's Equity 7 Partners' Equity 8 Stockholders' Equity 8 SERVICE, MERCHANDISING, MANUFACTURING INCOME STATEMENTS 9 Service 9 Merchandising 10 Manufacturing 11 4.3 INTERPRET FINANCIAL STATEMENTS USING APPROPRIATE RATIOS AND COMPARISONS, BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL 13 The liquidity ratio 13 Profitability ratio 14 Efficiency ratio 14 Leverage ratio 15 BIBLIOGRAPHY: 16 APPENDICES 17 2.2 explain the importance of financial planning A financial plan is made up of financial statements that forecast the resources and provides the structure to the way of finance are handled within the company. It has two objectives. First, It ensures the availability of the funds that guarantee the timely availability of finance. Secondly...
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...Jonathan Gruenebaum Acct-505 Week 1 Summary Threaded Discussion #1 1. The Difference in Income Statements of a Service Company Vs. a Merchandising Company In a modern economy, sales revenue is the fuel that drives services, innovation and competition -- whether the income stems from a service company or a merchandising business. If you study an organization's income statement, you see things like revenues, cost of goods sold and administrative expenses -- all of which lead to net income or loss at the end of the reporting period. Income Statement When much of the economy struggles, you can look at corporation's income statement to figure out whether it's bowing to the overall negative environment or whether top leadership can maintain the business in profitable-company status. If the corporation is flourishing, you'll see that at the bottom of the statement of profit and loss -- an identical term for an income report, P&L or statement of income. Also known as the bottom line, net income equals total revenues minus total expenses. A net loss occurs if expenses exceed revenues. Service Company A service company is an organization that doesn't sell goods to make money, but rather relies on the analytical dexterity and innovation of its personnel to provide services that clients want and relish. Think of companies involved in investment banking, insurance, consulting, accounting and advisory and financial planning. In a service company's income statement, you typically...
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...division. For the past decade, the division had been converting plastic sheeting into sturdy, threedimensional outdoor beverage-merchandising units. These units not only protected and secured beverage products in the out-of-doors, but functioned as powerful advertising and sales vehicles for some of the world’s largest, most international beverage brands. The outdoor units were typically used at gasoline stations which sold soft drinks, in addition to fuel and other products. Each unit could hold up to 24-can cases. The product line consisted of 10 base units, offering clients various merchandising “pack-out” and size options. To customize the products for advertising purposes, client logo artwork was printed on plastic sheets prior to structural manufacturing. To print the sheets, the plastics division contracted with InterMarket’s wholly owned printing division. The plastics division did its own fabrication in a modern 15,600 square foot facility located near a residential area. The printing division operated as a shared services group and provided print services for all three manufacturing divisions of the company (plastics, metal and wood). Intracompany print jobs were priced on an “at cost” basis + a nominal administration fee, or cost + 4%. To function as a profit center for the company, the print division also offered its services outside of InterMarket on a “for profit” basis. It was located in an industrial park close to a brewery and a chemical plant and...
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...The Role of Management Accounting in the Organization The purpose of management accounting in the organization is to support competitive decision making by collecting, processing, and communicating information that helps management plan, control, and evaluate business processes and company strategy. The interesting thing about management accounting is that it is rare to find an individual within a company with the title of “management accountant.” Often many individuals function as accountants within the organization, but these individuals typically operate as financial accountants, costs accountants, tax accountants, or internal auditors. However, the ability to develop and use good management accounting (which covers a lot more ground than the product costing done by cost accountants) is actually an important ability for many individuals, including finance professionals, operational and marketing managers, top-level executives, and information technologists. Generally, in a very large company, each division has a top accountant called the controller, and much of the management accounting that is done in these divisions comes under the leadership of the controller. On the other hand, the controller usually reports to the vice president of finance for the division who, in turn, reports to the division’s president and/or overall chief financial officer (CFO). All of these individuals are responsible for the flow of good accounting information that supports the planning...
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...Chapter 2: Fashion Merchandising Organizations Chapter contents: 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Types of fashion merchandising organization 2.2.1(a) The buying agents 2.2.1(b) Store-owned buying offices 2.2.1(c) Cooperative buying offices 2.2.2 Independent trading companies 2.2.3 Offices of manufacturer-importer 2.3 The major service offered by a fashion merchandising organization 2.3.1 Private label programme 2.3.2 Group purchasing 2.3.3 Centralized buying 2.3.4 Other merchandising services 2.4 The major organizational structures for fashion merchandising activities 2.4.1 Functional division type 2.4.2 Product/market division type 2.4.3 Matrix organization type 1 Objectives After studying this chapter, you should understand the following: the various types of fashion merchandising organizations major merchandising services offered by these organizations the major ways to establish merchandising organizational structure Case Study The merchandising agent, Fashiontex, received a set of lab-dip (colour dyeing samples) from the supplier, for final confirmation as the pre-production standard in dyeing process. The team checked the samples with the original standard provided from its European buyer and found the sample very satisfactory. The colour shades submitted from the supplier were nearly 100 percent the same as the original ones. The team was very confident that the buyer would accept it and grant approval for bulk production. In normal procedure, the team would...
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...CHAPTER 1 THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING IN BUSINESS CLASS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. The objective of most businesses is to max-imize profits. Profit is the difference be-tween the amounts received from customers for goods or services provided and the amounts paid for the inputs used to provide those goods or services. 2. A manufacturing business changes basic inputs into products that are then sold to customers. In contrast, a merchandising business purchases products in a form that can be sold to customers without any addi-tional changes. Examples of manufacturing businesses include Ford Motor Company, Procter & Gamble, Coca-Cola, and Intel. Examples of merchandising businesses in-clude Best Buy, Circuit City, JCPenney, Of-fice Depot, and Home Depot. 3. A manufacturing business changes basic inputs into products that are then sold to customers. A service business provides ser-vices rather than products to customers. A restaurant such as Applebee’s has characte-ristics of both a manufacturing and a ser-vice business in that Applebee’s takes raw inputs such as cheese, fish, and beef and processes them into products for consump-tion by its customers. At the same time, Ap-plebee’s provides services of waiting on its customers as they dine. 4. The corporate form allows the company to obtain large amounts of resources by is-suing stock. In addition, in a corporation the stockholders’ liability to creditors for the debts of the company is limited to their investment in the corporation...
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... BASICS OF MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING Purpose of the course - familiarize you with: 1. Managerial accounting concepts. 2. Managerial accounting practices. 3. Use of managerial accounting information for decision making. 4. Pitfalls. Accounting is a branch of study concerned with the generation ( identification & measurement ) and provision (Communication) of information. Managerial accounting is in particular accounting for the internal management of organizations. A. Financial versus Managerial Accounting Financial Accounting Management Accounting Approach ! unifying concept: assets=equities ! no underlying unity-- many approaches Rules ! G.A.A.P. ! no general principles ! mandatory ! mostly optional Measurement ! almost exclusively $ ! many non-financial elements ! emphasis on precision, objectivity ! subjective estimates Past/Future ! based on past ! many future estimates and forecasts Aggregation ! overall summary of business ! very segmented ! general purpose information ! specific purpose reports Frequency ! less/mandatory frequency ! more frequent and optional Similarity ! basic data source same End result ! ends with financial statements ! integral part of other business aspects B. Cost Accounting Terminology 1. Nature of Cost Cost - A sacrifice of resources: Cost is a measurement in monetary terms...
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...PADINI HOLDINGS BERHAD PROFILE Company Profile : Padini Holdings Berhad Ticker : PADINI Exchanges : KUL 2007 Sales : 316,870,000 Major Industry : Apparel & Textiles Sub Industry : Apparel Manufacturers Country : MALAYSIA Employees : 1762 Business Description Padini Holdings Berhad. The Group's principal activity is dealing garment, ladies' shoes and accessories. Operations are carried out in Malaysia and Hong Kong. Industry Trend and Development Going forward, we still firmly believe that issues relating to size and brand power will continue to be the predominant competitive features that businesses in the retail fashion industry have to address. Shopping malls, both new and existing ones, are getting larger, and the stores located within them are also expanding in size. The newly-opened Berjaya Times Square and Ikea Store can attest to that. And given the continuing proliferation of brands and the numerous communication channels that exist, it will get increasingly tougher to reach, secure and retain customers. In this chaotic and rapidly evolving market environment, brands, properly and smartly managed, will provide the stability needed to drive growth and market share. Flashback |1971 |Began operations as Hwayo Garments Manufacturers Company, a sole proprietorship carrying out the manufacturing | | |of ladies garments and wholesaling of the finished products to departmental stores. | |1973 ...
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...Exercises 1 A Problems B Problems Study Objectives *1. Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting. Identify the three broad functions of management. Define the three classes of manufacturing costs. Distinguish between product and period costs. Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income statement. Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determined. Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing balance sheet. Identify trends in managerial accounting. Prepare a worksheet and closing entries for a manufacturing company. Questions 1, 2, 3 Do It! 1 Exercises 1 *2. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 11, 12 2, 3 1 *3. 4, 5, 7 2 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 3, 4, 5, 7, 13 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17 1A, 2A 1B, 2B *4. 13 6 2 1A, 2A 1B, 2B *5. 9, 14 3A, 4A, 5A 3B, 4B, 5B *6. 15, 16, 17, 18 8, 10, 11 3 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 14, 15, 16, 17 3A, 4A, 5A 3B, 4B, 5B *7. 10, 19, 20, 21 9 3A, 4A 3B, 4B *8. 22, 23, 24 25, 26 27, 28, 29 12 4 18 *9. 19 6A *Note: All asterisked Questions, Exercises, and Problems relate to material contained in the appendix to the chapter. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kimmel, Accounting, 4/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) 14-1 ASSIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS TABLE Problem Number 1A Difficulty Level Simple Time Allotted (min.) 20–30 Description Classify manufacturing costs into different categories and compute the unit cost. Classify manufacturing costs into...
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...Managerial Accounting Learning Objective 18-1 1) Managerial accounting focuses on providing information for internal planning and control. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 LO: 18-1 AACSB: Concept AICPA Functional: Reporting 2) Financial accounting prepares reports for internal purposes, whereas managerial accounting provides information to external stakeholders. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 LO: 18-1 AACSB: Concept AICPA Functional: Reporting 3) The IMA standards of ethical practice require managerial accountants to maintain their professional competence. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 LO: 18-1 AACSB: Ethical Understanding AICPA Functional: Reporting 4) The accountant for Myra Lido deliberately deferred cash payments for business expenses in order to record a higher operating cash flow for the company. As long as the amount was not material, this would not be considered unethical behavior. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 LO: 18-1 AACSB: Ethical Understanding AICPA Functional: Reporting 5) Financial statements prepared for investors and creditors often include forward-looking information because they make decisions based on a company's future prospects. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 LO: 18-1 AACSB: Concept AICPA Functional: Reporting 6) Management accounting reporting by a public firm is required to follow the rules of GAAP and guidelines of the Securities Exchange Commission. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 LO: 18-1 AACSB: Concept AICPA Functional: Reporting ...
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...Review Notes (Chap 3 to Chap 6) 1. Important Concepts: Cost Drivers and Cost Pools. A cost driver is any factor that has the effect of changing the level of total cost. In cost leadership, managing cost drivers is essential. A firm incurs a cost when it uses a resource for some purpose. Often costs are collected into meaningful groups called cost pools. Since individual costs can be group in several different ways, cost pools can be defined in several different ways as well (by cost type, source, or responsibility). Cost Allocation: Direct and Indirect Costs. A direct cost can be conveniently and economically traced to a cost object or pool. In contrast, there is no convenient or economical way to trace indirect costs from cost or cost pool to the cost pool or cost object. Indirect costs are caused by two or more cost pools or objects, but cannot be directly traced to either one. Because of this difficulty, indirect costs are traced using cost drivers. The result is that indirect costs are assigned to the cost pool or object that caused the costs in the manner that is fairly representative of the way the cost was incurred. This assignment of indirect costs is known as cost allocation, which is a form of cost assignment used when direct tracing is not possible. The cost drivers used in the allocation are called allocation bases. Cost Drivers: activity-based and volume-based. Activity-based drivers are developed at a detailed level of operations and are associated...
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