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When Radiation Therapy Kills
CASE STUDY When new expensive medical therapies come along, promising to cure people of illness, one would think that the manufacturers, doctors, and technicians, along with the hospitals and state oversight agencies, would take extreme caution in their application and use. Often this is not the case. Contemporary radiation therapy offers a good example of society failing to anticipate and control the negative impacts of a technology powerful enough to kill people. For individuals and their families suffering through a battle with cancer, technical advancements in radiation treatment represent hope and a chance for a healthy, cancer-free life. But when these highly complex machines used to treat cancers go awry or when medical technicians and doctors fail to follow proper safety procedures, it results in suffering worse than the ailments radiation aims to cure. A litany of horror stories underscores the consequences when hospitals fail to provide safe radiation treatment to cancer patients. In many of these horror stories, poor software design, poor human-machine interfaces, and lack of proper training are root causes of the problems. The deaths of Scott Jerome-Parks and Alexandra Jn-Charles, both patients of New York City hospitals, are prime examples of radiation treatments going awry. Jerome-Parks worked in southern Manhattan near the site of the World Trade Center attacks, and suspected that the tongue cancer he developed later was related to toxic dust that he came in contact with after the attacks. His prognosis was uncertain at first, but he had some reason to be optimistic, given the quality of the treatment provided by state-of-the-the-art linear accelerators at St. Vincent’s Hospital, which he selected for his treatment. But after receiving erroneous dosages of radiation several times, his condition drastically

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...I J 1 Sample n d P P- Bar Z CL UCL LCL 2 1 238 11 0.046 0.078 0.017 -1.842 0 3 -3 3 2 245 18 0.073 0.078 0.017 -0.281 0 3 -3 4 3 270 17 0.063 0.078 0.016 -0.938 0 3 -3 5 4 207 15 0.072 0.078 0.019 -0.313 0 3 -3 6 5 251 11 0.044 0.078 0.017 -2.033 0 3 -3 7 6 254 15 0.059 0.078 0.017 -1.142 0 3 -3 8 7 236 19 0.081 0.078 0.017 0.126 0 3 -3 9 8 245 20 0.082 0.078 0.017 0.194 0 3 -3 10 9 246 35 0.142 0.078 0.017 3.735 0 3 -3 11 10 269 14 0.052 0.078 0.016 -1.603 0 3 -3 12 11 223 7 0.031 0.078 0.018 -2.608 0 3 -3 13 12 246 42 0.171 0.078 0.017 5.397 0 3 -3 14 13 262 14 0.053 0.078 0.017 -1.498 0 3 -3 15 14 258 15 0.058 0.078 0.017 -1.205 0 3 -3 16 15 232 20 0.086 0.078 0.018 0.448 0 3 -3 17 16 219 9 0.041 0.078 0.018 -2.049 0 3 -3 18 17 263 23 0.087 0.078 0.017 0.553 0 3 -3 19 18 244 11 0.045 0.078 0.017 -1.931 0 3 -3 20 19 274 21 0.077 0.078 0.016 -0.102 0 3 -3 21 20 245 37 0.151 0.078 0.017 4.237 0 3 -3 22 21 233 16 0.069 0.078 0.018 -0.547 0 3 -3 23 22 267 18 0.067 0.078 0.016 -0.662 0 3 -3 24 23 254 20 0.079 0.078 0.017 0.026 0 3 -3 25 24 264 16 0.061 0.078 0.017 -1.070 0 3 -3 26 25 253 34 0.134 0.078 0.017 3.321 0 3 -3 27 26 290 22 0.076 0.078 0.016 -0.155 0 3 -3 28 27 231 9 0.039 0.078 0.018 -2.226 0 3 -3 29 28 227 40 0.176 0.078 0.018 5.491 0 3 -3 30 29 234 18 0.077 0.078 0.018 -0.078 0 3 -3 31 30 253 15 0.059 0.078 0.017 -1.126 0 3 -3 32 7433 582 2.353 A B C D E F G H I J 1 Sample n d P P- Bar Z CL UCL LCL 2 1 238 11...

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Hartley's Test Table

...Table Critical values for the Hartley test (right-sided) Level of significance = 0.01 k n-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 199 448 729 1036 1362 1705 2069 3 47.5 85 120 151 184 216* 249* 4 23.2 37 49 59 69 79 89 5 14.9 22 28 33 38 42 46 6 11.1 15.5 19.1 22 25 27 30 7 8.89 12.1 14.5 16.5 18.4 20 22 8 7.50 9.9 11.7 13.2 14.5 15.8 16.9 9 6.54 8.5 9.9 11.1 12.1 13.1 13.9 10 5.85 7.4 8.6 9.6 10.4 11.1 11.8 12 4.91 6.1 6.9 7.6 8.2 8.7 9.1 15 4.07 4.9 5.5 6.0 6.4 6.7 7.1 20 3.32 3.8 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.1 5.3 30 2.63 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 60 1.96 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 1.00 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 *The third-digit figures for n - 1 = 3 are uncertain. Level of significance = 0.05 k 5 6 7 8 202 266 333 403 50.7 62.0 72.9 83.5 25.2 29.5 33.6 37.5 16.3 18.7 20.8 22.9 12.1 13.7 15.0 16.3 9.70 10.8 11.8 12.7 8.12 9.03 9.78 10.5 7.11 7.80 8.41 8.95 6.34 6.92 7.42 7.87 5.30 5.72 6.09 6.42 4.37 4.68 4.95 5.19 3.54 3.76 3.94 4.10 2.78 2.91 3.02 3.12 2.04 2.11 2.17 2.22 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 9 2432 281* 97 50 32 23 17.9 14.7 12.4 9.5 7.3 5.5 3.9 2.6 1.0 10 2813 310* 106 54 34 24 18.9 15.3 12.9 9.9 7.5 5.6 4.0 2.6 1.0 11 3204 337* 113 57 36 26 19.8 16.0 13.4 10.2 7.8 5.8 4.1 2.7 1.0 12 3605 361* 120 60 37 27 21 16.6 13.9 10.6 8.0 5.9 4.2 2.7 1.0 n-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 30 60 2 39.0 15.4 9.6 7.15 5.82 4.99 4.43 4.03 3.72 3.28 2.86 2.46 2.07 1.67 1.00 3 87.5 27.8 15.5 10.8 8.38 6.94 6.00 5.34 4.85 4.16 3.54 2.95 2.40 1.85 1.00 4 142 39.2 20.6 13.7 10.4 8.44 7.18 6.31 5.67 4.79 4.01 3.29...

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