...A saucepan was filled with 100ml of water. Its temperature was observed and recorded before the saucepan was placed on the hotplate. The timer was started as soon as it touched the hotplate. The thermometer was held in the water, not being allowed to touch the bottom of the saucepan. Every 30 seconds, a reading was recorded from the thermometer. Once the reading had been the same for one and a half minutes, the experiment was stopped. The experiment was repeated 4 times in total. The experiment was then repeated, but 15 grams of salt was added before heating started. Again, it was repeated, but with 30 grams of salt. The recorded results were then categorised, organised and displayed in appropriate formats. Results: Experiment 1 Water, No salt Time (Minutes) |Temperature of water, no salt. Trial 1 (oC) |Temperature of water, no salt. Trial 2 (oC) |Temperature of water, no salt. Trial 3 (oC) |Temperature of water, no salt. Trial 4 (oC) | |0.5 |11 |10 |11 |12 | |1 |11 |11 |11 |12 | |1.5 |12 |12 |12 |13 | |2 |12 |12 |13 |13 | |2.5 |13 |13 |13 |14 | |3 |14 |14 |14 |15 | |3.5 |15 |14 |15 |15...
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...Introduction: In this experiment, the rate law and rate constant for a reaction of oxalic acid with permanganate were determined. Every chemical reaction ranges from hours to femtoseconds to occur. The rate of a chemical reaction can be determined by assessing the change in either the reactant or product in a given time or point (Connors, 1990). It is important to take account of the stoichiometric ratios of each component, regardless as to which compound is chosen to determine the rate. The study of the rates of chemical reactions is called Chemical Kinetics (Soustelle, 2011). The following is an example of a generic chemical reaction: aA + bB → cC + dD The rate of the reaction can be expressed as a function of each reactant and each product: Rate = -1a∆A∆t= -1b∆B∆t= +1c∆C∆t= +1d∆D∆t For each reaction, the concentration is decreasing as the reaction occurs; therefore representing the rate as a positive value and a negative sign in the rate definition is used. The concentration of the products is conversely increasing as the reaction proceeds; therefore changing in concentration is positive (Connors, 1990). The reaction rate can be measured by accurately measuring the change in concentration of one of the reaction species over time. This experiment utilized a visual change in color of one of the reactants used; however, since visual indications can be subjective and it is important to perform the experiment multiple times. Also, since the color change would indicate that...
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...In this experiment, we are going to obtain the result of one’s willingness to cooperate with a person whose attitudes are wholly the same or entirely distinct from the one’s attitudes. Consequently, with the result, we will be able to figure out that which has the higher willingness. And to be clearer, we can divide this experiment process into a series of steps. 1st step: Primarily, we need to select a subject to participate in this experiment, and then ask him to fill out a survey of personal attitudes, such as the question of Smoking, Welfare, War and so forth. 2nd step: After, we need to determine which group of the experiment are we going to be involved in (there are 2 groups for this experiment, the first is the 0% group, which is to acquire the result of one’s willingness to cooperate with a person whose attitudes are entirely distinct from the subject’s attitude, on the contrary, the second is the 100% group, which is to find out the result with a person whose attitudes are entirely the same as the subject’s attitudes.), next, we collect the survey from the subject, and we fill in another survey (which is the same survey) referring the original survey. For example, if the subject filled out that “I am in favor of smoking”, as for group 1, we need to fill in that “I am not in favor of smoking”. 3rd step: In this step, we are going to ask the subject to study the new survey carefully. And next, we ask them to fill out an interpersonal Judgment Scale to evaluate...
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...Evolution Lab BIO/101 Pooja Thakur 7-23-12 Evolution Resulting From Natural Selection INTRODUCTION The Evolution Lab simulates environmental situations to determine effects on evolution over periods of time. This lab experiments with the evolution of finches on two different islands over 100, 200, and 300 years. By manipulating parameters that influence natural selection, the effects that natural selection have on the evolution process can be studied. HYPOTHESES • The size of the island will influence the population. • The amount of precipitation will influence beak size. • Variances in beak size will influence beak size. MATERIALS The materials needed for this experiment consist of a computer and access to the Evolution Lab on the University of Phoenix student website. In the Evolution Lab there are two islands, Darwin Island and Wallace Island. There are seven variables that can be changed to run many different experiments on both islands. The variables are beak size, variance of beak size, heritability, clutch size, island size, population, and precipitation. METHODS In all of the experiments Darwin Island was used as the control group and Wallace Island was the experimental group. So, in each test, the variables for Wallace Island were altered and the variables for Darwin Island were left alone. The first experiment was to determine whether or not the size of the island affected the population. To do this, the only variable that...
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...Project Design Plan Double A alkaline batteries are used in many electronic devices today. Alkaline batteries produce electricity from the chemical reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide. There are many different manufactures of Double A batteries all claiming that their batteries last longer. Literature Review There are many different uses for Double A batteries and all battery manufactures want their batteries to be the longest lasting. There have been many tests done by the manufacturers of batteries and independent companies. The Power Stream Company tested the discharge rate of different batteries. They used the CBA II Battery Analyzer to test the discharge rate of each battery. The batteries they tested were Radio Shack Enercell Plus, Duracell Coppertop, Energizer Titanium, Energizer Max, Eveready Gold, Energizer Lithium and the Power Stream 2000 mAH Rechargeable. The Radio Shack Enercell and the Duracell Copper top were the two best batteries. The Radio Shack Enercell was best at a high discharge rate and the Duracell Copper Top was best at a very low discharge rate. The Bit Box Company tested over forty different brands of batteries. They used their own engineered constant load testing device. That was connected to a laptop computer which would graph the results of the test. It could test several batteries at one time. They used batteries from name brand manufacturers to discount store brands. The graph below shows the results of...
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...other 5 for numbers? The first two places can contain any letter of alphabet, 1 of 26 possibilities. The last five places can contain any single digit number, 1 of 10 possibilities. 26 26 10 10 10 10 10 If we consider each place an experiment with ni outcomes, then the generalized basic principle of counting implies that the total number of possibilities 7 ni = 26 · 26 · 10 · 10 · 10 · 10 · 10 = 262 105 = 67,600,000 i=1 (b) Repeat part (a) under the assumption that no letter or number can be repeated in a single license plate. Again, the first two places can contain any letter of alphabet, 1 of 26 possibilities. Once we have drawn a letter for the first place, that letter is no longer available for the second place. The last five places can contain any single digit number, 1 of 10 possibilities. Once a number has been chosen for the first place, it is no longer available for the next place and so on. 26 25 10 9 8 7 6 7 ni = 26 · 25 · 10 · 9 · 8 · 7 · 6 = 19,656,000 i=1 2. How many outcome sequences are possible when a die is rolled four times, where we say, for instance, that the outcome is 3, 4, 3, 1 if the first roll landed on a 3, the second on 4, the third on 3, and the fourth on a 1? This is almost identical to the previous problem. Rather than each experiment being a place on a license plate, each experiment in this problem is the number of pips showing on a single die. 6 6 which yields a result of 64 = 1,296 . 1 6 6 5. For years, telephone area codes in the...
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...Calen Woi for their moral support. A special thank to the pupils of 5A3 and 5A4 for their involvement in this study. Without their cooperation and the grace of god, this research won’t be successful. 1 Abstract This research was carried out to assist the pupils in answering section B Science Year 5 questions using TCTOTMTKS method. The objective of study was to identify TCTCTMTKS variables using science process skill and circle method. 98 respondents were involved in this study. Respondents are from 5A3 and 5A4 pupils were selected from 7 classes. Early observations had been carried out through exercises in classrooms. Through the observations, it was seen that the students were having difficulty in identifying variables from the experiment and unable to answer the following questions. Thus, this research focuses on how to identify to change, to observe, to measure and to keep the same variables by using science process skill and circling method. Pre-test and post-test were used to assess respondent achievement concurrently with some exercises. 98% of respondents show their understanding and positive attitude towards participating in all the activities carried out in the lessons. Post test result clearly shown that more than 94% achievement in using above method in answering the variables questions. After treatment, pupils from 5A3 shows 83% passes compare only 33% in early examination while 5A4...
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...Enzymatic Reaction of Sucrose and Sucrase: Analysis Under Different Conditions and Concentrations Abstract: Sucrase is the enzyme that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose. The purpose of this lab experiment was to determine under what environment the enzymatic reaction between sucrose and sucrase would produce the most products and the rate of production. To determine the rate of reaction, Benedicts Reagent was used to identify the amount of glucose produced from the enzymatic reaction. Benedicts Reagent is used to detect the presence of glucose and indicates the results with varying degrees of color. We were successful in our endeavors to measure this rate of reaction with Benedicts Reagent and conclude that the higher the substrate or enzyme concentration, the faster the rate. The process of using Benedicts Reagent to measure glucose levels is also used in urine analysis for people with diabetes. Introduction: All living organisms need to supply themselves with nutrients and as humans, we use the process of digestion to break down and extrapolate the nutrients from our food to maintain and fuel our bodies. In order to perform digestion our bodies use enzymes, which are biological catalysts. They are made of proteins that responsible for the chemical reactions essential to sustaining life. Enzymes have three major characteristics: increase the rate of reaction, are substrate specific and lower the energy barrier it takes to for reactants to occur...
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...ng Maynila (University of the City of Manila) Intramuros, Manila College of Human Development Department of Psychology Experiment #1 Simple Reaction time Submitted by: Antonio, Edgardo Jr. Q. Submitted to: Prof. Mary Easter Claire P. Torres November 17, 2014 I. Abstract This experiment looks at the simple reaction time of an individual. The experiment is used to measure a person’s reaction time during two situations (when the person is preoccupied or focused on a thing). The experiment was made out of an Experimenter and a Subject and it was partitioned into two parts. The subject is requested to do forty five trials in both section one and section two. Amid the first part, the subject is asked to do free association while assessing twelve seconds on his mind, without looking the timer. On the second piece of the experiment, the subject was again asked to perform forty five trials but for this time, there is no free association included and he is just focused on the timer. This experiment was carried out the other way around however the experimenter just performed 10 trials. II. Introduction The speed with which a response is made to a stimulus, is technically known as ‘Reaction Time’. It is the period between the onset of a stimulus and beginning of the responses. Reaction time being one of the classical experiments of any psychological laboratory has proved as a sensitive measure of the readiness of an organism to response to change in the...
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...Science Understand that science investigations use a variety of methods and do not always use the same set of procedures; understand that there is not just one "scientific method." Science findings are based upon evidence. The Scientific Method Question or Problem Research Hypothesis Think! Try Again! Conduct an experiment Conclusion Analyze your data Conclusion Hypothesis is partially correct or wrong Hypothesis is correct Report your results 1|Page Objective Understand the Nature of Science Understand that science investigations use a variety of methods and do not always use the same set of procedures; understand that there is not just one "scientific method." Science findings are based upon evidence. Introduction to the Scientific Method Worksheet Long ago, many people believed that living things could come from nonliving things. They thought that worms came from wood and that maggots came from decaying meat. This idea was called spontaneous generation. In 1668, an Italian biologist, Francesco Redi, did experiments to prove that maggots did not come from meat. One of his experiments is shown below. Group I Group II Redi placed pieces of meat in several jars. He divided the jars into two groups. He covered the first group of jars with fine cloth. He left the second group of jars uncovered. Redi observed the jars for several days. He saw flies on the cloth of the covered jars, and he saw flies laying eggs...
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...Jefferson Egalite Professor Alexander McQuoid ECO 3410 19 June 2014 Answer 1 a) Consider the experiment of a worker assembling a product. We can define a random variable as x equals to the time in minutes to assemble the product b) The possible outcomes for this experiment is the worker may assemble the product from the first second to whatever how long it takes him or her to assemble the product. Therefore, the random variable x may assume any number greater than zero in minutes, meaning any positive number. It can be noted as x > 0. c) In the experiment x is assuming to be all the value greater than zero variable, so the experimental outcomes are based on a measurement of scale. Thus, the random variable x is a continuous random variable. Answer 2 a) The number of questions answered correctly are the possible outcomes. The experiment is based on a 20-question examination, so all the possible values the random variable can assume are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. All the possible outcomes are range from 0 to 20, that means the random variable x can take a finite number of value, therefore, x is a discrete random variable b) The random variable x representing the number of cars arriving a tollbooth may assume all the following values 0, 1, 2, 3,…, n cars in one hour. The values of the random variable x is infinite as x may assume the value of n cars in one hour, it is a discrete random variable because...
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...thrown is equal to seven Purpose of Project * To carry out simple experiments to determine the probability that the sum of two dice when thrown is equal to seven. Variables * Independent- sum * Dependent- number of throws * Controlled- Cloth covered table top. Method of data collection 1. Two ordinary six-faced gaming dice was thrown 100 times using three different method which can be shown below. i. The dice was held in the palm of the hand and shaken around a few times before it was thrown onto a cloth covered table top. ii. The dice was placed into a Styrofoam cup and shaken around few times before it was thrown on a cloth covered table top. iii. The dice was placed into a glass and shaken around a few times before it was thrown onto a cloth covered table top. 2. All result was recoded and tabulated. 3. A probability tree was drawn. Presentation of Data Throw by hand Sum of two dice | Frequency | 23456789101112 | 4485161516121172 | Throw by Styrofoam cup Sum of two dice | Frequency | 23456789101112 | 2513112081481072 | Throw by Glass Sum of two dice | Frequency | 23456789101112 | 18910121214121174 | Sum oftwo dice | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Total | Experiment1 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 5 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 12 | 11 | 7 | 2 | 100 | Experiment2 | 2 | 5 | 13 | 11 | 20 | 8 | 14 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 100 | Experiment3 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 7 | 5 | 100 | Total | 7 | 17 | 30 | 26 | 48 | 35 | 43 |...
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...Biological Research Krystle Mitchell BIO 405 Dr. Thomas J. Rauch Fall 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Avian Ecology……………………………………………………………..3-4 Data collection: Wood Feeder………………………………………………………….…....4-6 Open Feeder………………………………………………………………4-6 Graph: Times of Birds spent on each feeder………………………………………………..11-12 Times each Bird spent off feeder……………………………………………………11-12 Avian Ecology Theory: Bird Feeder Experiment……………………………………………………………..6-7 Hypothesis, Observation Results and Conclusion……………………………..9-10 As i continue my research in this class I would like to give an example what Avian Ecology is before I start to elaborate on my research. Avian Ecology is a classic study to see if birds segregate themselves by habitat and food. Although there are many field methods available for conducting avian ecological research; bird counts are a good way to estimate population size, detect changes in population size or species diversity, and determine the cause of the changes in environmental or habitat and plenty of data and research is collected. I will also analyze what type of environment theses birds like to be in and how do they function in certain areas as well as the type of food these birds like and dislike. I will be collecting my data and research in Bay St Louis, MS. This area has a lot of birds and a great place for doing research on the studies of birds. Since this time our research has to...
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...objective of the experiment is to study how a hollow shaft would behave compared with the solid shaft, in terms of strength and rigidity under torsion. Sample Calculations Table 2: Strength and stiffness of hollow and solid shafts having the same outer diameter Volume of 12mm diameter solid shaft, Vs = Area of cross section x height = = 1.131 x 10-5 m3 For hollow shaft of outer diameter 12mm, inner diameter 6mm, Experimental % change in torsional stiffness, = (261.09 – 264.63) / 264.63 x 100% = -1.3377 % Theoretical % change in torsional stiffness, = - (0.006 / 0.012)4 x 100% = -6.25 % % change in volume, Vh = = 8.483 x 10-6 m3 = (8.483 x 10-6 - 1.131 x 10-5) / (1.131 x 10-5) x 100% = -25.00 % Theoretical % change in maximum shear stress, = [12 / (124 – 64) – 1/123] / (1/123) x 100% = 6.67 % Table 3: Strength and stiffness of hollow and solid shafts having the same volume For solid shaft of diameter 7.93mm and hollow shaft of outer diameter 12mm, inner diameter 9mm, Experimental % change in torsional stiffness, = (240.17 – 119.57) / 119.57 x 100% = 100.86 % Theoretical % change in torsional stiffness, = 2 x [1-(7.93/12)2] / (7.93/12)2 x 100% = 257.98 % Theoretical % change in maximum shear stress, = [12 / (124 – 94)...
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...Abstract The researchers’ experiment aimed to determine what material would stay and remain the same with the most heat after being heated and cooled. In this way, one could see how climate in different countries and places are being affected with the materials around them. In this experiment, the materials that were used were water, salt, oil, 2 thermometers, containers, lamp/flashlight and a stopwatch. All these materials were arranged in a way that light from the lamp could be directly reach the 2 containers; this point was where the temperature of each was being recorded with the time allotted. In order to come up with a good result, the temperature was being checked after every five minutes and placed into data. The procedure was done three times for every material for the three trials. After testing, the oil absorbed a lot of heat, the water absorbed a little heat but kept it in while the soil did not absorbed much heat but when after, it was released easily. This experiment was to show how heat was being absorbed and released by different materials around. In this manner, one could associate it with the climate; how the materials surrounding the place can affect the climate and the specific materials that would greatly affect the climate in one place. CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Introduction Climate change is a lasting and significant change in the distribution of weather patterns over a period of time that may be ranging from decades to even millions...
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