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Der Essay (seltener das Essay; Plural: Essays), auch: Essai, ist eine geistreiche Abhandlung, in der wissenschaftliche, kulturelle oder gesellschaftliche Phänomene betrachtet werden. Im Mittelpunkt steht die persönliche Auseinandersetzung des Autors mit seinem jeweiligen Thema. Die Kriterien wissenschaftlicher Methodik können dabei vernachlässigt werden; der Autor hat also relativ große Freiheiten.
Ähnliche Textarten, teilweise auch synonym verwendet, sind Traktat, Aufsatz und (veraltet) Causerie. Verwandte journalistischen Darstellungsformen sind die Glosse, die Kolumne, der journalistische Kommentar und der Leitartikel.
Im Blick auf den Geistreichtum eines guten Essays kann man den Essay als den „großen Bruder“ des Aphorismus auffassen.
Der Essay als literarische Form oder Gattung geht zurück auf den französischen Autor Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592). Montaigne entwickelte den Essay aus den Adagia des Erasmus von Rotterdam. Was bei diesem noch eine Sammlung von Sprüchen, Aphorismen und Weisheiten ist, versieht Montaigne nun mit Kommentaren und Kritik. Dabei stellt er, aus einer skeptischen Grundhaltung heraus, seine Erfahrungen und Abwägungen dem scholastischen Absolutheitsanspruch entgegen.
Montaigne tritt als ein Fragender auf, der nach Antwort(en) sucht (und sie letztlich nicht findet). Ein guter Essay wirft neue Fragen auf und/oder umreißt ein neues Problem. Erkenntnisse und Forderungen werden oft nur so weit ausgeführt, dass der Leser sie selbst assoziieren und als eigene Gedanken(anregungen) betrachten kann, nicht als eine dogmatische Lehrmeinung.
Montaignes Bekenntnis zur Subjektivität und sein Zweifel an der Existenz absoluter Wahrheit widersprachen der damaligen offiziellen Lehrmeinung des Vatikans. Der Vatikan veröffentlichte 1559 erstmals einen Index Librorum Prohibitorum; Montaignes Essays (Les essais) wurden 1676 (also 84 Jahre nach

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