...Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the Harlem Renaissance had an enormous effect on African American culture, making it the most important literary movement in African American history. However, what conditions led to this development of culture? The Harlem Renaissance was made possible by the Great Migration. Millions of African Americans left the harsh conditions in the South of the United States starting about 1910 in order to seek economic and educational possibilities in the northern cities, as well as safety from racial violence and discrimination. Major northern cities saw an increase in the black population as a result of this mass movement, which laid the foundation for the thriving cultural environment that would develop in Harlem, New...
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...For about a decade the dust kept blowing in Oklahoma, smothering and filling up every crevice in homes (www.history.com). Furthermore, the Dust Bowl covered the Western part of Oklahoma starting in the 1930s, due to a long drought and erosion the topsoil on the Southern Plains began to blow away, carried on for miles and miles to create a dust storm (livinghistoryfarm.org). The Homestead Act of 1862, the Kinkaid Act of 1904, and the Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909 all led many settlers into Oklahoma (www.history.com). Most of these settlers farmed for a living when they moved into Oklahoma, which was still a Territory at the time. Before the 1930s wheat prices raised in the 1910s and 1920s, consequently, causing many farmers to plow up the grassland...
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...…………………………………. 13 History of Ang Tibay Shoes * Toribio Teodoro, was known as the "king of Filipino shoes" and the founder of the brand “ANG TIBAY”. Teodoro was the son of poor parents from Tondo. Barely 12-years-old, he began working in a cigar factory. He gave up his job to start a business enterprise with his friend, Juan Katindig. In November 1910, they opened a small shop at 821 Calle Cervantes (now Rizal Avenue) that sold shoes and slippers bearing "Ang Tibay" brand. * He formally registered it as trademark on Sept. 29, 1915. * The two friends' profitable partnership ended in 1921. Toribio Teodoro, at first in partnership with Juan Katindig and later as sole proprietor, has continuously used "Ang Tibay," both as a trade-mark and as a trade-name, in the manufacture and sale of slippers, shoes, and indoor baseballs since 1910. When Katindig decided to venture into a new business. With his share of their earnings, Teodoro established his own "Ang Tibay Footwear Factory" in 1922. Under his efficient management, the firm metamorphosed, 10 years later, into one of the biggest enterprises in the Philippines. By 1930, Ang Tibay was producing 1,000 pairs of shoes daily. By the early 1950s, Ang Tibay's production rate was up to 3,000 pairs of shoes daily; making it the country's leading footwear manufacturer at that...
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...homeland, nevertheless, the work conditions were very degrading and then when the Great Depression came the wages got cut which motivated the Mexicans to go on a strike. The most important Mexican strikes happened “in 1933 when twelve thousand laborers in the San Joaquin Valley resisted wage reduction” (299), they were fighting to raise their pay from 60 cents for every 100 pounds of cotton to one dollar. The outcome from the strike was not positive, which resulted in the agreement of 75 cents. Thus, it shows that even though the Mexicans had the strength to work and bring result to the companies, they never felt at home due to the “gringos” discrimination. In contrast with the Mexican-Americans immigrants, the southern blacks migrated to the north between 1910 and 1920. They were pushed way from the south due to the farms not being as prosperous as before, and they were not getting pay by the tenant farmers. In the other hand, there were “pulls” from the North, especially because the during the World War I there were cut offs in the European immigrations, so there was more need from labor and the young population of Afro-Americans saw the opportunity to change their life. They belonged to a post-Civil War generation that was not afraid to show who they were and stood out for themselves by not being convalescent at police abuse nor discrimination between them and whites. However, this massive migration generated resistance from the white population, where they started a battle avoiding...
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...equality of African Americans in American society. The years after the Civil War and the Reconstruction Era, were characterized by wide-spread discrimination against African Americans. In the South, so-called Jim Crow laws effectively barred African Americans from having very basic civil liberties. Public and social life in the South but also in other places in the United States, was strictly segregated which not only created social and political inequalities but also barred many African Americans from having access to educational and economic opportunities (Mathieu, 2009). It is hence not surprising that many African Americans fled the South and migrated North in search of a better life. Mathieu (2009) maintains that the first wave of migration to the North immediately started...
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...The Harlem Renaissance From 1920 until about 1930 an unprecedented outburst of activity among African-Americans occurred in all field of art. Beginning as a series of literary discussions in the lower Manhattan (Greenwich Village) and upper Manhattan (Harlem) sections of New York City, this African-American cultural movement became known as “The New Negro Movement’’ and later as the Harlem Renaissance. More than a literary movement and more than a social revolt against racism, the Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African- Americans and redefined African-Americans were encouraged to celebrate their heritage and to become “The New Negro,” a term coined in 1925 by sociologist and critic Alain LeRoy Locke. One of the factors contributing to the rise of the Harlem Renaissance was the great migration of African-Americans to northern cities (such as New York City, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.) between 1919 and 1926. In his influential book The New Negro (1925), Locke described the northward migration of blacks as "something like a spiritual emancipation." One of the factors contributing to the rise of the Harlem Renaissance was the great migration of African-Americans to northern cities (such as New York City, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.) between 1919 and 1926. In his influential book The New Negro (1925), Locke described the northward migration of blacks as "something like a spiritual emancipation." In the 1920's African-Americans seemed to have passed...
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...Nina Wohl Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences AHIS W4855 African American Artists in the 20th and 21st Centuries Spring 2012 Research Paper – African American Art & the Great Depression The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn of the twentieth century. The federal government took unprecedented action to provide relief, recovery and reform. No group was harder hit by the Great Depression than African Americans. The New Deal was slow to deal with the unique situation faced by African Americans. The struggles of the Great Depression laid the foundation for the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Art would play an important role in influencing the future. Despite its limitations, the New Deal, through the Works Progress Administration’s (WPA) Federal Arts Program (FAP), was responsible for reshaping the cultural agenda and “marked a significant turning point in the production of black culture.”1 The artists of the Great Depression built upon the work done during the Harlem Renaissance. New Deal art extended and affirmed art that translated “politics into cultural terms.”2 The FAP looked for a “new sense of authentic American culture – one that championed national values and traditions by celebrating regional and racial diversity.”3 As a result, many artists worked to place African Americans in the historical narrative of the United States while combating long held stereotypes. None were less important than Aaron Douglas...
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...ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Preface The charts and explanatory text in this section provide definitive, irrefutable evidence that market timing is often perfect to the day for periods covering many decades! This statement is equally correct when market time is measured in increments, and timing. These are very strong assertions, or to put it in the vernacular, this is pretty "scary stuff", but also very exciting! Nevertheless, as will be demonstrated, the Economics, the facts, cannot be ignored! The big "WHY?" do markets conform to such orderly progression can be answered from a various perspective. If you have read the article on Log Spirals, on this site or in the, you are already aware of population concept that the markets belong to the natural realm and therefore order is "natural" for them. However, document are created by humankind, and there is no evidence of any conscious plot by information movers and shakers to create perfect knowledge. Perhaps the urge to create order is subconscious. WORLD POPULATION The world population is the population of humans on the planet Earth. In 2009, the United Nations estimated the population to be 6,800,000,000; current estimates by the United States Census Bureau put the population at 6,831,000,000. The world population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Black Death around the year 1400;the highest rates of growth—increases above 1.8% per year—were seen briefly during the 1950s, then for a longer period...
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...The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s. At the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement", named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke. Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, many French-speaking black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance.[1][2][3][4] The Harlem Renaissance is unofficially recognized to have spanned from about 1919 until the early or mid-1930s. Many of its ideas lived on much longer. The zenith of this "flowering of Negro literature", as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance, was placed between 1924 (the year that Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance) and 1929 (the year of the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression). Contents [hide] 1 Background to Harlem 2 Development of African-American community in Harlem 2.1 An explosion of culture in Harlem 3 Music 4 Characteristics and themes 5 Influence of the Harlem Renaissance 5.1 A new black Identity 5.2 Criticism of the movement 6 Notable figures and their works 6.1 Novels 6.2 Short story collections 6.3 Drama 6.4 Poetry 6.5 Leading intellectuals 6.6 Visual artists 6.7 Popular entertainment 6.8 Musicians and composers 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 10 Bibliography Background to Harlem [edit] Until the...
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...immediate. At war’s end, with the return of male workers, women were expected to quit their jobs. Between 1910 and 1920, only 500,000 more women were added to the workforce. The war had harsh consequences for immigrant families. Further immigration to the United States was halted. Many immigrant families already in the country faced fierce social and job discrimination in an antiforeign climate whipped up by the war. Most African American civil rights leaders supported World War I and some 400,000 African Americans Discrimination was common. Where they saw combat, African American soldiers served with distinction. Many returning black soldiers questioned why the liberties and freedoms they had fought to preserve in Europe were denied them in their own country. Civil rights leader W.E.B. Du Bois expressedresentment. American economy slows as war-time production ends. Returning troops face difficult adjustment to civilian society. Many women and minority workers faced with loss of jobs as men returned to the workforce. Despite contribution to war effort, returning African American I troops continue to face discrimination and segregation. Death and destruction of war leads to feelings of gloom among many Americans. Migration to the North World War I accelerated the migration of African Americans to northern cities. This immigration began after the Civil War. Between 1910 and 1940s, almost 2 million African Americans left the South. Although they were usually able to improve...
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...National and International Approaches in Social Reporting Author(s): Franz Rothenbacher Reviewed work(s): Source: Social Indicators Research, Vol. 29, No. 1 (May, 1993), pp. 1-62 Published by: Springer Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27522680 . Accessed: 25/11/2011 03:27 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Springer is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Social Indicators Research. http://www.jstor.org FRANZ ROTHENBACHER NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES IN SOCIAL REPORTING* (Accepted 27 October, 1992) ABSTRACT. National and international in social in western approaches reporting are described. starts with The the outline of current in activities paper Europe are discussed. international The national Further organizations. competing approaches and products of social reporting; the plurality of actors in social topics are the sources and different The only diffusion of ways of its institutionalization. reporting, incomplete inWestern social are offered...
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...immigrate to the United States to provide a better life for themselves and their families. Most Hispanic groups who have immigrated to the Unites States are either escaping political hardships, poor economic conditions, and or looking for better health for their families. Being an immigrant from the Dominican Republic I know how hard it to assimilate to the United States. My family migrated here starting in 1980’s. I came to this country when I was 7 years old. My mom saw this opportunity as a great one because I was able to start school here and get a great education and become part of the United States. My mom has since become an American Citizen, including myself, and even though we stay true to our roots and our believe, we have accepted the changed that the United States has offered us. Mexican Americans started migrating to the United States in the early 1900’s. In the 1920’s and 1930’s is the time where the larger migrations took place. After the Mexican Revolution of 1910, many Mexicans came to United States because of the political instability and social violence. They came to United States for safety and the economical growth. Even though they live in the United States and the primary language here is English, they stick to their roots and speak primarily Spanish just like other Hispanic groups. Approximately 75 percent of the Mexican American population are catholic and in the southwestern United States over two-third of the Catholics are Mexican or Mexican American...
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...1) Timbre Encompasses: The difference in sound quality that distinguishes one instrument from a different type of instrument. (e.g. a piano has a different timbre than a flute) & Jazz performers strive to produce variety of timbres on their instruments often through mutes. 2) Jazz soloists -‐clarinet, Alto and or tenor saxophone, trumpet and/or cornet, trombone 3) Blue notes -‐frequencies that fall in between that standard pitches of the major and minor scales. 4) Triads - Basic chord of European and American harmony. It consist of 3 pitches. ‐may be either a consonant or dissonant 5) Extended chords -‐triads with extra thirds added, commonly used in Jazz. 6-‐7) Meter -‐the organization of stressed and unstressed beats into regular patterns. -‐duple meter 8) Principal/characteristic rhythmic traits of jazz -‐Be able to list them 9) Syncopation ...
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...E SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by ...
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...demographic description and analysis. The substantial focus is on the demographic development of Germany, all data refer to this country. The main reason for this focus on a single country is that we want to show how the tools of demography can actually be used for the analysis of demographic problems. The text consists of two parts. Part I introduces the conceptual framework and explains basic statistical notions. This part also includes a short chapter that explains how we speak of “models” and why we do not make a sharp distinction between “describing” and “modeling” demographic processes. Then follows Part II that deals with data and methods. In the present version of the text, we almost exclusively discuss mortality and fertility data; migration is only mentioned in Chapter 6 and briefly considered in the context of a Leslie model at the end of the text. In addition to providing a general introduction to concepts of demography, the text also intends to show how to practically work with demographic data. We therefore extensively document all the data used and explain the statistical calculations in detail. In fact, most of these calculations are quite simple; the only exception is the discussion of Leslie models in Chapters 17 and 18 which requires some knowledge of matrix algebra. Except for these chapters, the text has been so written that it may serve as an introduction to elementary statistical methods. The basic approach is identical with the author’s Grundz¨ge der sozialwissenschaftlichen...
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