...Exxon Valdez Oil Spill of 1989 Isaac Mitchell Maine Maritime Academy The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 occurred in Prince William Sound off the coast of southwestern Alaska. The date when the oil tanker ran aground was March 24th, 1989. It struck Bligh Reef at about 12:04 a.m. There have been various estimates of how much oil spilled into the ocean. A total of 11 million US gallons was a commonly accepted estimate of the spill’s volume, used by the State of Alaska’s Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and environmental groups such as Greenpeace and the Sierra Club ("Questions and answers," 1990). Other groups, such as Defenders of Wildlife, question the official estimates, maintaining that the volume of the spill went underreported (DeVries, Luts, 2004). Alternative calculations, based on an assumption that the seawater rather than oil drained from the damaged tanks, estimate the total to have been 25 to 32 million US gallons (Bluemink, 2010). Because of the spill many practices were going to change in the shipping industry. The Exxon Valdez oil spill drastically changed the United States’ shipping regulations, policies, and documentation. The Exxon Valdez damaged eight of its eleven tanks on board, spilling 11 million gallons of its 53 million gallon cargo of oil. Those 11 million gallons would spread and ultimately impact over 1,100 miles of non-continuous coastline in Alaska, making the Exxon Valdez oil spill the...
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...Johnson & Exxon Lucille Marjorie C. Curitana BMC I-2 Prof. Hero Hernandez Background Information Oriental Nicety, formerly Exxon Valdez ("valdez" pronounced val-deez), Exxon Mediterranean, SeaRiver Mediterranean, S/R Mediterranean, Mediterranean, and Dong Fang Ocean is an oil tanker that gained notoriety after running aground in Prince William Soundspilling hundreds of thousands of barrels of crude oil in Alaska. On March 24, 1989, while owned by the former Exxon Shipping Company, and captained by Joseph Hazelwood bound for Long Beach, California, the vessel ran aground on the Bligh Reef resulting in the second largest oil spill in United States history. The size of the spill is estimated at 40,900 to 120,000 m3 (10,800,000 to 32,000,000 US gal), or 257,000 to 750,000 barrels. In 1989, Exxon Valdez oil spill was listed as the 54th largest spill in history. The tanker is 301 meters long, 50 meters wide, 26 meters depth (987 ft, 166 ft, 88 ft), weighing 30,000 tons empty and powered by a23.60 MW (31,650 shp) diesel engine. The ship can transport up to 235,000 m³ (1.48 million barrels / 200,000 t) at a sustained speed of30 km/h (16.25 knots). Its hull design is of the single-hull type. It was built by National Steel and Shipbuilding Company in San Diego, California. A relatively new tanker at the time of the spill, she was delivered to Exxon in December 1986. An oil tanker from Exxon which named Exxon Valdez happened oil spill...
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...Business Ethics Risk The demand for oil depletes the world’s oil reserves at an alarming rate. Drilling operations are accused of contributing to water pollution and the release of air contaminants into the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases in return contribute to the warming of the earth’s atmosphere, leading to greater risk of polar ice cap melting, flooding and other environment damages. Situation An oil tanker from Exxon which named Exxon Valdez happened oil spill crisis on Friday, March 24, 1989. (Lilly, 2011) It was categorised into the top five largest companies in the US with the leading CEO Lawrence G. Rawl. One the day of the spill, the oil tanker hit a reef and it leaked massive crude oil in the Prince willam sound which was...
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...The Long- Term Effects of oil on ecosystems: A comparison of the Exxon Valdez and the BP oil spill The Exxon Valdez was a single hull, 987-foot super tanker built by the National Steel and Shipbuilding Company, out of San Diego, California. The Exxon Corporation commissioned this ship into service on December 11, 1986. After the March of 1989 collision with Bligh Reef, the vessel was towed to the shipyard in San Diego and repaired in June of 1989, more than 1,600 tons of steel needed replacing, and the cost of this repair was over $30 million dollars. The Valdez is back in use owned and operated by the Hong Kong Bloom Shipping LTD., renamed the Dong Fang Ocean, and registered out of Panama. At 12:04 A.M. on March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez struck Bligh Reef, Captain Joseph Hazelwood was below decks and intoxicated, the vessel was under the control of the third mate, Gregory Cousins. It was later found that in addition to the intoxicated captain, the third mate, Gregory Cousins, did not have the proper endorsement on his coast guard license to operate a ship in the pristine waters of Prince William Sound, and on top of this Exxon failed to repair the damaged radar that could have prevented the accidental grounding of the ship. At the time of impact, the Valdez was carrying 55 million gallons of crude oil and 11 million gallons of crude was spilt into one of the most delicate, and bountiful marine ecosystems on earth, Prince William Sound. This number of 11 million...
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...Rawl, chairman and chief executive of the Exxon Corpoation was in his kitchen sipping coffee when the phone rang and received the news regarding the spilling of crude oil into the frigid waters of Prince William Sound, just outside the harbor of Valdez, Alaska. What was about to happen was the worst environmental disaster in the history of the United States. These were the documented facts that media had portrayed across the United States and to the world: Exxon Valdez, a 978-foot tanker piloted by a captain whom later revealed to be drank, ran aground on a reef 25 miles southwest of the port of Valdez. The results caused a spill of 250,000 barrels, the largest spill ever in North America. The devastating results affects, 1,300 square miles of water, damaging some 600 miles of coastline and murdering as many as 4,000 Alaskan sea otters. The disaster also enshrined the name of Exxon in the all-time Public Relations Hall of Shame. (Seitel, 2000). According to the book, Exxon’s dilemma broke down into five categories. First was the hesitation of Mr. Rawl if he is going directly and personally to Alaska. In an interview Mr. Rawl has said, “We had concluded that there was simply too much for me to coordinate from New York. It wouldn’t have made any difference if I showed up and made a speech in the town forum. I wasn’t going to spend the summer there; I had other things to do”. Secondly, Exxon failed to establish media control. Exxon, wanted to take charge of the news flow and...
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...American History have we seen the catastrophe that we've seen this year by the BP Oil Spill. The Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico is beyond heart breaking. The 1989, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill has been considered the most devastating, human-caused, environmental disaster ever to occur in history, especially towards the Nigerians, since they are still being affected by it. But, even though the Exxon Valdez happened years ago and Nigerians are still in tight situations due to the spill, I believe the BP Oil Spill is just a beginning of a major political conundrum, with lasting consequences similar to what the Nigerians people are experiencing. There are a lot of controversy regarding, who is going to take responsibility for the cleanup for both BP and the Valdez Oil Spill. Some people blame President Obama and some blame Bp for its spill. Blaming the company that is actually in charge of the operation does seem like a logical first step, not to mention, there were many safety warning signs that they ignored to give way to greed. But bear in mind, blaming a president for a disaster caused by a corporation is ridiculous in my opinion. If people are blaming Obama, I think it should be because he didn’t make and veto certain laws and kept an eye on certain factories, if he did, then probably the oil spill would have never happened in the first place. We cannot blame the Spill on Obama completely, but we can blame him for not watching out for problems...
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...Information Exxon Valdez March 24, 1989, the tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground on the Bligh Reefs in Prince William Sound, Alaska spilling 10.8 million gallons or 20% of the ship’s cargo. It was the 34th largest oil in the world at the time and the largest in U.S.A. The oil spill killed 500,000 birds over 90 species more than 4000 sea otters, 14 killer whales and destroyed tourism and the fish industry of the area. It was said on reports that the probable reason on why the tanker has gone aground was because of the captain and its crew being drunk. The "Exxon Valdez" entered the language as a shortcut for corporate arrogance and damage because of its lack of action as soon as possible by the owners of the company when the oil spill happened. 2/9 Johnson & Johnson: Tylenol Tylenol an over-the-counter product in the U.S. with over hundred million users was the most successful in selling painkillers. Tylenol was the absolute leader in the painkiller field accounting for a 37 percent market share, outselling the next four leading painkillers combined, including Anacin, Bayer, Bufferin, and Excedrin. Unfortunately in 1982 a total of seven deaths occurred in Chicago resulting to a recall of all Tylenol bottles all over the U.S. which led to a drop in sales of $1.2B but has recovered because of its great strategies by using public relations and media as a tool to once again gain the trust of its consumers. 3/9 II. Situational Analysis Exxon Valdez I’ll...
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...A Bad Idea Crude oil is one of the three kinds of fossil fuel (coal, crude oil, and natural gas) that are widely used by humanity. It plays a very important role in our world, as it is one of our primary energy sources. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the United States is the biggest oil consumption country in the world, which consumes 19.5 million barrels of oil per day (EIA, “Country Energy Profiles: Oil Consumption”). Crude oil can not only be found on the continent, but also in the ocean. The activity that people discover and extract oil from the ocean is called offshore drilling. Offshore drilling has a long history in the United States. The first offshore well was drilled in 1896, in California (“History of Offshore Oil” 163). Oil soon became the primary energy source of the United States by 1910, as the internal combustion engine, which requires gasoline to power, was invented (“History of Offshore Oil” 163). In the next few decades, offshore drilling industry in the U.S. was going up quickly (“History of Offshore Oil” 163-64). Along with the development of the industry, the government regulation came up. To pursue offshore drilling in the U.S. OCS (Outer Continental Shelf) lands, oil companies need to acquire the lease from the U.S. federal government (“History of Offshore Oil” 164). The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) passed in 1953 ensured federal government’s control of the OCS (“History of Offshore Oil” 164). However, the...
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...The Exxon Valdez was an oil tanker, thought to be carrying 200 million litres (53 million gallons) of crude oil, en route to Long Beach, California when it ran aground on the Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska on the 24th March 1989 in turn causing the ship to spill 43 million litres (11 million gallons) of its crude oil into the sea. The oil, originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay oil field, eventually covered 1,300 miles of coastline and 11,000 square miles of ocean. The captain of the ship, Joseph Hazelwood, was said to be drinking heavily on the night that the ship struck the reef. He gave orders to the pilot, Harry Claar, to take the Exxon Valdez out of the shipping lanes to avoid far reaching ice. After doing this however, Hazelwood handed the controls of the ship to the inexperienced and fatigued Third Mate Gregory Cousins, giving him instructions to turn the ship back into the shipping lanes when the tanker reached a certain point, unbeknown to him that the ship was left in autopilot. At that time, the pilot was replaced by Helmsman Robert Kagan and Captain Hazelwood also returned to his quarters to rest. The Third Mate and the Helmsman were unable to make the manoeuvre to return into the shipping lanes as the ship was still on auto pilot, and therefore the tanker continued until it had hit the reef. During the time of accident, Exxon Valdez was carrying 200 million litres of crude oil, out of which it spilled around 40 million litres into the sea. As a result...
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...ADVERTISEMENT Exxon Valdez oil spill Gale Encyclopedia of US History: Exxon Valdez AdsOil Spill Lawsuitwww.oilspillcourtcase.com Protect your right to recover money damages against Transocean. Miros Oil Spill Detectionwww.miros.no Advanced systems for the earliest possible detection of oil spills. Home > Library > History, Politics & Society > US History Encyclopedia Just after midnight on 24 March 1989 the single-hulled oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground on Blight Reef in Prince William Sound. Over the next few days 11 million gallons (270,000 barrels) of North Slope crude oil spilled into the sensitive subpolar ecosystem of the Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. Blamed on the negligence of the oil tanker's captain, Joseph Hazelwood (who was later acquitted), this was the biggest oil tanker spill in United States history, and it transformed this Alaskan region into a global symbol of ecological catastrophe. The immediate environmental impact of the spill was far-reaching: about 1,300 miles of shoreline was oiled (200 miles suffered heavy to moderate oiling and 1,100 miles light to very light oiling), while oil washed up on shores 470 miles away from Bligh Reef. An estimated 250,000 seabirds, 2,800 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, 150 bald eagles, up to 22 killer whales, and billions of salmon and herring eggs died as a direct result of the spill. Despite mechanical and bioremediation cleanup efforts between 1989 and 1992, and again in 1997, oil was still present...
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...Introduction March 24, 1989 a mase oil spill occurred in Alaska, Prince William Sound, an oil tanker Exxon Valdez had ran into a reef. The spill was approximately 11 million gallons into the sea, affecting the wildlife, the environment, and the region’s economy. It was a fact that Alaska could not hold a spill over 8.4 million gallons and could result in long-term consequeses. Exxon, along with other oil industries knew that navigating a large supertanker through the waters of Prince William Sound would be extremely complicated. Even with this kind of knowledge, Exxon still decided to navigate through there. 1. Problem In every situation there is a cause and effect. Here, Exxon had knowledge that traveling through Prince William Sound would be very difficult. Since they were aware of that, I would propose that they could of taken a different route. Not sure where there start and end locations were. If they had to go through Prince William Sound, could there have been an alternate of dividing the oil carried. Exxon only had one big tanker, could they have not had two or three smaller tankers, taking this route on different trips. Secondly, the prior history with the captain’s alcoholism is a problem. The lack of judgment on Exxon’s behalf because they knew Captain Joseph Hazelwood had a drinking problem and kept him employed. The captain had supposedly been rehabilitated, but Exxon knew better before March 24, 1989. Hazelwood. Had sought treatment for alcohol abuse...
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...Integrating Physical and Biological Studies of Recovery from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Case Studies of Four Sites in Prince William Sound, 1989-1994 September 1997 Seattle, Washington noaa NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION National Ocean Service Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment National Ocean Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce The Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment (ORCA) provides decisionmakers comprehensive, scientific information on characteristics of the oceans, coastal areas, and estuaries of the United States of America. The information ranges from strategic, national assessments of coastal and estuarine environmental quality to real-time information for navigation or hazardous materials spill response. Through its National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program, ORCA uses uniform techniques to monitor toxic chemical contamination of bottom-feeding fish, mussels and oysters, and sediments at about 300 locations throughout the United States. A related NS&T Program of directed research examines the relationships between contaminant exposure and indicators of biological responses in fish and shellfish. ORCA provides critical scientific support to the U.S. Coast Guard during spills of oil or hazardous materials into marine or estuarine environments. This support includes spill trajectory predictions, chemical hazard analyses, and assessments of ...
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...comes to mind when one hears the date March 23rd, 1989? Could it be a loved one’s birthday or the date of someone’s death? Maybe the date is a special date because it is the day you or someone you know got married. All of these could be correct; however March 23rd, 1989 is also the date that began one of the worst environmental crimes in history. On this date, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spilled 10.8 million gallons of unrefined Alaskan crude oil into the sea off the coast of the Prince William Sound. Thousands of animals died immediately, of that included an estimated 250,000 '' 500,000 seabirds, 2,800 - 5,000 sea otters, as well as the destruction of billions of salmon and herring eggs. In addition to the loss of wildlife, the residents of Prince William Sound lost their livelihoods because of the spill. Yes, until that date, the United States paid little attention to protecting the environment or the consequences of environmental crime. In fact, for the first half of the 20th century, Americans simply believed the environment and its resources were to be used to build a mighty industrial nation with large cities and also to create the world’s most productive agricultural system. Environmental crime has become a serious issue and problem in the United States. This is true despite the fact that the immediate consequences of environmental crimes may not be as obvious or severe as what occurred during the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The fact remains; environmental crimes do and...
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...Solar System Our understanding of the Solar System has changed over time. For over one thousand years the widespread belief was that the earth was stationary and at the center of the universe. Since that time, through a series of discoveries it has been proved that the earth not stationary and it is not at the center of the universe. The Ptolemaic system was developed early in the first century by Claudius Ptolemy who believed like most Greek Scholars in the geocentric view that the earth was stationary and at the center of the universe. Over one thousand years later, Nicolas Copernicus, a mathematician and astronomer believed in the heliocentric theory that it was not the earth, but the sun that was the center of the universe. His book, “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres” laid the groundwork for future observations and discoveries and his work became known as the Copernican model. Galileo’s observations through the use of a telescope he built, was able to provide the evidence needed to support the heliocentric theory. In 1572 Tyler Brahe discovered a new star and after sixteen months it disappeared from site. This discovery conflicted with earlier views that the stars were fixed. (Space Discovery website, n.d.) Based on his observations and measurements of our solar system, Brahe proposed a model that fell in between the Ptolemaic and Copernican models. (The Obervations of Tycho Brahe, n.d.) His discoveries and writings were central to the advancement in...
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...Management Planning MGT 330r6 May 2011 Management Planning Introduction Rockefeller and his associates founded Standard Oil Company in Ohio in the 1850’s. They purchased a three-quarter interest in Vacuum Oil Company, this was purchased in 1879. In 1966 Standard Oil changes its name to Mobil after Standard Oil celebrates 100 years being in business. In 1972 Jersey Standard changes its name to Exxon Corporation with the approval from Jersey Standard shareholders during a special meeting. In 1997 Mobil introduces speedpass an electronic system which activates the pumps and charges credit cards. In November 1999 Exxon and Mobil join to form Exxon Mobil Corporation. This merger is to enhance their ability to be more effective global competitors. Ethic, Legal and Social Responsibility The ethical responsibility at Exxon Mobil is to comply with all governmental laws, rules and regulations. The corporation has chosen to have the highest integrity. Exxon Mobil expects compliance with its standard of integrity throughout the corporation and they will not tolerate any employees who achieve results cost in violation of law or who deal unconscientiously. Exxon Mobil Corporation has been conducting business in a manner that would be compatible for our environment and economic needs, which they operate to protect the communities in the safety, security, and health. The commitment they have for the community has been documented in the safety, security, health, environmental and...
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