...MEANING, CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPES OF A COMPANY INTRODUCTION Industrial has revolution led to the emergence of large scale business organizations. These organization require big investments and the risk involved is very high. Limited resources and unlimited liability of partners are two important limitations of partnerships of partnerships in undertaking big business. Joint Stock Company form of business organization has become extremely popular as it provides a solution to overcome the limitations of partnership business. The Multinational companies like Coca-Cola and, General Motors have their investors and customers spread throughout the world. The giant Indian Companies may include the names like Reliance, Talco Bajaj Auto, Infosys Technologies, Hindustan Lever Ltd., Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., and Larsen and Tubro etc. 1.2 MEANING OF COMPANY Section 3 (1) (i) of the Companies Act, 1956 defines a company as “a company formed and registered under this Act or an existing company”. Section 3(1) (ii) Of the act states that “an existing company means a company formed and registered under any of the previous companies laws”. This definition does not reveal the distinctive characteristics of a company . According to Chief Justice Marshall of USA, “A company is a person, artificial, invisible, intangible, and existing only in the contemplation of the law. Being a mere creature of law, it possesses only those properties which the character of its creation of its creation confers...
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...LESSON : 1 MEANING, CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPES OF A COMPANY STRUCTURE 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.0 Objective Introduction Meaning of Company Characteristics of a Company Distinction between Company and Partnership Types of Company Summary Keywords Self Assessment Questions Suggested Readings OBJECTIVE After reading this lesson, you should be able to: (a) (b) (c) 1.1 Define a company and explain its features. Make a distribution between company and partnership firm. Explain the various types of companies. INTRODUCTION Industrial has revolution led to the emergence of large scale business organizations. These organization require big investments and the risk involved is very high. Limited resources and unlimited liability of partners are two important limitations of partnerships of partnerships in undertaking big business. Joint Stock Company form of business organization has become extremely popular as it provides a solution to (1) overcome the limitations of partnership business. The Multinational companies like Coca-Cola and, General Motors have their investors and customers spread throughout the world. The giant Indian Companies may include the names like Reliance, Talco Bajaj Auto, Infosys Technologies, Hindustan Lever Ltd., Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., and Larsen and Tubro etc. 1.2 MEANING OF COMPANY Section 3 (1) (i) of the Companies Act, 1956 defines a company as “a company formed and registered under this Act or an existing company”. Section 3(1) (ii)...
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...CHAPTER 4.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Quality – Has Many Definitions Evolution of Quality What Quality Gurus Have Said The Concept of Total Quality Management The Business Processes and Quality Vendor Quality Human Aspects of Quality World Class Manufacturing Bibliography Foot Notes 89 CHAPTER 4.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4.1 QUALITY – HAS MANY DEFINITIONS: It is true that Quality has a number of definitions. 4.1.1 Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary72 defines Quality as “The standard of something when it is compared to other things like it” This would mean that a process of comparison occurs in the mind of a customer before the quality is judged and decision made. Customers usually compare products or services with their past experience or the experience of their friends or family members before a judgment is made. This is normally how a common man looks at quality issue. 4.1.2 The Oxford dictionary also defines quality as “How good or bad something is” 4.1.3 The other definition and which is very short and common is “Quality is customer satisfaction”. This is defined by J. M. Juran 55 and adopted by ISO – 840271. This definition has a vast spectrum of “Quality” definition as each and every customer has his or her own perception of quality and therefore wide variation in the level of satisfaction. All the latest techniques of Quality Management are designed to take care of this aspect of satisfying every customer for the product or service...
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...On How to Build a Moral Machine Paul Bello PAUL . BELLO @ NAVY. MIL Human & Bioengineered Systems Division - Code 341, Office of Naval Research, 875 N. Randolph St., Arlington, VA 22203 USA Selmer Bringsjord SELMER @ RPI . EDU Depts. of Cognitive Science, Computer Science & the Lally School of Management, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA Abstract Herein we make a plea to machine ethicists for the inclusion of constraints on their theories consistent with empirical data on human moral cognition. As philosophers, we clearly lack widely accepted solutions to issues regarding the existence of free will, the nature of persons and firm conditions on moral agency/patienthood; all of which are indispensable concepts to be deployed by any machine able to make moral judgments. No agreement seems forthcoming on these matters, and we don’t hold out hope for machines that can both always do the right thing (on some general ethic) and produce explanations for its behavior that would be understandable to a human confederate. Our tentative solution involves understanding the folk concepts associated with our moral intuitions regarding these matters, and how they might be dependent upon the nature of human cognitive architecture. It is in this spirit that we begin to explore the complexities inherent in human moral judgment via computational theories of the human cognitive architecture, rather than under the extreme constraints imposed by rational-actor models assumed throughout...
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...Review of Marketing Research Review of Marketing Research VOLUME 1 Naresh K. Malhotra Editor M.E.Sharpe Armonk, New York London, England 4 AUTHOR Copyright © 2005 by M.E.Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York 10504. Library of Congress ISSN: 1548-6435 ISBN 0-7656-1304-2 (hardcover) Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z 39.48-1984. ~ MV (c) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CHAPTER TITLE 5 REVIEW OF MARKETING RESEARCH EDITOR: NARESH K. MALHOTRA, GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Editorial Board Rick P. Bagozzi, Rice University Ruth Bolton, Arizona State University George Day, University of Pennsylvania Morris B. Holbrook, Columbia University Michael Houston, University of Minnesota Shelby Hunt, Texas Tech University Dawn Iacobucci, Northwestern University Arun K. Jain, University at Buffalo, State University of New York Barbara Kahn, University of Pennsylvania Wagner Kamakura, Duke University Donald Lehmann, Columbia University Robert F. Lusch, University of Arizona Kent B. Monroe, University of Illinois, Urbana A. Parasuraman, University of Miami William Perreault, University of North Carolina Robert A. Peterson, University...
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...SIGNALLING, STRATEGY & MANAGEMENT TYPE Introducing Framework T3 and GEMS for Business Strategy Patrick A. McNutt The usual disclaimer applies. The views expressed here are those of the author This is an E-book. It is available in camera copy format with free download from www.patrickmcnutt.com. December 2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you for reading the E-book and making a contribution to the charity as identified on my web portal. The E-book can be read independently or in conjunction with the Kaelo v2.0 software tool. Some of the arguments are filtered from McNutt (2005): Law, Economics and Antitrust and from books referenced in the E-book. There are indeed numerous references and secondary readings recommended in the E-book. These should be read as well. They will be fully referenced as we continue together to write this E-book on the web. Interesting books on related themes to read are Roberts (2004): The Modern Firm: Games, Strategies and Managers and Nalebuff and Dixit (2008): The Art of Strategy. For my MBA students you will be reading either Baye (2008): Managerial Economics and Business Stratagy or Besanko (2007): Economics of Strategy. For clients using my services, a note of thanks and for management in general who may happen upon this E-book a set of business slides are available as one set called Framework T3 and GEMS which is available from the author. They will appear also on my web page. Please email your comments to me via my web portal at www.patrickmcnutt.com...
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...TOPIC 1: DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF RISK Study unit 1: What is risk? 1. Defining risk? * Risk is the deviation or variability of actual results from desired or expected results * The principle in the business world is -that if risk increases, the possible return that is desired will also increase. * Risk management consists of three distinct dimensions: * Generating and utilizing opportunities in situations where a business has distinct advantages in accomplishing beneficial results with improved chances of success (upside management) * Introducing controls to prevent or restrain losses as a result of the constraints posed by the operating environment of the business (downside management) * Exercising methods and techniques to reduce the variance between anticipated financial outcomes and actual results (uncertainty management) 2. Risk and uncertainty? * Uncertainty arises from a person's imperfect state of knowledge about future events. * Perceived uncertainty : depends on information that person can use to evaluate the likelihood of outcomes and the ability to evaluate this information * Uncertainty consists of the following two elements: * uncertainty whether an event will take place * if the event does occur what the outcome thereof will be * The definition of risk as the deviation of an actual outcome from the expected result or outcome implies the following: * Uncertainty surrounds the outcome of the...
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...Guide to Enterprise Risk Management F R E Q U E N T LY A S K E D Q U E S T I O N S Guide to Enterprise Risk Management: Frequently Asked Questions Page No. Introduction The Fundamentals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. What is Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)? Why implement ERM? How does the scope of ERM compare to existing risk management approaches? What is the value proposition for implementing ERM? Which companies are implementing ERM? If companies are not implementing ERM, then what are they doing? Who is responsible for ERM? What are the steps companies can take immediately to implement ERM? Is ERM applicable to smaller and less complex organizations? Why have companies that have tried to implement ERM failed in their efforts? Does implementation of ERM ensure the success of a business? What is the difference between ERM and management? What does it mean to “implement ERM”? Generally, how long does it take to implement ERM? Is there any way to benchmark the level of investment required to implement ERM? Don’t successfully run companies already apply ERM? How long has ERM been around and why is there a renewed focus on it? What percentage of public companies currently have an ERM process or system? Is there an example of effective ERM as it is applied in practice? How does the application of ERM vary by industry? Are there any organizations that need not implement ERM? What are the regulatory mandates for implementing...
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...Executive Masters in Business Administration / Public Administration CEMBA 553 Management in Organisations Copyright © Commonwealth of Learning, 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior permission in writing from: The Commonwealth of Learning 1285 West Broadway Suite 600 Vancouver, BC V6H 3X8 CANADA e-mail: info@col.org Dean Institute of Distance Learning New Library Building Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana Phone: +233-51-60013 Fax: +233-51-60014 E-mail: idldean@kvcit.org Web: www.fdlknust.edu.gh i 553 - Management in Organisations Learning Objectives Upon successful completion of this course, learners will be able to: • • • • Explain the basic premises of management and public administration Compare different theories and approaches of organisation Distinguish behavioural patterns, advantages, disadvantages, and dysfunctions of bureaucracies Categorize the different management trends in the work environment. Topics • Introduction to Management and Organisational Behaviour • Individual and Group Behaviour in Organisations • Decision- making and Communications in Organisations • Leadership, Organisational Structure & Environment • Power and Politics • Organisational Culture • Organisational Change • Conflict and Negotiations ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction......................................................................................................
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...MAKING ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT PAY OFF Thomas L. Barton William G. Shenkir Paul L. Walker Prentice Hall PTR One Lake Street Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 www.phptr.com Editorial/Production Supervision: KATHLEEN M. CAREN Executive Editor: JIM BOYD Marketing Manager: BRYAN GAMBREL Manufacturing Manager: MAURA ZALDIVAR Cover Design: TALAR BOORUJY ©2002 Financial Executives Research Foundation, Inc. Published by Financial Times/Prentice Hall PTR Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Prentice Hall books are widely used by corporations and government agencies for training, marketing, and resale. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, contact: Corporate Sales Department, Phone: 800-382-3419; Fax: 201-236-7141; E-mail: corpsales@prenhall.com; or write: Prentice Hall PTR, Corp. Sales Dept., One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 0-13-008754-8 Pearson Education LTD. Pearson Education Australia PTY, Limited Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education North Asia Ltd. Pearson Education Canada, Ltd. Pearson Educación de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education—Japan Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey A D V I S O R Y C O...
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...High-Frequency Trading Peter Gomber, Björn Arndt, Marco Lutat, Tim Uhle Chair of Business Administration, especially e-Finance E-Finance Lab Prof. Dr. Peter Gomber Campus Westend • RuW P.O. Box 69 • D-60629 Frankfurt/Main Commissioned by Executive Summary High-frequency trading (HFT) has recently drawn massive public attention fuelled by the U.S. May 6, 2010 flash crash and the tremendous increases in trading volumes of HFT strategies. Indisputably, HFT is an important factor in markets that are driven by sophisticated technology on all layers of the trading value chain. However, discussions on this topic often lack sufficient and precise information. A remarkable gap between the results of academic research on HFT and its perceived impact on markets in the public, media and regulatory discussions can be observed. The research at hand aims to provide up-to-date background information on HFT. This includes definitions, drivers, strategies, academic research and current regulatory discussions. It analyzes HFT and thus contributes to the ongoing discussions by evaluating certain proposed regulatory measures, trying to offer new perspectives and deliver solution proposals. Our main results are: HFT is a technical means to implement established trading strategies. HFT is not a trading strategy as such but applies the latest technological advances in market access, market data access and order routing to maximize the returns of established trading strategies. Therefore...
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...Personality Theory Course : Organizational Behaviour Course Code: MBA507 Section: 1 Submitted To: Dr. Nasreen Wadud Adjunct Faculty, Business Administration Department East West University Submitted By: Md. Faysal Ahmed ID: 2013-1-95-110 Mahmudul Hasan ID: 2013-1-95-031 Niaj Mahmud ID: 2013-1-95-055 Md. Samiul Islam Chowdhury ID: 2013-1-95-076 Submission Date: 24.08.2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Front Matter 2-5 Preface 2 Learning Objectives 3 Scope of the Project 3 Methodology 4 Limitations 5 I. Introduction 6-12 Introduction to Personality Theory 6 What is a Theory 7 Why Different theories 11 II. Theories of Personality 12-116 Psychoanalytic Theory 12-25 Humanistic Theory 25-43 Trait and Factor Theories- Big Five Factors 43-57 Biological and Genetic Theories 58-62 Social Cognitive Theory 62-87 Holistic-Dynamic Theory 88-116 III. Conclusion 116-117 Final Thoughts 116 Summary ...
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...AbstractIAbstractPronunciation learning is very important in second language acquisition.However,thebasic knowledge of phonetics has been ignored.Pupils in Hebei province begin to learnEnglish in grade three in the primary school.But there is no systematic knowledge ofphonetics in the textbooks.Phonetics learning needs not only the phonics imitation method,but also the basic knowledge about phonetics.However,with the influence of quality-orientededucation and the western language teaching mode,pronunciation teaching in China tends touse the imitation method and the basic knowledge of phonetics is undervalued.It is worth tonotice that English acquisition environment for Chinese students is different from the West.First,English teachers in China are mostly Chinese.Even if there are foreign teachers,theforeigners teaching force is relatively weak.Second,the language surrounding to the studentsis mainly in Chinese.And students in the oral English class are not active to participate andinteract.Moreover,English belongs to Indo-European language system,while Chinesebelongs to Sino-Tibetan language system.They belong to different language families andthere are many differences in tone,syllable and phoneme.Thus the negative influence ofChinese on the English acquisition is great.Without any basic knowledge of phonetics,thelearners will meet lots of difficulties when they learn a new language which is quite differentfrom their mother tongue.Therefore,the Chinese phonetic teaching only...
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...Economic Outlook, Prospects, and Policy Challenges 01 CHAPTER This year’s Economic Survey comes at a time of unusual volatility in the international economic environment. Markets have begun to swing on fears that the global recovery may be faltering, while risks of extreme events are rising. Amidst this gloomy landscape, India stands out as a haven of stability and an outpost of opportunity. Its macro-economy is stable, founded on the government’s commitment to fiscal consolidation and low inflation. Its economic growth is amongst the highest in the world, helped by a reorientation of government spending toward needed public infrastructure. These achievements are remarkable not least because they have been accomplished in the face of global headwinds and a second successive season of poor rainfall. The task now is to sustain them in an even more difficult global environment. This will require careful economic management. As regards monetary and liquidity policy, the benign outlook for inflation, widening output gaps, the uncertainty about the growth outlook and the over-indebtedness of the corporate sector all imply that there is room for easing. Fiscal consolidation continues to be vital, and will need to maintain credibility and reduce debt, in an uncertain global environment, while sustaining growth. On the government’s “reformto-transform” agenda, a series of measures, each incremental but collectively meaningful have been enacted. There have also...
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...THE PDMA HANDBOOK OF NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT T HIRD E DITION Kenneth B. Kahn, Editor Associate Editors: Sally Evans Kay Rebecca J. Slotegraaf Steve Uban JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. Cover image: © Les Cunliffe/iStockphoto Cover design: Elizabeth Brooks This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 7486008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of...
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