...Crime | Behaviour which breaks laws and is punished by the legal system | Deviance | Behaviour which goes against the norms, values and expectations of a social group or society | Downes and Rock | Defined deviance: ‘Deviance may be considered as banned or controlled behaviour which is likely to attract punishment or disproval’ | Foucault | Wrote about how definitions of criminal deviance, sexual deviance and madness have changed throughout history i.e. women wearing trousers was seen as deviant, now it is ‘normal’(supports: Kuhn: paradigms) | Plummer | An act can be seen as deviant or non deviant depending on the situation * Societal deviance (that are seen by most as deviant in society in most situations) such as child abuse * Situational deviance (acts that can be defined as deviant or normal) such as killing someone, its okay if it is a soldier but deviant otherwise. | Social order and social control maintain the status quo within society and creates a value consensus of how to behave. Therefore people are socialised to follow social norms. | Some norms become second nature to people such as face to face conversations. However there are norms that we are conscious of, such as stopping at a red traffic light. | Formal sanctions (carried out by official agencies) | Positive (conforming to the norm) * Certificate for passing A level exam * Medal for braveryNegative (punishment from deviating from the norm) * Fine for breaking the law * Points on a drivers...
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...Every society has rules to go by and laws that must not be broken and along with that is the criminal justice that even gives the criminal rights. Criminals in the United States are to be given their rights and not to have harm to them in any way under the justice system as they may be freed from their prosecution and their case be acquitted if found in their favor if an act of unjust or immoral conduct has been found. Law enforcement professionals must execute justice by upholding the law in an ethical and constitutional manner. “The United States Department of Justice seeks to prevent or resolve community conflicts and tensions arising from actions, policies, and practices perceived to be discriminatory on the basis of race, color, or national origin (CRS National Office).” Every officer must follow and obey the law in and out of vested uniform. The Constitution of the United States are most relevant to the ethical standards of law enforcement professionals by the prohibitions against warrantless search and seizure are parts of the United States Constitution which are relevant to the ethical standards of law enforcement. Law enforcement professionals ensure that they uphold the Constitution by following Law Enforcement Oath of Honor this is recommended as by the International Association of Chiefs of Police as symbolic statement of commitment to ethical behavior: “On my honor, I will never betray my badge, my integrity, my character, or the public trust. I will...
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...Introduction ‘Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?’- The Satires of Juvenal Over the years, the New South Wales police have received expanded powers through a raft of legislative amendments. It is evident that in dealing with any given circumstance that arises during the execution of their duties, officers may rely on both the common law and statutory powers to give effect to powers such as a warrantless arrest. In context of this power, the common law concept of the breach of peace deserves particular attention due to the dangers of misuse or abuse in its interpretation by the police. This paper will discuss how the common law and the Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act (2002) (LEPRA) give lawful effect to arrest and other various powers against offences connected to a breach of the peace. Finally, it will assess whether there is any practical desirability and utility of codifying such a power. This will be achieved by critically evaluating whether the current state of the law with respect to police discretionary powers effectively prescribes a balance between the law enforcement culture and the continuing maintenance of civil rights and liberties. In doing so, it will conclude by examining the consequences and implications of codification. Development of ‘breach of the peace’ The breach of the peace is one of the earliest offences in common law whose provenance can be found through English law in the sanctity of the home unit where ‘every man was entitled to peace...
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...Functionalism, strain and Subcultural theories Durkheim’s functionalist theory Functionalism – society based on value consensus. Members of society sharing common culture. In order to achieve this, two things needed: - Socialisation – helps ensure individuals share the same norms and values. Shows the way to act. - Social control – rewards for conformity and punishment for deviance. Controls behaviour. Inevitability of crime – functionalists see crime as inevitable and universal. Every society has crime. Two reasons why crime and deviance are in all societies: - No everyone is equally socialized into norms and values. Some are likely to be deviant. - Diversity of lifestyle and values. Different groups have their own subcultures with distinctive norms and values. Some may see deviant acts as normal. > Durkheim says in modern societies there is tendency towards anomie. The rules for behaviour become weaker and less clear-cut. This is because modern societies have a complex division of labour meaning individuals become more different from each other. Crime is more likely. Positive functions of crime – it also performs two positive functions Boundary maintenance - produces a reaction from society, uniting members in disapproval of criminals and reinforcing their commitment to shared norms and values. Adaptation and change – all change starts with an act of deviance. There must be scope to challenge existing norms and values and this will seem deviant in the...
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...MANAGING CRIME AND QUALITY OF LIFE USING COMPSTAT: SPECIFIC ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTATION AND PRACTICE By Dr. Vincent E. Henry* I. INTRODUCTION The highly effective management model or paradigm that has come to be known as Compstat was first developed within the New York Police Department in 1994 as a process for managing crime and quality of life in New York City. Compstat was developed in response to a very specific set of immediate needs confronting the NYPD at that time: the compelling need to bring spiralling rates of crime and disorder to within manageable bounds and to refocus the NYPD on its primary mission of effectively ensuring public safety by reducing crime and violence. Since its introduction in early 1994, Compstat has proven to be highly effective in achieving the goals for which it was initially intended. Over time it has also evolved and grown from a basic and fairly rudimentary process involving the collection and analysis of crime data as well as a mechanism for ensuring accountability and information-sharing into a more complex, more nuanced, and eminently more effective management paradigm. As Compstat grew and changed over time, so too did the issues and problems challenging the NYPD. As crime and public disorder offences declined to within more manageable limits, the agency had the luxury of turning its attention to a range of other management problems and issues. While reducing crime and disorder and increasing public safety have never lost their prominence...
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...Mafia What is the Mafia? Some believe the word Mafia was the battle cry of an Italian rebellious group- this battle of cry was the following: "Morte all Francia Italia anelia!" (Italian for "death to the French is Italy's cry!"). Others defined the Mafia as, name for loose association of criminal groups, sometimes bound by blood oath and sworn to secrecy. Despite both of these definitions the Mafia has evolved into a very complex and organized society of crime. Present time it doesn't represent Italian gangs, it also includes Russian, Japanese and Chinese gangs just to mention a few. The purpose of this work is to describe some of the aspects of the Mafia. the reason of naming Mafia in this way was that a member of this group who was riding a motorcyle snatched a carried daughter from a woman kidnapping her; however, such a woman hurried following him crying “Ma figlia! Ma figlia! “ which means in English "My daughter! My daughter!" many believe that the Mafia was born in order to protect and help the less fortunate. The methods used to help and protect were, and still remain illegal. Today, the organization still continues to practice these acts or "rituals." The difference between early Mafia and modern Mafia, is that during late 1800's to early 1900's, the Mafia used these illicit crimes to help their families and the noble good less fortunate, now they abuse their power and distribute the "dirty money" in abundance amongst themselves. In order for an individual...
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...2013 Hassan Nadeem FAST-NU Increase In Teenage Crimes Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 Teenage Crimes 4 In Pakistan 4 Background 5 Peer Pressure: 5 Poverty: 5 Poor Parenting Skills 5 Findings 6 Survey 6 Interview 6 Small Scale Implementations 7 Conclusion 8 Bibliography 9 Charts……………………………………………………………………………………………………10 Appendix 11 Executive Summary Teenage crimes as we all know are those crimes which are performed by people aging between 13-19 years old. These crimes are performed all over the world but unfortunately these crimes have been on the rise in Pakistan for the last 5 years. My objective was to find out who are responsible for the increase in teenage crimes. For this purpose I Conducted a survey from our fellow students and also interviewed a Deputy Supretendant of Police to get his views about this particular issue. The results we found showed that teenage crimes are a reason behind many problems of our country and steps should be taken to reduce this as soon as possible otherwise condition of our country will become much worse because a country cannot develop without its youth. “The Youth of today are the future of tomorrow and a country cannot prosper and develop without the contribution of its youth”:- (Bill Gates) Introduction ...
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...Ethics Issues name MGT 216 University of Phoenix June 7, 2010 professor Ethics Issues The purpose of this paper is to define business ethics and describe three ethical issues: Human Resources Issues, Conflicts of Interest, and the Use of Corporate Resources, and how they affect the organization of Lovelace Health System. Business Ethics Business ethics, by definition is the “Moral principles defining how businesses and business should act towards each other, employees, and the public” (The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide, 2009). Ethics is derived from a person’s upbringing, culture, nationality, education, peer group(s), and experiences throughout life that ultimately define the individual. It is how a person decides what is right and what is wrong. Many organizations today have put in place a code of ethics for employees to live by and must be adhered to if the employee wishes to prosper long-term with that organization. Human Resources Issues Human resources issues describe “the ethical problems that occur when people work together” (Trevino, Nelson, 2007, p. 2). The performance evaluation is very important in grading one’s performance, but it also can be the deciding factor in yearly merit increases. At Lovelace Health Systems, performance evaluations are given once a year. The evaluations can last from 15 minutes to 30 minutes at most. Throughout the year little or no feedback is given to the employee(s) concerning work...
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...Members of the police force are government officials who enforce the laws and maintain order. They are engaged in a dangerous and stressful occupation that can involve violent situations that must be controlled. In many of these confrontations with the public it may become necessary for the police to administer force to take control of a situation. Sometimes this force takes the form of hand-to-hand combat with a suspect who resists being arrested. The police do have strict guidelines to follow when using force. Force should be used in only the minimum amount needed to achieve a legitimate purpose. The New York Police Department has these five stages set through which the use of force can progress. 1) verbal persuasion, 2) unarmed physical force, 3) force using non-lethal weapons, 4) force using impact weapons, 5) deadly force (AIUSAPolice Brutality 1999:2). They also have many tools at their disposal when the need for using force arises. These include the police baton, mace, tasers, handcuffs, police dogs, and firearms. An officer of the law can be properly trained to administer the law in an unbiased way that will not violate a citizen’s rights, however, this is not happening across the United States. According to a recent Amnesty International study, there are thousands of reports each year of assault and ill treatment against officers who use excessive force and violate the human rights of their victims (AIUSA Rights 1999:1). Police officers are injuring and even killing...
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...Class/Group: M2 Assessment Title: Business Management Report Assignment Title: Business Management Report Student ID Number: 201077450 Date of Submission: Friday 06/03/15 Word account: 2358 Contents 1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………P4 2.0 BBC………………………………………………………………………P4,5 3.1 Brief history of BBC………………………………………………...P4 3.2 Aims and objectives of BBC…………………………………………P4 3.3 How BBC is funded………………………………………………….P5 3.4 Polices on social responsibility……………………………………….P5 3.0 Cancer Research UK…………………………………………………….P5,6,7 3.1 Brief history of Cancer Research UK………………………………P5, 6 3.2 Aims and objectives of Cancer Research UK……………………….P6 3.3 How Cancer Research UK is founded……………………………….P6, 7 3.4 Polices on social responsibility………………………………………P7 4.0 Jaguar Land Rover…………………………………………………………P7, 8, 9 4.1 Brief history of Jaguar Land Rover……………………………………P7 4.2 Aims and objectives of Jaguar Land Rover……………………………P8 4.3 How Jaguar Land Rover is founded…………………………………..P8, 9 4.4 Polices on social responsibility………………………………………..P9 5.0 More successful organization……………………………………………..P9 6.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………P10 7.0 Reference…………………………………………………………………..P12 1.0 Introduction The aim of this report is to analysis three different organizations. They are the public sector of the economy (BBC), the volunteer sector (Cancer Research UK) and Jaguar Land Rover. This report included these three organizations’ brief history...
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...Causes There are varying reasons why the glass ceiling exists in our society. One chief reason is that leadership has stereotypical views concerning males and females in leadership positions. Males are viewed has being tough and strict, while women are considered more nurturing and caring. Being a tough or very strict leader in the workplace is accepted more by society. While a women’s leadership style, if not identical to her male counterpart, may be viewed as ineffective and soft. In some organizations the “good old boy” network is still widespread so women and minorities do not get the opportunity to advance even if they are more qualified than their competition. Unfortunately, this barrier that hinders advancement is sometimes imposed on women by their own doing. Meaning, some women choose not to work as hard as their male counterparts because they choose their families over their career. For that reason they may not work the long hours, volunteer as much, or take on extra work loads as men often do to climb the corporate ladder. There is a website that discusses an interview with Lillian Vernon, of Lillian Vernon Corporation, and it quotes her saying “many people who dream about their own businesses and don’t have one, are not prepared to work that hard—to think about their job while they’re getting dressed, showering, waiting for somebody— to think of every minute as an opportunity (Martynemko.com)”. Another woman by the name of Theresa Metty, senior VP at Motorola...
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...Organizational Behavior Taking a Detailed Look Inside Police Settings Organizational Behavior Taking a Detailed Look Inside Police Settings Project Introduction Our group consisted of four members – Danielle Clark, Jessica Grupposo, Davida Muldrow, and Jennifer Zajac. Together we took a detailed look into organizational behaviors as they pertain to a police setting. Using concepts from our course, the movie Training Day, and other resources we analyzed a variety of theories as they apply to police officers and their organizations. Our project was accomplished by dividing the main ideas in our text among our four group members who then used individual judgment to apply the concepts. We remained focused on key organizational behavioral theories such as individual attitudes and behaviors, teamwork, communication, power & politics, and organizational culture. We did learn the principles of organizational behavior overlap a great deal. Although each of us was discussing entirely different theories they all tied into one another in some way. For the purpose of this paper, the movie Training Day is about an LAPD narcotics officer, Detective Alonzo Harris, played by Denzel Washington. Harris is the head of a street unit and is responsible for training an honest and ethical rookie cop named Jake Hoyt, played by Ethan Hawke. The entire film takes place on their first day out together as Detective Harris shows Jake how to run the streets the way he thinks is best. Detective...
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...Globalization is changing organizational structures where expenses can move up or down as the business climate dictates. In terms of positive economic opportunities globalization is the establishment of new economic opportunities for corporations, small businesses, through the access to global markets. Kenya has benefited from globalization by increasing the share of exports especially to the more industrialized African countries, for example; South Africa and Zimbabwe represent small markets for Kenyan goods. Moreover, South Africa plays a great role in Kenya’s economic sustainability due to the opening of trade policy in 1994, which had resulted in the increase of Kenya’s imports from Africa by 80%. In addition, one of the fundamental reasons for the...
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...inconsistent with the main tenets of Maoism. However, what ensued was catastrophic and referred to by Feng Jicai as “Ten Years of Madness.”[2] While the class structure of post-revolutionary Chinese society had effectively eradicated the feudal class structure, a new, elite bureaucratic class had emerged. Indeed, these new elite and the remnants of the old bourgeois class bore the brunt of the violent onslaught of Mao’s Red Guards during the CR. In this essay, I argue that class struggle, and struggle under socialism in the CR was paradoxical as “most radicals in the revolutionary campaign against revisionism were representatives not of the proletariat…but of the bourgeoisie itself.”[3] While many joined Mao in is his crusade for utilitarian reasons, many also joined seeking to revenge ill-treatment and denigration at the hands of the elite due to their ‘bad class backgrounds.’ Furthermore, this period demonstrates through the factional plight of the Red Guards and the persecution of party cadres and intelligentsia, that class struggle is not always initiated from unprivileged or discontented classes, but also from those aspiring to retain their new...
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...it was long enough for her 5-year-old son to accidentally shoot and kill his 2-year-old sister with the .22-caliber rifle he got for his birthday.” (5-year-old Kentucky boy fatally shoots 2-year-old sister) There is no good reason a young child should own a gun but the worst part is this is not the first and probably won’t be the last. There are others like this like two other incidents involving young children shooting others. In early April, 2013 a 4-year-old boy in Tennessee shot and killed a 48-year-old woman, and just days later, 6-year-old Brandon Holt was killed in New Jersey after being shot in the head by his 4-year-old playmate. “On April 20, 1999, two teens went on a shooting spree at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, killing 13 people and wounding more than 20 others before turning their guns on themselves and committing suicide. The crime was the worst high school shooting in U.S. history and prompted a national debate on gun control and school safety, as well as a major investigation to determine what motivated the gunmen, Eric Harris, 18, and Dylan Klebold, 17. There was speculation that the two committed the killings because they had been bullied, were members of a group of social outcasts that was fascinated by Goth culture, or had been influenced by violent video games and music; however none of these theories was ever proven.”(Columbine High...
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