...PSY/375 - LIFE SPAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT February 09, 2013 Lynn Seiser Life Span Perspective Throughout life people go through different stages of development through different their life span. Development does not only occur from birth to childhood but it carries to adolescents, early adulthood, and through later years of adulthood as well. There are different characteristics and factors that take place during a person life span such as ones culture, genetics, and environment. The life span has three different domains which are physical, cognitive and social that plays a role in a person’s development. Past psychologist have different theories on the life span development. Sigmund Freud was a well known psychologist that broke down the different stages in a human’s life. Erik Erikson was also well known for his theories in which some related to Sigmund Freud as well. There are five different characteristics of the life span perspective which include: multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and plastic (Berger, 2011). The life span perspective of development is not just the phase that takes place in the childhood or adulthood portions of one’s life. A multidirectional perspective enables researchers to recognize the gains and losses often occur simultaneously: Human characteristics change in multiple ways and from a life-span perspective, a multidirectional view allows us to understand when, how, and whether stages occur. Multicontextual, occur...
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...The Meaning of Identity: A Brief History The term identity as the dictionary defines it today is almost as new as the sciences devoted to studying it. The definition of the word identity has undergone several transformations since it was first used by European philosophers emerging from the Dark Ages. It wouldn’t be until 1950 that the word would undergo its final stage, the one seen used in psychology textbooks across the world. Erik Erikson’s eight stages of the life cycle gave us its modern meaning. The way the term identity has been used by philosophers in the past has given it definite significance and seriousness. Despite this, its use in relation to the individuality of a person was very casual and lacked depth. Only recently has the term identity come to represent an analytical psychological concept (Gleason, 1983). Before modern social sciences evolved, the term identity was associated with philosophical thought and the ever-present questions about the mind-body connection and the nature of self. The root of the word identity is Latin in origin. The word is “idem” and it means “the same.” The word identity has been found in philosophical texts going back to 1690 with John Locke’s “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (Gleason, 1983). The term seemed to be used only to describe “self” as the philosophers viewed it. The definition of identity that we have today did not come about until much later and when it did it gave much insight into issues that...
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...Theories of Development and Application General Psychology, PSY101 Theories of Development and Application Understanding the theories of development is key in psychology. Everyone proceeds through specific areas of change and growth in key areas as they go through life. Whatever path is taken during life, understanding theories of development will assist us in motivating and guiding others, as well as understanding ourselves. The following theories of development will be applied to this author’s personal life experience: Jean Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development, Developmental Stage Theory of Erik Erikson, Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development, and Developmental Milestone: Motor Development will all be briefly explained. This author will provide examples of ways thinking has shifted to indicate entering the Formal Operational Thought stage. One stage of Erik Erikson’s Developmental Stage Theory will be chosen and will be applied to this author’s personal life. One decision this author made that was based on Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development will be described. Finally, based on a child this author has known, the description of this child has progressed from rolling over, sitting, standing and walking. This is also known as the four developmental milestones. Jean Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is a psychologist who “identified stages of mental development, called Schema, and established the fields of...
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...3-4 Erik Erikson Page 5-6 Mr L Page 7 Conclusion Page 8 References Page 9 Bibliography Page 10 Introduction In this essay you will find two psychological theorists who have different opinions on how human behaviour develops. Sigmund Freud believes that we finish developing behaviours in our adolescents while Erik Erikson believes that it is a lifelong process. One believes that we are born with certain behaviours and the other believes that they are developed by our social influences. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud started his career as a doctor treating neurotic patients with hypnosis and became famous for founding a new system of psychology called psychoanalysis, Snowden, R (2010). Freud believes that our behaviour is stemmed from our unconscious mind and that our forbidden behaviours only express how we feel such as the dreams we have and the slips of speech the Freudian slip. Sigmund Freud states that we are driven by the same basic instincts as animals such as primarily, sex and aggression and has many theories of human behaviour, from the psychosexual stages of development; Freud believes that this develops our personality and sexuality and is evident from birth and stops in our adolescents. With this stage our personality development depends on our childhood progression and the different source of sexual pleasure we encounter is split in to several definite stages, the oral, anal, phallic and the latency stage which progresses from one stage to...
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...Child development is seen as a very important topic in today’s world. What’s right? What is going to harm my child? How can I protect them? These, and many more questions are raised by most parents on a daily basis. In order to know what is best for a child, it is crucial to know what developmental theories best match up with a parent's way of thinking. Psychological theorists have been working for a long time on discovering how children grow and learn. Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget are two theorists that have made a lot of headway in the child developmental field. With some similar and different concepts, these theorists made a huge impact in the psychology world. Born in Germany, Erickson never agreed with traditional schooling. He graduated...
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...Photo of Erik Erikson - www.pinstake.com Photo of Sigmund Freud - www.commons.wikimedia.org Image of Psychodynamic Approach - www.kaycounseling.co.uk | Psychodynamic Personality Brochure Shanta’ Boyd February 16, 2013 PSY/405 University of Phoenix | Psychodynamic Personality Psychodynamic cover.jpg | Personality Personality cannot be described with just one definition being that there are many different schools of thought. Personality can be described as: A pattern of traits and unique characteristics that provide consistency and individuality to an individuals behavior. Personality can also be formed through the consistency, hereditary, and an individual's experiences. An individuals perception of self and the world around them can also be make up an individual's personality. Behavior and Personality Their is a relationship between behavior and personality, but behavior isn’t personality. Psychodynamic Approach Famous theorist like Carl Jung, Erik Erikson, and Sigmund Freud, have all contributed to the psychodynamic theory of personality. Most theories, theories focus on the unconscious and consciousness of the mind as well as the development of ones personality based on their childhood experiences. Psychodynamic Approach.gif | Carl Jung’s personality theory was unique. In comparison to Freud, they both felt that unconscious and consciousness has an effect on the mind. Jung developed 8 types of...
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...“Child Development Theory”1 “Child Development Theory” Ney Brown PSY104: Child and Adolescent Development Instructor: Daniella Atwell August 20,2012 “Child Development Theory” 2 Child development occurs from birth and continues throughout adulthood, and during their life span they go through many different changes, including language, physical growth, and cognitive abilities. Interest in this field has been very important to researchers because they want to know what happens during child development as well as the influences on development. There are a few theorist who have their views on child development and they are Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. Understanding child development has become very important today as we all want to Know what a child actually goes through during their development, and later on in life because most of these things will affect them later on in life. Many people don’t realize the many different stages a child goes through from birth and into early adulthood. Some of the major ...
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...this lesson. You will examine and compare developmental stages side by side and have the opportunity to test your knowledge with a quiz at the end. Example for Comparison Mary has a 3-month-old daughter. Mary bottle feeds her child and follows a strict schedule for feeding times. The child is not allowed to have a pacifier. Mary is an affectionate parent, and all of her child's needs are met. How could the actions that occur in the child's life now affect her later development? Similarities of Freud and Erikson Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory are two important psychoanalytic theories on human development that could be used to explain the developmental effects of this scenario. In this lesson, we will examine what these two theories have in common and how they differ. Erikson's theory followed Freud's and was based on many of Freud's ideas. Because of this, the two theories have similarities. Both theorists recognize the importance of the unconscious on development. They also both separate development into stages of a person's life and utilize similar age divisions for these developmental stages. Differences of Freud and Erikson However, there are several differences that exist between the names of the stages and the developmental issues that are encountered during each. Part of the reason for this is that each psychologist has his own unique view of what drives a person's development. Freud's psychosexual theory emphasizes the importance...
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...Contrasting Theorists- Piaget, Vygotsky and Erikson Piaget, Vygotsky and Erikson all had great impact on the research of how the human mind develops. Personally I believe that Jensen would agree with both Piaget and Erikson theories because they both tie to his four stages of development and Gladwell would agree with the three. Nonetheless, I believe that all, Jensen, Erikson, Vygotsky, and Gladwell would agree with Jean Piaget that “ the principle goal of education in the schools should be creating men and women who are capable of doing new things, not simply repeating what other generations have done.” Piaget’s theory of cognitive development focused on children’s intellectual development, the nature of thought and how it developed. He believed in self-initiated discovery and learning by doing. According to Piaget, “ children sort the knowledge they acquire through their experienced and interactions into groupings known as schemas”(Cherry, n.d.). He also believed that learning occurred through 4 different stages, sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations stage, and formal operations stage (Boeree, 2006). He believed that in order for learning to happen, students must interact with their environment in a new way and apply their previous schema to their interaction. I work with middle school students so they like learning from their own mistakes. I’ve learned that at middle school age, students do not want to be told what to do and that they...
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...psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development. Freud believed the three main elements of personality were I'd, the ego and the superego. The id is the particle for all needs and urges, the superego is responsible for ideals and moral and the ego mmediates between the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. Erikson believed that personality elevated through a series of stages, with ccomplex conflicts arising at every stage. The perseverance in any stage depends upon overcoming these conflicts. According to Sigmund Freud, personality is pretty much established by the age of five. Early childhood experiences play a large role in the development of personality and continue to socialize behavior throughout their life. Freud's theory of psychosexual development is one of the best known, but also one of the most controversial. Freud believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages. During these stages, the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas. This psychosexual energy, also known as libido, is described as the force behind behavior. If these psychosexual stages are completed successfully, the end result is a fruitful personality. If certain issues are not taken care of at the proper stage, fixation can occur. A fixation is defined as a persistent focus on an previous psychosexual stage. Until this is resolved, the individual will remain "stuck" in this stage. For example, a...
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...Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to Erikson Sara is in which of the following stages: a) Latency b) Muscular-anal c) Locomotor d) Adolescence e) None of the above 2. What is the crisis of the stage that Sara is in: a) Autonomy vs. Shame b) Initiative vs. Guilt c) Trust vs. Mistrust d) Industry vs. Inferiority e) None of the above 3. What is the positive outcome of the latency stage: a) Repeated frustration and failure which leads to feelings of inferiority b) A child will be able to initiate activities and enjoy learning c) The child will acquire skills for and develop competence in work and enjoy achievement d) Develop their own identity e) b) and c) 4. According to Erikson what should Sara’s teacher have done for work enjoyment and industry to result: a) Praise her for doing her best b) Tell her she can do better c) Encourage her to finish tasks d) b) and c) e) a) and c) 5. What stages has Sara passed through in Erikson’s theory? a) The oral-sensory stage b) The anal-muscular stage c) The locomotor stage d) a) and b) e) All of the above 6. According to Erikson, what is the important event for the stage Sara is in? a) Feeding b) Toilet Training c) Independence d) Schooling e) All of the above 7. According to Erikson, what should Sara’s teacher have done during the math and language...
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...Erik Erikson Erikson’s theory has 8 stages. Like Freud he includes the notion of conflict in each stage. The resolution of each conflict creates a new emerging part of total personality. The person must move through the 8 stages and resolve the conflict in order to achieve a healthy Personality. Erikson suggests that each individual must learn how to hold both extremes of each specific life stage challenge in tension or the other Only when both extremes in life stage challenge are understood and accepted as required and useful 12- 18 years old comes in stage 5 according to Erikson which is : identity vs. role confusion Teenager seeks to answer questions such as: who am I? Where do I fit in? Where am I going in life? If parents allow their children to explore, they will find their own identity. If parents force their child to conform to their view the child will have an identity crisis Erikson’s view of this stage was to define a sense of self identity Identity incorporating parent’s culture and roles, also embracing teenager’s uniqueness and society’s current offering. The transition from childhood to adulthood is most important. Children are becoming more independent and begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationship, families and housing. The individual want to belong to a society and fit in This is a major stage of development where the child has to learn the roles he will occupy as an adult It’s during this stage the individuals try to find out exactly who...
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...Eric Erikson was a worldwide famous psychologist and psychoanalyst. He was well known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. Erikson graduated from The Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute as a child analyst where he was trained by the prestigious psychoanalyst Anna Freud. He was deeply fascinated with the various theories on personality development. It was this fascination that marked the beginning of his integration of the analytic clinical perspective with the social and economic events that influence a child. So what is Erikson's Stages of Development? In this essay we will discuss this matter. Erikson life-stage virtues, in order of the eight stages in which they may be acquired, are: 1. Basic trust vs. basic mistrust - This stage covers the period of infancy. 0-1 year of age. - Whether or not the baby develops basic trust or basic mistrust is not merely a matter of nurture. It depends on the quality of the maternal relationship. If successful, the baby develops a sense of trust, which “forms the basis in the child for a sense of identity“. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame - Covers early childhood - Introduces the concept of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. During this stage the child is trying to master toilet training. 3. Purpose - Initiative vs. Guilt - Preschool / 3–6 years - Does the child have the ability to or do things on their own, such as dress him or herself? If "guilty" about making his or her own choices, the child will not function well.. ...
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...erik erikson's psychosocial crisis life cycle model - the eight stages of human development Erikson's model of psychosocial development is a very significant, highly regarded and meaningful concept. Life is a series of lessons and challenges which help us to grow. Erikson's wonderful theory helps to tell us why. The theory is helpful for child development, and adults too. For the 'lite' version, here's a quick diagram and summary. Extra details follow the initial overview. For more information than appears on this page, read Erikson's books; he was an award-winning writer and this review does not convey the richness of Erikson's own explanations. It's also interesting to see how his ideas develop over time, perhaps aided by his own journey through the 'psychosocial crisis' stages model that underpinned his work. Erik Erikson first published his eight stage theory of human development in his 1950 book Childhood and Society. The chapter featuring the model was titled 'The Eight Ages of Man'. He expanded and refined his theory in later books and revisions, notably: Identity and the Life Cycle (1959); Insight and Responsibility (1964); The Life Cycle Completed: A Review (1982, revised 1996 by Joan Erikson); and Vital Involvement in Old Age (1989). Erikson's biography lists more books. Various terms are used to describe Erikson's model, for example Erikson's biopsychosocial or bio-psycho-social theory (bio refers to biological, which in this context means life); Erikson's human...
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...developmental milestones. Those milestones are notable events, markers, or turning points that affect the development of a certain individual. Some examples of these include graduating from school, reaching your dreams, getting married, getting a job, becoming a parent, retirement, and one’s own death. One of the important things that a person needs to develop is his personality. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, personality is the set of qualities and behaviors that makes a person different from other people. From the definition, lots of questions arise. Some examples are “What makes them different from the other?”, “Why are they behaving like that?”, and “Who am I?” In order to answer those questions, Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development will help to understand the complexity of human personality. Erikson’s ‘psychosocial’ term is derived from two words – ‘psychological’ means mind and ‘social’ means external relationships (Chapman, 2013). According to Ramkumar (2002), Erik Erikson did most of his works during the 1930s to the 1950s as a psychologist. He was fascinated in child analysis. He was the student of Sigmund Freud and he was inspired by his works. From the article of Chapman (2013), Erikson’s psychosocial theory was drawn and was extended from the ideas of Sigmund Freud and his daughter, Anna Freud and the concepts within psychosexual theory of human development. Freud concepts are not however fundamental to Erikson’s theory which stands up well in its own...
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