...composition course or the assignment of a writing project in any class. Contributors:Ethan Sproat, Dana Lynn Driscoll, Allen Brizee Last Edited: 2012-04-27 10:46:02 Example 1: “I Have a Dream” Speech A lot of what was covered above may still seem abstract and complicated. To illustrate how diverse kinds of texts have their own rhetorical situations, consider the following examples. First, consider Dr. Martin Luther King’s famous “I Have a Dream” speech. Because this speech is famous, it should be very easy to identify the basic elements of its particular rhetorical situation. Text The text in question is a 17-minute speech written and delivered by Dr. King. The basic medium of the text was an oral speech that was broadcast by both loudspeakers at the event and over radio and television. Dr. King drew on years of training as a minister and public speaker to deliver the speech. He also drew on his extensive education and the tumultuous history of racial prejudices and civil rights in the US. Audiences at the time either heard his speech in person or over radio or television broadcasts. Part of the speech near the end was improvised around the repeated phrase “I have a dream.” Author http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/625/08/ Page 1 of 9 Purdue OWL: The Rhetorical Situation 9/11/13 7:53 PM Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the most iconic leader of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He was an African-American Baptist minister and prominent civil...
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...COLLEGE OF ARTS AND LETTERS Department of English, Foreign Languages and Linguistics Sta. Mesa, Manila Adaptation of Swardspeak to the Language of Bachelor of Arts in English Second-Year Students of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Joanna Marie N. Cabanatan Maricon A. Alisuag Jenny L. Carlos Fatima B. Dela Cruz Prof. Evangelina S. Seril CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION I. Introduction Today’s modern generation, many youth are engaged in different languages. Some of us have experienced being near to a group of gays who were talking in quite a different language and you were surprised that you could understand some of the words they were saying. That language is what we called gay lingo but in 1970s, it is Swardspeak. Here in the Philippines, they called the term, "Swardspeak" or "Gay Lingo". Nowadays it is one of the most prominent kinds of language that most of the youth rather people engaged to. It consists of mainly Filipino language, but also uses elements of English, Spanish and other Asian or foreign words (especially Japanese), gays make uses of words that are derived from other words and try to make the words colorful and enticingly comical. It is also their way of speaking and their own mannerisms that make it different to those of the females. Because of the spread of Swardspeak, many Filipino try to engange themselves and makes use of it. . Like any other languages, Swardspeak is...
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...reported Speech 1 (Statements, Questions, Requests and Orders) Change the direct speech into reported speech. Choose the past simple of ‘ask’, ‘say’ or ‘tell’: 1. “Don’t do it!” She ______________________________________________________________ 2. “I’m leaving tomorrow” She ______________________________________________________________ 3. “Please get me a cup of tea” She ______________________________________________________________ 4. “She got married last year” She ______________________________________________________________ 5. “Be quick!” She ______________________________________________________________ 6. “Could you explain number four, please?” She ______________________________________________________________ 7. “Where do you live?” She ______________________________________________________________ 8. “We went to the cinema and then to a Chinese restaurant” She ______________________________________________________________ 9. “I’ll come and help you at twelve” She ______________________________________________________________ © 2009 www.perfect-english-grammar.com May be freely copied for personal or classroom use. 10. “What are you doing tomorrow?” She ______________________________________________________________ 11. “Don’t go!” She ______________________________________________________________ 12. “Do you work in London?” She ______________________________________________________________ 13. “Could you tell...
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...ph ------------------------------------------------- S.Y. 2014-2015 A Narrative Report “With English we can become Heroes” Everything starts with a plan. As early as August we started planning this whole thing. We started with the theme; we decided to focus on heroism since that was the year of the laity and so we come up with the theme: With English we can become Heroes. We also decided to retain all the previous activities from last year’s celebration and we added only one activity which is the poetry writing contest. When November strike, we started with the bulletin board. We also had our department shirt and we decided to use the cute heroine as our mascot. We make it simple and of course related to the theme. The launching happened inside the classrooms with the English teachers patiently explaining all the activities and asking for participants. We also had the rule that no student will join two activities but of course with few exception. The first activity that we had is the best English speaking class – it’s quite familiar with the students except with the grade 7 students. November 6 – that is the official start of the contest. Well, of course there is the big hush among the students and a tense atmosphere whenever somebody is speaking but nevertheless it’s still quite a success. The students learned to cooperate and use the English language as natural as possible. November 10 – we had our writing...
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...yMacmillan Study Companions Sharon R. Wilson-Strann POETRY FOR THE CSEC® ENGLISH B EXAMINATION Second edition Prescribed list for 2012–2017 CSEC® is a registered trademark of the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) POETRY FOR THE CSEC® ENGLISH B EXAMINATION is an independent publication and has not been authorised, sponsored, or otherwise approved by CXC. CSEC Study Comp Poetry 2nd Ed_2011.indd i 9/6/11 4:31 PM Macmillan Education Between Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PP A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world www.macmillan-caribbean.com ISBN: 978-0-230-41802-8 Text © Sharon R. Wilson-Strann 2011 Design and illustration © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2011 First published 2008 This edition published 2011 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. These materials may contain links for third party websites. We have no control over, and are not responsible for, the contents of such third party websites. Please use care when accessing them. Designed by Mike Brain Graphic Design Ltd Typeset by E Clicks Enterprise, Malaysia Cover design by Clare Webber Cover photo by Jenny Palmer The author and publishers are grateful for permission to reprint the following copyright material: Bloodaxe Books for the poem...
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...ELL Life By: Tamara P. French More and more students are entering U.S. schools from families whose home language is not English. As educators we must embrace the task of teaching students who have limited English speaking abilities. This is no longer limited to teachers in certain schools or areas of the country. All educators must be aware of how students learn a second language and become fluent. We cannot assume nor have unrealistic expectations about each individual student’s progress, while also maintaining an active schedule of learning. The first step in helping our ELL students become second language fluent is to get familiar with the journey of an ELL. Mrs. Sarah Marino is a physics teacher at Orchard High School. The daughter of Cuban immigrants; Sarah’s first language was Spanish, rather than English. Get to know Sarah Marino and her struggle to become Fluent English Proficient-FEP. Sarah Marino Interview March 20, 2012 1. At what age did you begin acquiring a second language? My family moved to the United States when I was 10 years old and I didn’t attend school for the first year. So I began acquiring my second language-English at 11 years old. 2. What was the biggest challenge? I didn’t know anything! It was completely foreign to me. We were so poor that I hadn’t seen any English speaking movies or anything. It was frustrating because I had no memory to tap into. As an 8 year old, you are only comfortable failing...
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...Q. (2011). Pragmatic Transfer in Iraqi EFL Learners' Refusals, International Journal of English Linguistics, 1(2), 166-185. doi:10.5539/ijel.v1n2p166 The study deals with pragmatic transfer of Iraqi EFL learners' refusal strategies as reflected by their responses to a modified version of 12- items written discourse completion task; and compare with two groups ,namely Iraqi native speakers of Arabic and American native speakers of English. The data were collected from task consisted of three requests, three offers, three suggestions, and three invitations. Each one of the situations included one refusal to a person of higher status, one to a person of equal status, and one to a person of lower status. Data analyzed according to frequency types of refusal strategies and interlocutor's social status. I prefer this article because it is very useful for my topic. The author found that Iraqi EFL learners are apt to express refusals with care and/or caution represented by using more statements of reason/explanation, statements of regret, wish and refusal adjuncts in their refusals than Americans. Americans are more sensitive to their interlocutor's higher and equal status, whereas Iraqi EFL learners to lower status. The study is suitable for the topic I chose for its valuable information. 2. Article 2 Al-Khatani, S., A., W. (2005). Refusals Realizations in Three Different Cultures: A Speech Act Theoretically-based Cross-cultural Study, Journal King Saud University, 18, 35-57. ...
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...Phonological Free Variation in English: An Empirical Study Jose A. Mompean 1 Department of English Philology, University of Murcia, Spain Abstract This paper presents the results of a corpus-based study of ten words exhibiting phonological free variation in their phonemic or accentual makeup. The study uses data from the News archives of the BBC Learning English website. The rates of use of the variants for each lexical item are given and discussed. Key words: Phonological free variation, free variants, BBC English. I. Introduction Phonological free variation is a well-known phonological phenomenon that occurs when two (or more) phonemes –the free variants- may replace each other in the same position in a word without any change in meaning (e.g. again / gen/ or / ge n/). The phenomenon also applies to words that exhibit different stress patterns (e.g. controversy /k n tr v si/ or / k ntr v :si/) with no change in meaning or grammatical category. The existence of phonological free variants is caused by different types of factors. These include ongoing sound changes (e.g. / /-/ :/ for sure in BrE representing the general replacement of / / by / :/ in the system) or phonetic and/or phonological processes such as assimilation, dissimilation, epenthesis or liaison (e.g. / febju ri/ for February –as well as / febru ri/– due to dissimilation of the two nearby /r/s). Sociocultural aspects such as speakers’ awareness and knowledge or beliefs about the relationship between spelling and...
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...or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation. Multilinguals—speakers of more than one language—sometimes use elements of multiple languages when conversing with each other. 1. Carol Myers-Scotton : Studies on codes witching, the use of two or more languages in the same conversation. 2. John J. Gumperz : On code-switching, as a speaker’s use of more than one language within a single conversation is known. This work, like his analysis of the Heathrow impasse, centered on the idea of using linguistics in the service of social justice. Though earlier accounts of code-switching had suggested that it was largely a random phenomenon — a speaker, the thinking went, might use a smattering of English followed by a smattering of Spanish in an amorphous linguistic soup — Professor Gumperz showed that this switching, however unconscious, had specific triggers, including the need to encode information about the social relationships underpinning the discourse. But though sociolinguistics as a whole embraces spoken language and the printed word, he concentrated on face-to-face verbal exchanges. 3. Maria Cecilia Velásquez : The relationship in a bilingual conversation between language choice and identity has been the subject of research in different disciplines such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and second language acquisition among others. 4. Richard Skiba : Code Switching as a Countenance of Language Interference ...
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...eKNOW 2014 : The Sixth International Conference on Information, Process, and Knowledge Management Malay Semantic Text Processing Engine Benjamin Chu Min Xian MIMOS Berhad Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia mx.chu@mimos.my Liu Qiang MIMOS Berhad Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia qiang.liu@mimos.my Rohana Mahmud University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia rohanamahmud@um.edu.my Arun Anand Sadanandan MIMOS Berhad Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia arun.anand@mimos.my Kow Weng Onn MIMOS Berhad Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia kwonn@mimos.my Dickson Lukose MIMOS Berhad Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia dickson.lukose@mimos.my Abstract—Semantic Text Understanding is a process that transforms text into conceptual representation. In this paper, we propose a Text Understanding System for Malay Language. The system comprises of two components: Morphology Analyzer and Semantic Text Interpreter. Some initial evaluation experiments were conducted on these components to gain explanatory insights into its performance. All the current text processing systems we reviewed are focused on preliminary algorithms and rules associated to lexical, morphological and syntax analysis. In our paper, we developed an integrated approach for a text understanding system that has the ability to represent the semantics of the text. Keywords-Natural Language Understanding; Morphology Interpretation. Processing; Semantic Analysis; Semantic Text Text I. INTRODUCTION The development of fast algorithms to understand and exploit the...
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...Advanced Placement English Language and Composition Advanced Placement English III First Six Weeks – Introductory Activities: ▪ Class rules, expectations, procedures ▪ Students review patterns of writing, which they will imitate throughout the course: reflection, narration and description, critical analysis, comparison and contrast, problem and solution, and persuasion and argument. ▪ Students review annotation acronyms, how to do a close reading, literary elements and rhetorical devices. Students also review the SOAPSTONE (subject, occasion, audience, purpose, speaker, tone, organization, narrative style and evidence) strategy for use in analyzing prose and visual texts along with three of the five cannons of rhetoric: invention, arrangement and style. ▪ Students learn the format of the AP test, essay rubric and essay structure. ▪ Students take a full-length AP test for comparison purposes in the spring. Reading: The Scarlet Letter – Nathaniel Hawthorne Writing: Answer the following question in one paragraph. Use quotes from the novel as evidence. Some readers believe that the elaborate decoration that Hester embroiders on the scarlet letter indicates her rejection of the community’s view of her act. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your position using evidence from the text. (test grade) Writing: Write a well-developed essay addressing the following prompt. Document all sources using MLA citation. Compare Hester to a modern...
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...http://e-flt.nus.edu.sg/ Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 2012, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 194–214 © Centre for Language Studies National University of Singapore Effects of Using Facebook as a Medium for Discussions of English Grammar and Writing of Low-Intermediate EFL Students Thanawan Suthiwartnarueput (noiloveshome@gmail.com) Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Punchalee Wasanasomsithi (punchalee.w@chula.ac.th) Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Abstract The present study explored the effects of using Facebook as a medium for grammar and writing discussions of low-intermediate EFL students. The data were collected from the students’ utterances asking for explana-tions about English grammar and writing that were posted on Facebook, their gain scores in the pre-test and post-test, and interview responses. The findings showed a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the pre-test and the post-test (t = 6.65, p = 0.00). Most common topics of discussion involved sentence structures, followed by word meanings, parts of speech and then relative clauses. It was found that English grammar was worth promoting for discussions on Facebook because there were correlations between the gain scores in the grammar and writing parts at the significant levels (r = 0.399 in the pre-test and r = 0.859 in the post-test). The students also had positive attitudes toward using Facebook as a means of learning grammar and writing. As an alternative learning tool...
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...typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………… 1. 2. TABLES OF CASES AND STATUTES………………………………………… 2. 3. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………… 3. 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………… 5. 5. MEANING AND INTERPRETATION OF SECTION 124A THE LAW OF SEDITION IN INDIA BEFORE 1947………………… 7. 6. MEANING AND INTERPRETATION OF S. 124A AFTER INDEPENDENCE……………………………………………………………………… 12. 7. LAWS OF SEDITION IN INDIA, ENGLAND, AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – A COMPARATIVE STUDY…… 14. 8. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………20. 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………………………………22. INTRODUCTION “It is enough to say that in this country and in this generation the time for prosecuting political libels has passed, and does not seem likely to return within any definable time” - Stephen, History of Criminal Law[1] This statement was made in the context of the United Kingdom by a well-known author on criminal law. More than 50 years after independence, it may well be said that the ‘time for prosecuting political libel’ has passed in India too. This may be particularly true of a particular species of libel know as ‘sedition’. Simplistically defined sedition is the defamation of the State and the government with certain peculiar characteristics[2]. In India...
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...of fresh air.“But now am sorry because I have to tell you that I have made a short call on you only. But next time I shall make a long call on you to last the whole moon completely. Thank you very much to allow me to undress you completely before these extinguished ladies under gentlemen sir.Lastly but not list, I ask the band to play our international anthem of the republic of Uganda and also the British international anthem…Your majesty sir, I thank you from the bottom of my heart and from the bottoms of all the people of Uganda .With this few words I thank you Sir. | Esther Nasikye, Idi Amin This post was written by: Esther Nasikye - who has written 76 posts on ChangeWaves. Contact the author 9 Comments For This Post 1. ??? Says: April 1st, 2011 at 9:07 am I would just like to let ufo know how much I learn from your website Bookmarked book , be back fast for some more good articles. 2. Muhammad Fahad Says: April 23rd, 2012 at 1:44 pm Hiya!! Mate, I really think ye is...
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...An Introduction to Sociolinguistics AITA01 1 5/9/05, 4:36 PM Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics The books included in this series provide comprehensive accounts of some of the most central and most rapidly developing areas of research in linguistics. Intended primarily for introductory and post-introductory students, they include exercises, discussion points, and suggestions for further reading. 1. Liliane Haegeman 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Andrew Spencer Helen Goodluck Ronald Wardhaugh Martin Atkinson Diane Blakemore Michael Kenstowicz Deborah Schiffrin John Clark and Colin Yallop 10. 11. 12. 13. Natsuko Tsujimura Robert D. Borsley Nigel Fabb Irene Heim and Angelika Kratzer 14. Liliane Haegeman and Jacqueline Guéron 15. Stephen Crain and Diane Lillo-Martin 16. Joan Bresnan 17. Barbara A. Fennell 18. Henry Rogers 19. Benjamin W. Fortson IV 20. AITA01 Liliane Haegeman 2 Introduction to Government and Binding Theory (Second Edition) Morphological Theory Language Acquisition Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Fifth Edition) Children’s Syntax Understanding Utterances Phonology in Generative Grammar Approaches to Discourse An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (Second Edition) An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics Modern Phrase Structure Grammar Linguistics and Literature Semantics in Generative Grammar English Grammar: A Generative Perspective An Introduction to Linguistic Theory and Language...
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