...Theories of Ethics Chapter Summary Points 1. Consequentialist moral theories see the moral rightness or wrongness of actions as a function of their results. If the consequences are sufficiently good, the action is right; if they are sufficiently bad, the action is wrong. However, nonconsequentialist theories see other factors as also relevant to the determination of right and wrong. 2. Egoism is the consequentialist theory that an action is right when it promotes the individual’s best interests. Proponents of this theory base their view on the alleged fact that human beings are, by nature, selfish (the doctrine of psychological egoism). Critics of egoism argue that (a) psychological egoism is implausible, (b) egoism is not really a moral principle, and (c) egoism ignores blatant wrongs. 3. Utilitarianism, another consequentialist theory, maintains that the morally right action is the one that provides the greatest good for all those affected. In an organizational context, utilitarianism provides an objective way to resolve conflicts of self-interest and encourages a realistic and result-oriented approach to moral decision making. But critics contend that (a) utilitarianism is not really workable, (b) some actions are wrong even if they produce good results, and (c) utilitarianism incorrectly overlooks considerations of justice and the distribution of happiness. 4. Kant’s theory is an important example of a purely nonconsequentialist approach to ethics...
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...We will all face ethical dilemmas at some point in our lives and / or careers. The term ethics is not readily defined, but varies according to discipline. For example, philosophers define ethics as a study of morality, whereas health care providers might explain it in terms of meeting patient needs and owing a responsibility to the patient. We often examine ethical issues not with a specific approach, but rather with a “hybrid” approach, based on past experiences, our conscience, legal constraints, and social influences and pressures. Often, ethical issues touch on legal issues, or are regulated by laws and regulations. Laws or rules are usually established to set minimum standards for society to employ when dealing with others. The case of a woman battling for her life stirs controversy and becomes mainstream media worldwide. On February 25, 2009, 26 year-old Terry Schiavo was found by her husband, Michael Schiavo, after collapsing in their home (). She was believed to had an eating disorder known as bulimia, which can result in heart failure because of the lack of vitamins such as potassium(). Oxygen deprivation during the time of her collapse was believed to be the cause of brain damage, which doctors believed she was in a persistant vegetative state but not drain dead. However, the case sparks the medias attention eight years later when Terry’s husband Michael petitions to have his wife’s feeding tube removed whereas Terry’s parents contest Michaels petition to end her life...
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...IIMA FDP Alumni Conference - Ethics & CSR 20-21 December 2013 It was a tremendous experience as well as a proud feeling to be a part of IIM-A FDP Alumni Conference, like “A sea meeting to a river” The fog was being cleared by many highly learned and extremely experience personalities during these two days with their innovative approach which I felt glad to be present with them. Especially the words spoken by Padmashree K. Ramkrishna Rao sir were very touching. The way he tried to explain the complex topics, briefly with a common way that was really phenomenal. I learned about human values and their basic responsibility towards society with the help of gandian studies or believe we can say. I think that human values plays a significant role in ethics. The informative words shared by prof. G.Subramanyam sir on how the ethics and social responsibility simultaneously determine the organization image as well as affects the industry .which was really a learning experience especially what things are happen around us we must be aware of that like how “SATYAM” has almost destroyed its image because of unethical practices done by them which even badly affected the software industry. Challenges in managing non-profit and social enterprises: Chair: primal sir and The panel was shared by ravi sir and rani man. Really it’s a challenging job to run a non-profit or a social enterprise. What I felt out of discussion is that running a social enterprise is even difficulty job compared to NGOs...
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...According to the Tyco website, Tyco originated as a Tyco Laboratories a United States government research laboratory company. Today Tyco has three independent companies: Tyco Healthcare, Tyco Electronics, and Tyco International consisting of five different business segments. Flow Control, Electrical and Metal products, Fire Protection Services, Safety Products, and ADT Worldwide are the five business segments under Tyco International’s umbrella. Tyco is a vertical structure with levels of hierarchy. The board members and top management are responsible for governing its’ mission and goals while ensuring the organization’s five principles are enforced. Tyco expects each employee to strive for excellence and work as a team. Tyco’s leadership team directs employees to be innovative, openly communicate, and continue to improve their skills. The company focuses on equality and fair treatment for employees. Management and staff are accountable for their actions and work performance. Tyco promotes safety in the workplace. Tyco protects each location by the companies anti-violence, drug and alcohol free workplace policy. Tyco promotes individual and corporate integrity, each person including leaders are to uphold the organization’s standards of integrity with each other, customers, and other stakeholders (Tyco, Peoples & Values, 2010). Vertical structure is the most common business structure; however, many organizations are restructuring their organizations. The restructuring makes...
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...to business strategy • Other attributes; personality, attitude, motivations, teamwork and interests (Person–group fit) and (Person-vocation fit) • Validity/reliability and accuracy of method to achieve staffing goals • Minimize adverse impact, ethical and legal concerns • Maximize ROI/costs of hiring • Candidates reaction (fair, consistent and objective) Source: Strategic Staffing 2nd edition – Phillips and Gully. Chapter 9 Assessing External Candidates page 233- 240 2) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both structured and unstructured interviews. Which would you prefer to use? Why? Unstructured Interviews Disadvantages • Standard approach is absent variances by candidate/interviewer • Formal scoring may be lacking impacts the ability compare candidates effectively • Interviewer approach and questions may be irrelevant to competencies. • Perceptions conflicts of interviewers •...
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...Business ethics 1. Assignment 1: Questions 1) Analyzing the ethical frameworks needed in decision making, which ones best align to the eight ethical principles of the Global Business Standards of Codex. Without doubt, there always exists a dilemma when company decisions are being made. It is for this reason that ethical frameworks are utilized to ensure that appropriate decisions are made in the organization. Ethics.ubc argues that ethical frameworks act like “snake detectors.” They are there to ensure that “snakes” in the organization are easily recognized before they bite. In layman’s language, they offer guidance when making decisions. Some of the ethical frameworks put forward include: * The utilitarian approach * Rights approach * Fairness approach * Common good approach * Virtue approach Utilitarian approach This approach basically focuses on the consequences of a particular action (capsim.com). For example, it considers whether an action will eventually lead to greater good than other related actions. Therefore, the most ethical decision to be made will be that which will offer maximum benefits. Rights approach In this approach, the most ethical decision to be made will have utmost respect and protection for human rights (capism.com). In this case, people have the right to make their own decisions and everyone ought to be respected in the decisions they make. Fairness approach Just as the name suggests, fairness...
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...According to the Tyco website, Tyco originated as a Tyco Laboratories a United States government research laboratory company. Today Tyco has three independent companies: Tyco Healthcare, Tyco Electronics, and Tyco International consisting of five different business segments. Flow Control, Electrical and Metal products, Fire Protection Services, Safety Products, and ADT Worldwide are the five business segments under Tyco International’s umbrella. Tyco is a vertical structure with levels of hierarchy. The board members and top management are responsible for governing its’ mission and goals while ensuring the organization’s five principles are enforced. Tyco expects each employee to strive for excellence and work as a team. Tyco’s leadership team directs employees to be innovative, openly communicate, and continue to improve their skills. The company focuses on equality and fair treatment for employees. Management and staff are accountable for their actions and work performance. Tyco promotes safety in the workplace. Tyco protects each location by the companies anti-violence, drug and alcohol free workplace policy. Tyco promotes individual and corporate integrity, each person including leaders are to uphold the organization’s standards of integrity with each other, customers, and other stakeholders (Tyco, Peoples & Values, 2010). Vertical structure is the most common business structure; however, many organizations are restructuring their organizations. The restructuring makes...
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...Party Conflict Resolution In the negotiation process, the use of third-party conflict resolutions often comes into play when parties cannot seem to reach an agreement regarding resolving mutual interests. These types of third-party conflict resolutions are: arbitration, collaboration, litigation and mediation. For the Seatcor Manufacturing Company, the use of third-party conflict resolution is necessary. The researchers of Team A have reported collaborative ideas of this case by (1) analyzing the possible intervention strategies, (2) applying what is thought to be the best strategy, (3) explained how the best strategy should resolve the conflict, and (4) developed a contingency plan in case the best strategy does not work, or is rejected. Intervention strategies Possible intervention strategies include negotiation, mediation, arbitration, litigation, collaboration and hybrids. Two types of hybrid intervention strategies are mediation – arbitration and arbitration-mediation. • Negotiation - There are four elements to the negotiation process, which include managing interdependence, engaging in mutual adjustment, creating or claiming value, and managing conflict. Negotiations consist of two or more parties be that individuals, groups, or organizations. A conflict of needs and desires exist between parties and the parties chose to negotiate. Parties expect a “give and take” process that is fundamental to the definition of negotiation itself. The parties prefer...
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...CH. 6: STRATEGY KEY STRATEGY ELEMENTS 1) Time (deadlines) 80/20 rule (Pareto’s law) often applies in negotiations. 80% of the deal getting done in the last 20% of the time spent in bargaining. If you have a firm deadline, use one of 3 strategies… 1) Without revealing your deadline, work to reach a settlement well in advance 2) Declare an earlier “deadline” before your real deadline 3) Question negotiators on the other side about their deadline – and if you find out their deadline is before yours, agree to it and work to meet it. If it’s a deadline for both sides, then neither has an advantage BOX 6.1: Use Time to Your Advantage (p. 142) 2) Info Called the “The Heart of Negotiations” because it shapes our appraisal of reality, our negotiation strategy, our BATNA, our expectations of what can be achieved and the outcome of a negotiation. Often, more info discovered both before and during a negotiation process makes you a better negotiator. The party that has more and better info is more likely to negotiate a better outcome. So, why do people fail to get info? Several reasons… 1) People regard a negotiation encounter as a limited or one-time event and simply fail to anticipate that they will need info until they are heavily involved in negotiations. 2) Novice negotiators believe the process doesn’t start until they the other party face-to-face and don’t prepare...
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...Article: The ethics of business strategy Fred Hansen, Michele Smith Article information: To cite this document: Fred Hansen, Michele Smith, (2006),"The ethics of business strategy", Handbook of Business Strategy, Vol. 7 Iss: 1 pp. 201 - 206 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10775730610618828 Downloaded on: 09-04-2012 References: This document contains references to 16 other documents To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com This document has been downloaded 5650 times. Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE For Authors: If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service. Information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Additional help for authors is available for Emerald subscribers. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com With over forty years' experience, Emerald Group Publishing is a leading independent publisher of global research with impact in business, society, public policy and education. In total, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as well as an extensive range of online products and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 3 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and...
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...LAYLA Evaluate the claim that the soul is distinct from the body. The claim that the soul is distinct from the body must be rejected on the grounds that our identity, consciousness and reality (soul) is bound and shaped by sense experience. Any reference to a separate metaphysical entity that moulds our individuality is contrary to experience and our mind/soul, as we know it, is the product of the functioning of the brain, a physical thing. As a dualist Plato maintained soul and body are separate entities, the former being immortal whilst the latter mortal. Plato’s understanding of the soul is deeply rooted in his concept of the Forms, arguing that the soul is both ‘simple’ and essential to obtaining knowledge of the Forms. For Plato, the body is an impediment to obtaining true knowledge, a ‘source of endless trouble’ and subject to change, therefore an unreliable guide to truth. The chariot analogy is used to demonstrate the conflicting nature of the body and soul. The soul is compared to a chariot driver attempting to control two horses that pull in different directions, the mind and body. The body consists of desires and emotions that distract humans from the basis of existence, truth. Kenny uses an example of a young child throwing a tantrum to illustrate the disharmony between the soul and body. The desire that causes the tantrum is driven by irrationality, as is the human body. Plato uses the argument from knowledge to substantiate the claim that the body and soul...
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...Focus and Plan There are three aspects of the existing corporate strategy that are developed in relation to their overall impacts caused to the marketing plan of Toyota Company. These are; 2.1 Mission Statement of the Company. Toyota seeks to create a more prosperous society through automotive manufacturing (Hiroshu, 2003). Therefore, the Company is aimed at achieving a stable and long-term growth in future, and this is supposed to be in synchronization with a number of factors: the significant environment, global economy, local communities served, and the Internal Environment of stakeholders 2.2 The Company’s Goals The company has committed itself to offering of hybrid alternatives for every model that is sold in the market. This is aimed at enabling the Company to make a total sale of 1 million hybrid...
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...that will guarantee its market leadership. 2.0 Strategic Focus and Plan There are three aspects of the existing corporate strategy that are developed in relation to their overall impacts caused to the marketing plan of Toyota Company. These are; 1 2.1 Mission Statement of the Company. Toyota seeks to create a more prosperous society through automotive manufacturing (Hiroshu, 2003). Therefore, the Company is aimed at achieving a stable and long-term growth in future, and this is supposed to be in synchronization with a number of factors: the significant environment, global economy, local communities served, and the Internal Environment of stakeholders 2.2 The Company’s Goals The company has committed itself to offering of hybrid alternatives for every model that is sold in the market. This is aimed at...
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...Excellence in Business Comm., 10e (Thill) Chapter 1 Achieving Success Through Effective Business Communication 1) Communication is the process of A) transferring information and meaning. B) listening actively. C) writing messages. D) speaking to others. E) none of the above. Answer: A Explanation: A) Communication is the process of transferring information and meaning between senders and receivers, using one or more written, oral, visual, or electronic media. The other answers are only part of the communication process. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Concept Objective: 1 AACSB: Communication Abilities Learning Outcome: Discuss the challenges and importance of business communications. 2) When it comes to communication skills, employers express particular frustration with A) experienced workers who shun new technologies. B) recent college graduates who haven't learned how to adapt to a professional environment. C) employees whose first language is not English. D) male workers. E) employees who believe they are tech-savvy. Answer: B Explanation: B) Not all situations call for the same type of communication skills. If you learn to write well, speak well, listen well, and recognize the appropriate way to communicate in any situation, you will gain a major advantage that will serve you well throughout your career. The other groups of employers are not necessarily going to have trouble communicating in a professional environment at all times. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 Skill: ...
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...the Toyota Prius. Description The Toyota Prius is considered a full size hybrid electric mid-size hatchback. The Prius design offers comfortable seating for five and has impressive cargo space, something lacking with its competitors. The Prius has an estimated fuel-efficiency rating of 50 mpg, when using the U.S. EPA combined cycle. This car is on the top of the list for the most fuel efficient cars on the market. With rising gas prices, this fuel efficient car is the most popular hybrid available to consumers today. The overall design of the Prius is characterized by a streamlined nose and curved roofline. This vehicle carries an impressive base price of about $19,000.00. The Prius has several models and trim packages to choose from allowing the customer more options in the current hybrid market. They have a standard model with a hatchback, a compact version and a new station wagon called the Prius V. “According to Hybrid Car Review (2012), “Toyota’s Hybrid Synergy Drive System allows the Prius V to travel at “in town” speeds on electric power alone. Sensors decide when to employ gasoline engine power or a combination of gas and electric propulsion; the goal is to efficiently balance fuel economy and acceleration”. History Toyota first designed the Prius hybrid model in 1997 and has re-designed it to meet the current...
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