Pictorial Media

Flat Pictures (Still Pictures)
Flat pictures are representations of objects or things on a flat surface. They are the cheapest and the most readily available of all learning materials. Many of them are free. Teachers and students can gather pictures from magazines, newspapers, advertisements, pamphlet, posters, circulars and other things. But like all other learning , materials, their values vary and their selection and use should be given careful considerations.

Photographs
Photographs are also still pictures, which can be mounted or unmounted, photographic reproductions taken from a magazine, newspaper or books. They appear in black and white or in full color. They can be filed by subjects or displayed in the bulletin board. In the choice of photographs, teachers should choose those that suggest motion or the candid shots, as they are more interesting and life-like. Shotgun pictures do not pose so much challenge and interest; hence discussion about them is limited.

Illustration
Illustrations are non-photographic reconstruction or representation of reality, etched or drawn by an illustrator, the teacher or the students/learners themselves. Illustrations show the direction at which movement must take its course or instruction on how to go about assembling a toll in science or a material or equipment. This can be used for specific situations. Illustrations can be in black and white or in full color. They can be prepared ahead of time or the teacher can draw them on the chalkboard while the class is going on. Like the photographs they can be used by individual students/pupil or for a group of learners.

Flashcards
Flashcards are valuable materials for drill activities particularly in the teaching of Mathematics, English, and Filipino. Drills are very important means of fixing the skills and automatizing the responses of pupils/students. Flashcards serve the purpose when used very well. Flashcards come in the for of word cards, phrase cards, sentence cards, mathematical combination cards and picture cards.

Visual Symbols

A cartoon is a form of two-dimensional illustrated visual art. While the specific definition has changed over time, modern usage refers to a typically non-realistic or semi-realistic drawing or painting intended for satire, caricature, or humor, or to the artistic style of such works. An artist who creates cartoons is called a cartoonist.

A poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface.[1] Typically posters include both textual andgraphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and informative. Posters may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool of advertisers (particularly of events, musicians and films),propagandists, protestors and other groups trying to communicate a message. Posters are also used for reproductions of artwork, particularly famous works, and are generally low-cost compared to original artwork.

A diagram is a two-dimensional geometric (can be three-dimensional also) symbolic representation of information according to somevisualization technique. Sometimes, the technique uses a three-dimensional visualization which is then projected onto the two-dimensional surface. The word graph is sometimes used as a synonym for diagram.

A chart is a graphical representation of data, in which "the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart".[1] A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structure and provides different info.

In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a graph is a representation of a set of objects where some pairs of objects are connected bylinks. The interconnected objects are represented by mathematical abstractions called vertices, and the links that connect some pairs of vertices are callededges.[1] Typically, a graph is depicted in diagrammatic form as a set of dots for the vertices, joined by lines or curves for the edges. Graphs are one of the objects of study in discrete mathematics.

Audio Media

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video content to a dispersedaudience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a "one to many" model. [1] The term "broadcasting," derived from the method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about, was originated in the early days of radio to distinguish radio broadcasting from methods using wired transmission (as in telegraph and telephone) or that were intended as person-to-person communication. [2] Broadcasting is usually associated with radio and television, though in practice radio and television transmissions take place using both wires and radio waves. The receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset; the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology can receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes a wide range of practices, from relatively private exchanges such as amateur (ham) radio and amateur television (ATV) and closed-circuit TV, to more general uses such as public radio, community radio and commercial radio, public television, and commercial television.

Recording is the process of capturing data or translating information to a recording format stored on some storage medium, which is often referred to as a record or, especially if an auditory or visual medium, a recording.

Digital media are any media that are encoded in a machine-readable format.[1]Digital media can be created, viewed, distributed, modified and preserved oncomputers. Computer programs and software; digital imagery, digital video; web pages and websites, including social media; data and databases; digital audio, such as mp3s; and e-books are examples of digital media. Digital media are frequently contrasted with print media, such as printed books, newspapers and magazines, and other traditional or analog media, such as pictures, film or audio tape.

Traditional media is the term used to encompass conventional forms of advertising media such as television, print, radio, direct mail and outdoor. While social media includes innovative and contemporary digital medialike the Internet, email, mobile, blogging and social networking channels.

An overhead projector is a variant of slide projector that is used to display images to an audience.

A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem

2 Kinds of Audio Media

Objects
Concrete materials such as plants, animals, tools and artifacts

Specimens * A part or aspect of some item is a typical sample of the character of others in its same class of group * Enable us to learn many things that would otherwise be unobtainable

Models and Mock-ups
Models
* Modified real things, reproduction of costly or delicate items * Replicas of real object which may be larger or smaller than the real thing * Can be made to shoe interior view of objects and they can be simplified to any extent desired in order that the basic concept represented may be communicated most adequately.

Types of Models

1. Solid Models * Used mainly for recognizing external features

2. Cross-sectional Models / Cut-away Models * Show the internal structures

3. Construction Models * Models which can be assemble and disassemble to show relationship of parts to whole

4. Working Models * Indicate how things being represented operated

Mock-up * Arrangement of a real device or associated devices, displayed in such a way that representation of reality is created * May be simplified in order to emphasize certain features * A special model where parts or models is singled out, heightened, and magnified in order to focus on that part

Diorama * of Greek origin which means “to see through” * a 3D representation of events, ideas or concepts against a scenic background * miniature scene in 3D treatment meant to replicate reality

Puppets * are artificial figures whose movements are controlled by a person * are moved by hand, strings, wires or rods * are made to represent a person, animal, plant or an object
Types of Puppets

1. Shadow Puppets * 2D in nature, normally controlled by rods that are much thinner than the typical ones that are used to support the rod puppet * makes use of a translucent screen and a light source

2. Rod Puppets * flat, cut-out figures tacked on a stick, with one or more movable parts and operated from below the stage level by wire or slender sticks

3. Hand Puppets * made to slip over the hand like a glove * puppet’s head is operated by the forefinger, the little finger and thumb are used to animate the puppet’s hands

4. Glove-and-finger Puppets * make use of old gloves to which small costumed figures are attached

5. Marionettes * suspended and controlled by a number of strings, plus sometimes a central rod attached to a control bar held from above * generally constructed of wood with articulating joints that replicate those of human beings * requires greater manipulative control than an finger, glove or rod puppet