...CHAPTER 10 DETERMINING HOW COSTS BEHAVE 10-16 (10 min.) Estimating a cost function. 1. Slope coefficient = = [pic] = [pic]= $0.35 per machine-hour Constant = Total cost – (Slope coefficient ( Quantity of cost driver) = $5,400 – ($0.35 ( 10,000) = $1,900 = $4,000 – ($0.35 ( 6,000) = $1,900 The cost function based on the two observations is Maintenance costs = $1,900 + $0.35 ( Machine-hours 2. The cost function in requirement 1 is an estimate of how costs behave within the relevant range, not at cost levels outside the relevant range. If there are no months with zero machine-hours represented in the maintenance account, data in that account cannot be used to estimate the fixed costs at the zero machine-hours level. Rather, the constant component of the cost function provides the best available starting point for a straight line that approximates how a cost behaves within the relevant range. 10-17 (15 min.) Identifying variable-, fixed-, and mixed-cost functions. 1. See Solution Exhibit 10-17. 2. Contract 1: y = $50 Contract 2: y = $30 + $0.20X Contract 3: y = $1X where X is the number of miles traveled in the day. |3. |Contract |Cost Function | | |1 | Fixed | | |2 |Mixed | | |3 |Variable ...
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...beliefs and attitudes have on consumers’ behavioral intentions? (Use the Theory of Reasoned Action to guide your thinking and your answer.) This is a review and application question with a web exercise. Fishbein and Ajzen’s Theory of Reasoned Action is a powerful model for analyzing and understanding the factors that influence voluntary, overt behaviors. Students need to understand the basic components of the model and the logic that underlies their interrelationships. Exhibit 6.6 in the text clearly presents the major components of the model and their interrelationships. Students should be able to discuss these "flows of influence." The theory of reasoned action identifies two main influences on behavioral intentions--Aact and SN that is attitudes toward the action and subjective norms. Different promotional strategies, such as those used by The Gap, can try to change consumers’ attitudes and/or their subjective norms. For instance, if the weak BI is due to negative attitudes toward purchasing clothing from The Gap, advertising needs to focus on the specific negative beliefs about the consequences of buying and using the product. Alternatively, The Gap could try to use social influences to impact subjective norms by communicating social acceptability by wearing clothing from The Gap. 7. Use the example of “The Gap” to distinguish between the multi-attribute attitude model and the theory of reasoned action. How could each model contribute...
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...Behavioral Intentions: Conserving Water MKG 310 Consumer Behaviors Professor John Vann Introduction to Water Conservation Today, 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by water. Only 2% of that water is fresh. Of that 2%, 1.6% of fresh water is trapped in the glaciers, leaving only .4% available for the 7 billion people living on this planet. Since the beginning of time, humans have been dealing with limited resources, water being one of them, and have learned how to use them wisely (Saving the Water, 2015). Water is an extremely scarce resource. With the population growing and water supply remaining stagnant, it is clear that something needs to be done. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the term water conservation refers to the preservation, control and development of water resources, both surface and groundwater, and prevention of pollution (Glossary of Statistical Terms, 2001). Today, people have been taking the world’s limited water supply for granted which has led to the depletion of conserving it. Water conservation is an important concept that is being stressed upon younger generations. In order to show the importance of saving water, it is imperative that the youth are educated on behavioral practices that support water conservation. These behaviors involve changing current habits connected to water usage to promote efficiency. Behavioral change is inconvenient for many which is why water conservation has been at a standstill...
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...AACT 4435-01 Federal Tax 2 Exam #1 Fall 2014 Chapters 5-8 Name: | Date: | Grade: | Examination instructions: 1) The examination is intended to test your knowledge of the topic covered in chapters 5 through 8 of the course text. 2) Answer all questions on the examination paper in the spaces provided. 3) Read the questions carefully. If you need to make any assumptions you must state them in order to receive credit. 4) This exam consists of the following: a) 20 true and false questions worth 1 point each for a total of 20 points. b) 8 critical thinking problems worth 10 points each for a total of 80 points. **5). In order to receive partial credit on the problems you will need to show your calculations, True and False (1 point each) | Problems (10 points each) | 1 ______ | 1 _______ | 2 _____ | 2 _______ | 3 ___ ___ | 3 _______ | 4 _______ | 4 _______ | 5 _______ | 5 _______ | 6 _______ | 6 _______ | 7 _______ | 7 _______ | 8 ______ | 8 _______ | 9 _______ | | 10 _______ | | 11 _______ | | 12 _______ | | 13 _______ | | 14 _______ | | 15 _______ | | 16 ______ | | 17 _______ | | 18 ______ | | 19 ______ | | 20 _______ | | True and False 1. Unemployment compensation is always included in gross income. 2. Social security benefits are always included in gross income. 3. An example of a qualified benefit is an employer-subsidized cafeteria. 4. An annuity is a contract...
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...AACT 4435-01/ACCT 6636-01 Federal Tax 2 Exam #3 Fall 2014 Chapters 9-12 Name: Dengyuan Wan | Date: 12/13/2014 | Grade: | Examination instructions: 1) The examination is intended to test your knowledge of the topic covered in chapters 9 through 12 of the course text. 2) Answer all questions on the examination paper in the spaces provided. 3) Read the questions carefully. If you need to make any assumptions you must state them in order to receive credit. 4) This exam consists of the following: a) 20 true and false questions worth 1 point each for a total of 20 points. b) 8 critical thinking problems worth 10 points each for a total of 80 points. **5). In order to receive partial credit on the problems you will need to show your calculations. True and False (1 point each) | Problems (10 points each) | 1 __T___ | 1 _______ | 2 _____ | 2 _______ | 3 ___ ___ | 3 _______ | 4 _______ | 4 _______ | 5 _______ | 5 _______ | 6 _______ | 6 _______ | 7 _______ | 7 _______ | 8 ______ | 8 _______ | 9 _______ | | 10 _______ | | 11 _______ | | 12 _______ | | 13 _______ | | 14 _______ | | 15 _______ | | 16 ______ | | 17 _______ | | 18 ______ | | 19 ______ | | 20 _______ | | True and False 1. A tax credit produces a tax benefit only to the extent of the effective tax rate in the taxpayer's top bracket multiplied by the amount of the credit. 2. Child care expenses incurred by...
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...Chapter 7 1. An attitude is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, advertisements, or issues. 2. The functional theory of attitudes was initially developed to explain how attitudes facilitate social behavior. 3. The knowledge function of attitudes applies when a person is in an ambiguous situation and needs order, structure, or meaning. 4. Which of the following attitude functions is associated with a focus on particular social identities and lifestyles (e.g., “What sort of man reads Playboy)? Value-expressive 5. What do the “A, B, Cs” of the ABC model of attitudes stand for? Affect, behavior, and cognition 6. According to the basic of ABC model of attitudes, _____ refers to the beliefs a consumer has about an attitude object. Cognition 7. What is the first step in the standard learning theory hierarchy approach? Cognition 8. The _____ hierarchy assumes the consumer does not initially have a strong preference from one brand over another. Instead, he acts on the basis of limited knowledge and then forms an evaluation only after the products has been purchased or used. Low-involvement 9. According to the _______ hierarchy, the consumer considers purchases based on an attitude of hedonic consumption (such as how the product makes him or her feel or the fun its use will provide). Experiential 10. Researchers agree that there are various levels of commitment to an attitude. The highest level of involvement...
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...POLITICAL SCIENCE 11 1.)What is development? Modernization? Distinguish development from modernization. Development. The act of developing. The state of being developed. A significant event, occurrence, or change. evelopment, evolution, progress. These nouns mean a progression from a simpler or lower to a more advanced, mature, or complex form or stage: the development of an idea into reality; the evolution of a plant from a seed; attempts made to foster social progress. Modernization. The act of rendering modern in style; the act or process of causing to conform to modern of thinking or acting. The overall process of modernization refers to the changes in all institutional spheres of a society resulting from man’s expanding knowledge of and control over his environment. Political modernization refers to those processes of differentiation of political structure and secularization of political culture which enhance the capacity – the effectiveness and efficiency of performance –of a society’s political system. 2.) the greek philosopher Heraculitus articulated the view in his famous dictum “ You can never step in the same river twice”. This perspective points out to the inevitability of change. But on the opposite side of the debate on the inevitability of change is the French observation that “ The more things change, the more they remain the same”. a.) Where do you stand on this debate. Justify. “You can’t enter the same river twice,” a high way of saying that our perception...
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...Chapter 7 – Attitudes The Power of Attitudes Attitude: A lasting, general evaluation of people, (including oneself), objects, or issues. • Is lasting because it tends to endure over time • It is general because it applies to more than a momentary event • Can be very product-specific behaviours (Crest toothpaste rather than Colgate) • Can be toward more general consumption-related behaviours (how often they should brush their teeth) Attitude Object (A0): Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible or intangible. The Functions of Attitudes Functional Theory of Attitudes: Attitudes exist because they serve some function for the person; that is, they are determined by a person’s motives. • Developed by psychologist Danial Katz Attitude Functions 1. Utilitarian Function a. Related to the basic principles of reward and punishment b. Develop attitudes based on whether these products provide pleasure or pain c. Ads that stress straightforward product benefits appeal to the utilitarian function 2. Value-expressive Function a. Express the consumer’s central values or self-concept b. Product attitude not because of its objective benefits c. Of what the product says about him/her as a person d. Highly relevant to lifestyle analyses, where consumers cultivate a cluster of activities, interest and opinions to express a particular social identity 3. Ego-defensive Function a. Formed to protect the person, either from external threats...
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...Toyota (Chapter 1) Overview. This case concerns the systems used by Toyota to become the third largest automobile manufacturer in the world. The case illustrates how this organization strives to serve customers and achieve a profit. The case intentionally emphasizes features of Toyota's manufacturing system, rather than its marketing strategies per se, to show how the whole organization is focused on serving customer wants and needs, not just the marketing department. Suggestions for Discussion Questions 1. In what ways is Toyota's new-product development system designed to serve customers? There are a number of features to this system that make it customer oriented. The Toyota system responds more quickly than competitors, allowing the company to correct any mistakes and react to market trends faster than competitors. The system has a chief engineer responsible for the product from design to marketing. This may allow consumer research to function as a direct input into engineering specifications rather than become a secondary concern after the product is designed. Since the corporate philosophy is to serve customers, consumer inputs are more likely to be used develop better new products. 2. In what ways is Toyota's manufacturing system designed to serve customers? There are a number of features in Toyota's manufacturing systems that are designed to serve customers, including the following features. Employees, even on the assembly line, are trained to consider their...
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...Samenvatting_IM.pdf Samenvatting International Marketing: college(s)2011/2012 Tilburg University | Marketing Management | International Marketing Verspreiden niet toegestaan | Gedownload door: Jolien De Klerk | E-mail: joliendeklerk@hotmail.com SAMENVATTING INTERNATIONAL MARKETING 2011/2012 Week 1: Introduction to global marketing Marketing = an organization function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. Global marketing = focus with recourses and competencies on global market opportunities and threats. The difference is de scope of activities. A global company conducts important activities outside the home-country market. Deze globalisatie activiteiten kunnen met alle groeistrategieën plaatsvinden: Companies that understand and engage in global marketing can offer more overall value to consumers than companies that do not have that understanding. The discipline of marketing is universal. It is natural however that marketing practices will vary per country, for the simple reason that the countries and peoples of the world are different (preferences, competitors, channels and communication media). The differences mean that a marketing approach that has proven successful in 1 country doesn’t mean that this will work in another country. An important thing is to recognize the extent to which it is possible to extend marketing...
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