...Kimberly Bly PHIL 140 UMUC August 16, 2013 A Defense of Abortion Social Contract Theory was developed to protect the human rights and to abandon the abuse of power in one or few hands. People started living together with common values, rules and regulation. The rights were given protection and duties were assigned as per the rules and regulation prevailed during that period in a particular society. The society grew and grew and became a nation and eventually the state. Thomas Hobbes very rightly said that in a "state of nature" human life would be "lonely, deprived, spiteful, violent, and petite". In the absence of law and order, everyone is powerful and everyone has the right to do anything - negative or positive. To keep the people away from this unlimited freedom and unlimited rights people established community and set up rules and regulation for living in a society. In this way they gained security against the absolute powers of the people and of the rulers/monarch or king (Social Contract, 2013). So life protection was the basic need. Abortion is also a life protection and is condemned on the same basis that a fetus should be allowed to grow and be given a chance to join this world. Killing a fetus is actually a murder, according to some school of thoughts. The author of the "Defense of Abortion" Mr. Thompson (1971) seems to be a representative of the females and has supported not the life but the women’s life. He furthered...
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...Professor S. Hafezi POL300 1• _F__According to Wriston, communication/information revolution has expanded the ability of governments to control events within their territory. 2• _T__Slaughter argues that the nation-state is dying because of supranational organizations and communication/information revolution. 3• _T__Wriston maintains that the Information Age has validated the Orwell’s vision of Big brother watching the citizen. 4• _F__Wriston believes that the information revolution has outmoded old oligarchies. 5• _F__According to Wriston, nations can now easily block the flow of information across national borders. 6• _T__The U.S. reliance on information technology, according to Wriston, has made the country vulnerable to attack. 7_T__Slaughter asserts that the information revolution has produced global governance. 8• _T__Slaughter believes that transgovernmentalism has created a more effective and potentially more accountable world order. 9• _T__Slaughter cites partnership between a supranational tribunal and national courts as the most advanced form of judicial cooperation. 10• _T__Slaughter believes that transgovernmentalism provides a powerful alternative to both a new medievalism and a liberal internationalism. 11• _F__According to Slaughter, all the agents of the modern regulatory state are now regularly cooperate with their foreign counterparts. 12• _F__Slaughter maintains that comity of nations has traditionally signified peaceful...
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... and made a drum like sound when you hit the ball with it. The first paddle was also around 19 inches long, which is unheard of nowadays. As we neared the start of the 20th century, the paddles then started to become made of wood covered in sandpaper, followed by a “cork-faced” racket, which players liked because they thought it, improved their overall performance. As we neared the middle of the 20th century, the changes in the racket increased significantly due to a first time impact from Japanese technology. They tried adapting the racket so it would help a player either on the offensive or defensive side. For example, it says that they made a racket that was wide and had a “pimpled rubber” surface that was preferred by players on defense. Next, they developed a sponge type racket. When the sponge racket was implemented with rubber and was 1mm, it was said that it was more difficult to create spin on the ball. I found it interesting that they finally stuck with this type of material and instead went to a 2mm “pimple rubber racket” while they also tried ways to increase the spin and the way to defend the spin. And from then on, the table tennis paddle has stayed the same for the most part. The only changes could be customizations, where people had grips put on to the handle. According to the ITTF Handbook’s rules on the racket, it can be any size or shape, it just has to have a...
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...D’Andrea Coulter Traina Government 2305 09/10/10 Liberalism “If by a “liberal” they mean someone who looks ahead and not behind, someone who welcomes new ideas without ridged reactions, someone who cares about the welfare of the people – their health, their housing, their schools, their jobs, their civil rights, and their civil liberties- someone who believes we can break through the stalemate and suspicions that grip us in our policies abroad, if that is what they mean by a “liberal” then I’m proud to say I’m a liberal” – John F. Kennedy Liberalism “is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality.” (Girvetz). Liberals stand for the protection of individuals from being harmed by others and who better to protect these individuals then the government. However, they have their cons about government. Liberals notice it’s possible that the government can be a threat to liberty. They believe in the system that makes sure the government protect the citizens of America, but prevents those who governs the people not to abuse their power. The different schools of political thought that fall under the banner of liberalism are that liberals have many ideas that they support such as free and fair elections, private property, civil rights, religion, freedom of the press, sex education, paying taxes, social programs (like food stamps, social security and health care…etc.), and free trade. Liberalism and conservatism make the two major political...
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...Is killing off a child before the mother gives birth wrong? Is abortion perfectly normal? Abortion is a common debate around the world. Some people believe that abortion is okay and in some cases, needed and some believe it is bad all around. Abortion is sometimes viewed wrong by people because they don't know the real meaning. Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the uterus. In that case when the baby gets well over developed that it can survive outside the uterus it would not be abortion, it would be killing an actually living human being. To begin with abortion can be a good thing to do when the family or mother is not financially ready to raise a child. If a mother can...
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...demonstrations held every day, yet somehow abortion is still legal in the United States. In the decision of the Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade, it was ruled that women have the right, given to them by the Constitution, to have an abortion in the early stages of pregnancy (Infoplease). Hundreds of protesters gather outside clinics that offer abortions and try to present their position on the issue, but it seems as though their cries and complains are never heard. The main question that we must decide on is this: is it just to take away human life before it even has the chance to be lived? Several countries around the world have outlawed the practice of abortion. When deciding the abortion issue, its women’s rights as citizens of the United States versus the religious beliefs of a majority of citizens. What is more important, the sanctity of life or allowing murder on the basis of one’s right to choose? Given the abortion procedure allows women sexual and reproductive freedom, it has unconsciously led to a trend where abortion is being used as a method of contraception. In the United States, 49% of the pregnancies are unintended and American women used abortion as a tool to terminate almost half of these pregnancies (Infoplease). Abortion was not meant to be used in accidental pregnancies, but its purpose was to cease pregnancies that could possibly result in the death of the mother or if the baby had major genetic defects that could possibly be fatal. Abortion was never meant to be used as...
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...Abortion is a topic that has become one of the biggest issues debated in the United States and in other countries today. Different schools of thoughts have different ideas and opinions regarding abortion, some ideas are pro-abortion and some argue for the abolishment of it. Abortion is one of the most complex problems dividing America with either side being so passionate about their stand it has been known to cause a lot of hate the other side. Abortion is the removal or the expulsion of an embryo or the fetus from the female’s uterus resulting to the termination of pregnancy. Abortion may occur spontaneously through a miscarriage or may be artificially induced through chemical or by surgical means. An induced abortion refers to any induced procedure that is performed at any point during the pregnancy period which will lead to the termination of the pregnancy before the point of viability. The most common abortion method today is artificial and medically induced. Abortion in the United States was illegal in most states until it was made officially legal throughout the country following the United States Supreme Court ruling of Roe v. Wade on January 22, 1973. The case involved a single, pregnant woman named Jane Roe who wanted to have an abortion. During that time, the only way to get an abortion was through illegal and unsafe means that could endanger her life. Jane Roe wanted to have an abortion which would be performed by a licensed physician so that it would be under...
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...Abortion: I am Pro-Choice Abortion is an issue that many women have been dealing with for years. On January 22, 1973 the court deemed abortion a fundamental right under the United States Constitution thereby subjecting all laws attempting to restrict it to the standard of strict scrutiny (en.m.wikipedia.org). Unwanted pregnancies can be very stressful for women. According to Socialist worker, women have the right to control their own bodies and reproductive lives (socialistworker.org). Therefore, I am pro-choice. Abortion is growing rapidly in America amongst women and their right to reproduce children, however women should have the right to choose to get an abortion for many reasons such as a medical condition, teen pregnancy, and rape. Women that are faced with medical conditions while pregnant are faced with difficult choices. Many women have medical conditions before they become pregnant, and some transpires during the pregnancy. Medical conditions can arise during pregnancy that may pose a danger to the mother’s life. Some women may opt for abortion in order to receive treatment that could save a woman’s life. Having a baby could pose a risk for the mother, the baby or both. “To force her at the risk of her life means to force her to give up her right to live.”(Gordon, John Stewart “Abortion” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2005) Certain conditions can complicate any pregnancy. The child could also be born with a serious medical issue, such...
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...Abortion Is Ethical Problems with Death, 2006 "A woman deciding whether to continue a pregnancy stands on moral ground. She is entitled to make her decision....No one else...should decide whether she will use her body to bring new life into the world." In the following viewpoint Caitlin Borgmann argues that abortion is ethical for many reasons. First, women have the right to decide what to do with their own bodies, she contends. Second, abortion allows women to participate equally in society by enabling them to postpone childbearing until they finish school or establish their careers. Borgmann also maintains that abortion allows women to have children only when they are ready to take care of them, and protects their health by allowing women to terminate pregnancies at legal clinics. At the time this article was written, Caitlin Borgmann was state strategies coordinator for the American Civil Liberties Union Reproductive Freedom Project in New York. As you read, consider the following questions: What two groups of women does the author suggest suffer the most due to restrictions on abortion rights? In the author's view, in addition to a woman's right to choose, what else does the pro-choice movement stand for? What examples does the author use to support her argument that institutional opposition to abortion rights is part of a campaign to undermine women's autonomy and equality? The movement to preserve and advance reproductive freedom is suffering the consequences of...
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...Abortion, Right or Wrong? To most people life is a gift. Some people live each day as if it were their last. Others take life for granted and assume that what they put off today they can do tomorrow. What about the life of the unborn child, the human being that is growing and developing inside its mother’s womb. Is it the right of the mother to say this child shall be born, or is it the right of the government? Does the developing fetus have a voice on this issue? These questions have been asked as far back as ancient times. Today, the question whether abortion is right or wrong still has many people on different sides of the issue. Abortions have been performed throughout history for many different reasons. Laws and their enforcement on the issue have fluctuations through many eras. Many of the methods used in early and primitive cultures were non-surgical. Common techniques were making the woman perform strenuous physical activities such as climbing, paddling, weightlifting, or diving. Women could also use irritant leaves, fasting, bloodletting, and pouring hot water onto the abdomen. Each culture had its own ways of dealing with unwanted pregnancies. For centuries, South Asia has practiced the technique of massage abortion, the application of pressure to the pregnant abdomen. During the nineteenth century in the United States, the use of candles and other objects, such as glass rods, penholders, curling irons, spoons, sticks, knives, and catheters...
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...Abortion: The Beginning and End of Life [Author] [University Affiliation] Abortion: The Beginning and End of Life Abstract In the United States, more than 6 million pregnancies are unwanted annually, with 40% of these opting for an abortion (CDC, 2012). Eight women die every hour worldwide due to unsafe and illegal abortions. The women who go for the unsafe abortions are normally from very poor backgrounds and have no relevant know-how regarding the various family planning methods available. Half of the pregnancies reported annually are unplanned for, and if a woman decides to abort, then the damage is mild. However, making abortions legal worldwide helps reduce the total number of lives of the women who die as a result of unsafe abortions. When a woman dies from undergoing an unsafe abortion, it is a double loss to society because both the mother and the fetus are lost. An abortion carried out by doctors when the woman’s life is at stake has no effect on the society, as it is both ethical and legally accepted within the societal framework. 1.0 Issue- Introductory Analysis It is after a life is lost that abortion begins to intrigue various essential variables. Abortion is a bioethical issue with the attached effects affecting the society at range, in every perspective. Many lives been lost by the women and the fetus; however to be able to synchronize the issue requires analyses of the factors surrounding it. There are some factors that...
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...9 Reasons Why Abortions Should Be Illegal http://www.mrdata.net/books/9reasons.htm EE: [ Home | Links | Searches | Books | Writings | HTML ] Discuss abortion in the MrData.Net Abortion Discussion Forum. Introduction: Planned Parenthood has written 9 Reasons Why Abortions are Legal. In response, I have written 9 Reasons Why Abortions should be Illegal. Nine Reasons Why Abortions Should Be Illegal Actually, I have been laughing to myself at Planned Parenthood's list, because it is so easy to defeat. It's not Planned Parenthood's fault--there are no good reasons to support abortion, other than serious health issues of the mother or baby. Also, I believe that Planned Parenthood serves many valuable functions. I agree with many things they do. I strongly disagree in their support of abortion. I only chose to debate their particular opinions because a) They are a large, national, pro-abortion organization. b) They have made a list, and my debate tactic suits such a list. I invite you to read the following debate with an open mind and consider the validity of the two opposing opinions. If you can find any error in my facts or reasoning, I hope you will let me know. I am an unmarried, conservative male. I have always been supportive of the life of the unborn. However, in the past my opinion was, "Well, the country is evenly divided on this issue. Although I am personally against abortion, there are others who don't agree with me. I won't force the issue unless there is...
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...Many people believe that abortion is only a moral issue but it is also a constitutional issue. Involving six different amendments, the Roe v. Wade decision was greatly based on The Constitution. The supreme court decision in Roe v. Wade was incorrect legally and constitutionally. All unborn children are entitled to protection under the constitution for they are human beings, but the decision that was made after just after two years of arguing made it possible for unborn children to be aborted within the first six months of the pregnancy. One may wonder why such a situation would have to occur, the answer is simple, a minority of pro-life citizens made abortion illegal. This scene is not one that a person could envision occurring in the United States, a land that is considered to be contemporary and enlightened. This very panorama could become reality due to the moral arguments given by means of those who support pro-choice. The problem with these arguments is that they are based on nothing more than inaccurate, uninformed opinions. The Supreme Courts job is to, of course, is to resolve the issue by constitutional...
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...and food needs and transfers them to fund objectively harmful and deadly devices. The latest studies in scientific journals and organizations show that the ordinary birth control pill, and the are abortifacient to 100-celled human embryos: they kill the embryonic human, who as such are human beings equally worthy of respect, making the bill unconstitutional. US National Defense Consultant, Lionel Tiger, has shown empirical evidence that contraceptives have deleterious social effects (abortion, premarital sex, female impoverishment, fatherless children, teenage pregnancies, and poverty). Harvard School of Public Health scientist Edward Green observes that 'when people think they're made safe by using condoms at least some of the time, they actually engage in riskier sex', in the phenomenon called "risk compensation". There is evidence for increased risk of cancer (breast, cervical, liver) as well as significant increase of risk for heart attack and stroke for current users of oral contraceptives. The increased usage of contraceptives, which implies that some babies are unwanted, will eventually lead to more abortion; the correlation was shown in a scientific journal and acknowledged by pro-RH leaders, People's freedom to access contraceptives is not restricted by any opposing law, being available in family planning NGOs, stores, etc. The country is not a welfare state: taxpayer's money should not be used for personal practices that are harmful and immoral; it can be...
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...Writing Feedback / | Abortion: Why it should be Illegal. ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form juliat cungThreads: 1 Posts: 3 | Oct 25, 2009, 09:31pm #1 | Abortion has been a controversial topic for as long as the idea has existed. People argue that it is the mother's body, the mother's choice. Others say that a life is a life, no matter how small. Do you really think that anyone has the right to murder an innocent's human being? I disagree. Here`s is why it should be banned; many will argue that abortion is wrong because it's taking a human life, no matter what stage of pregnancy it is in, it's very bad for the mother's health and the after math of an abortion could very well go the opposite of what they had envisioned. Banning abortion can be a big achievement but it can always be done if it's compulsory. No one in the world has the right to even think of murdering an innocent child. Just because a fetus may not have a complete eye or leg formed doesn't mean he or she isn't a human. Many people who are against death penalty are in favour of abortion. Abortion is one of the worst types of murder because it is the killing of a person who has not committed any sin. Those who practice abortion should receive the same penalty that they give the baby. A psychologist agrees that about 10% of the 1.6 million women who have had abortion experience severe emotional trauma. Some of the physical damage can result from an abortion- damaged cervix, perforated...
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