...UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT NEC 327 - ECE2 COMPUTER-AIDED ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN WED / 2:30 – 5:30 / EN308 ACTIVITY #6: OP-AMP INTERGRATOR ACTIVITY #7: SUMMING OP-AMP RATING RATING 3, 2 QUIAMBAO, PATRICIA MAE M. 20140169557 FERNANDO VICTOR V. DE VERA, ECE, M.TECH MARCH 16, 2016 Activity No 6: OP-AMP Integrator 6.1 Objectives To capture and simulate a circuit where a waveform conversion is present while the output voltage is proportional to its integral voltage input of the amplifier. 6.2 Theoretical Discussion The integrator circuit is mostly used in analog computers, analog-to-digital converters and wave-shaping circuits. A common wave-shaping use is as a charge amplifier and they are usually constructed using an operational amplifier though they can use high gain discrete transistor configurations. The integrator basically works like this: whatever current I you get flowing in R1, gets integrated across capacitor C1. The output voltage Vo is simply the voltage across C1. One great application of the integrator is generating a ramp voltage. You can do this by placing a fixed voltage at VS that forces a constant current through R1. The capacitor then integrates this current creating a ramping voltage. The action is just like a garden hose running water at a constant rate causing the level in a bucket to rise steadily. The smaller the diameter bucket (smaller capacitor), the faster the...
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...Microelectronics Circuits: Analysis and design by Muhammad H Rashid Other Specific Book: 2 Ramakant A.Gayakwad,”Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits,”4th edition,Pearson Education 3 Electronic Devices and circuits by Millman-Halkias, Tata Mcgraw Hill 4 Roy Choudhary and Shail Jain,”Linear Integrated Circuits”, Wiley Eastern Ltd. Other Reading Sr No Jouranls atricles as compulsary readings (specific articles, Complete reference) Relevant Websites Sr. No. (Web adress) (only if relevant to the courses) 5 http://www.rosehulman.edu/.../Rose_Classes/ECE351/Notes/Differential Amplifier Notes.pdf 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_amplifier 7 http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm 8 http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/sboa092a/sboa092a.pdf Salient Features Introduction to differential amplifiers Introduction and Classification of Electronics amplifier 555 Introduction and Application Applications of operational amplifiers Detailed Plan For Lectures 1 Approved for Spring Session 2011-12 Week Number Lecture Number Lecture Topic Chapters/Sections of Pedagogical tool Textbook/other Demonstration/case reference study/images/anmatio n ctc. planned Part 1 Week 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lecture 3 Week 2 Lecture 4 Lecture 5 Lecture 6 Week 3 Lecture 7 Lecture 8 Lecture 9 Week 4 Lecture 10 Introduction to subject , High Frequency T model common base short circuit current frequency response, Alpha cut off frequency Common emitter short circuit current frequency response Hybrid pi CE...
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...LABORATORY MANUAL ECE -208 UNIFIED ELECTRONICS LABORATORY-II COURSE CONTENTS S.No. 1. Description Simulation using p-spice for zener diode used as a voltage regulator. 2. Simulation using p-spice for operational amplifier as summer. 3. Simulation of network theorem using p-spice. 4. Design and analyse a differentiator circuit whose minimum frequency is 100KHz 5. Design and analyse a integrator circuit whose maximum frequency is 100KHz. 6. To analyze the characteristics of instrumentation amplifier using bread board and PSpice. 7. 8. To analyze the functionality of triangular wave generator using IC -741 To determine frequency response of cascade amplifier Darlington pair. To determine the frequency response of two stage RC coupled amplifier using complementary symmetry push-pull amplifier 9. 10. To analyze the functionality of Colpitt oscillator on output frequency using bread board and PSPICE 11. Implement phase shift oscillator using bread board and Pspice. 12. To analyze the functionality of Hartley oscillator on output frequency using bread board and PSPICE EXPERIMENT 1 Title:- Simulation using P-Spice for Zener diode used as voltage regulator. Software Used- P-Spice Learning Objective: Through this experiment the working of zener diode will be proved. Procedure: The circuit of fig. 1 will be drawn on schematic editor of the software. 1. Use the circuit elements from the components option in P-Spice software. 2....
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...Project and Problem Folders and Files Unit 1. Elementary Circuit Analysis for Analog Electronics Section 1.1. Resistor Voltage Divider and MOSFET DC Gate Voltage Section 1.2. Output Circuit and DC Drain Voltage Section 1.3. Frequency Response of the Amplifier Stage Section 1.4. Summary of Equations Section 1.5. Exercises and Projects Unit 2. Transistors and Voltage Amplification Section 2.1. BJT and MOSFET Schematic Symbols, Terminal Voltages, and Branch Currents Section 2.2. Fundamentals of Signal Amplification: The Linear Circuit Section 2.3. Basic NMOS Common-Source Amplifier Section 2.4. Transistor Output Resistance and Limiting Gain Section 2.5. Summary of Equations Section 2.6. Exercises and Projects Section 2.7. References to the Electronics Book Sequence Unit 3. Characterization of MOS Transistors for Circuit Simulation Section 3.1. Physical Description of the MOSFET Section 3.2. Output and Transfer Characteristics of the MOSFET Section 3.3. Body Effect and Threshold Voltage Section 3.4. Derivation of the Linear-Region Current – Voltage Relation Section 3.5. Summary of Equations Section 3.6. Exercises and Projects Unit 4. Signal Conductance Parameters for Circuit Simulation Section 4.1. Amplifier Circuit and Signal Equivalent Circuits Section 4.2. Transistor Variable Incremental Relationships Section 4.3. Transconductance Parameter Section 4.4. Body-Effect Transconductance Parameter Section 4.5. Output Conductance...
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...phototransistor of the receiver must be accurately oriented towards the laser beam from the torch. If there is any obstruction in the path of the laser beam, no sound will be heard from the receiver. The transmitter circuit comprises condenser microphone transistor amplifier BC548 (T1) followed by an opamp stage built around µA741 (IC1). The gain of the op-amp can be controlled with the help of 1-mega-ohm pot meter VR1. The AF output from IC1 is coupled to the base of transistor BD139 (T2), which, in turn, modulates the laser beam. The transmitter uses 9V power supply. However, the 3-volt laser torch (after removal of its battery) can be directly connected to the circuit—with the body of the torch connected to the emitter of BD139 and the spring-loaded lead protruding from inside the torch to circuit ground. The receiver circuit uses an npn phototransistor as the light sensor that is followed by a two-stage transistor preamplifier and LM386-based audio power amplifier. The receiver does not need any complicated alignment. Just keep the phototransistor oriented towards the remote transmitter’s laser point and adjust the volume control for a clear sound. To avoid 50Hz hum noise in the speaker, keep the phototransistor away from AC light sources such as bulbs. The reflected sunlight, however, does not cause any problem. But the sensor should not directly face the sun. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG, HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL-136027 1...
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...Features • Compatible with MCS®-51Products • 2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory • • • • • • • • • • • • – Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 2.7V to 6V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Two-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 15 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial UART Channel Direct LED Drive Outputs On-chip Analog Comparator Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option 8-bit Microcontroller with 2K Bytes Flash AT89C2051 1. Description The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable...
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...Instructions: * Complete Part 1 of Lab 3. Once you have completed Lab 3-Part 1, complete the Lab Report. * Answer the questions and transcribe/transfer test results recorded in the lab’s tables to the tables provided. * Complete Part 2 of Lab 3. Once you have completed Lab 3-Part 2, complete the Lab Report. * Answer the questions and transcribe/transfer test results recorded in the lab’s tables to the tables provided. * Complete Part 3 of Lab 3. Once you have completed Lab 3-Part 3, complete the Lab Report. * Answer the questions and transcribe/transfer test results recorded in the lab’s tables to the tables provided. ------------------------------------------------- Part 1- Comparators and the Schmitt Trigger Theory: 1. What is the purpose of a comparator? A comparator is a switching device that provides a high or low output depending on which of the inputs is bigger. 2. What type of circuit uses hysteresis to avoid rapid switching due to noise? Schmitt Trigger Preparation: 3. Describe the transfer curve of a basic comparator circuit. The horizontal axis represents the input and the vertical axis represents the output Test Procedure: 4. Transcribe the comparator waveforms from Plot 22-1 to the Plot below. Plot 22-1: Comparator waveform 5. Describe how the threshold voltage changes the comparator output. As V+ increases, the output pulse width decreases. When V- decreases, the output pulse width increases...
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...------------------------------------------------- ECET-402 Week 2 Lab – Acquiring Temperature & Signal Conditioning This lab actually consists of two separate but related labs. They will be presented in Parts A and B. Objective: The objective of this lab is to use an LM34 temperature sensor to acquire temperature and display it in an 8-bit binary number using LEDs and designing simple signal conditioning circuits using op-amps. Parts Needed: 1. Multisim 8 (or higher) 2. LM34 Temperature Sensor 3. ADC0809 4. 8 LEDs 5. Wires, wire cutter, and wire stripper 6. Adjustable DC Power Supply 7. Function Generator and DMM Part A – Temperature Sensor We will use an LM34 temperature sensor IC to measure temperature in Fahrenheit degrees. We will then convert the analog output voltage of the sensor to an 8-bit digital signal using the Analog to Digital converter ADC0809. Finally we will use 8 LEDs to display an 8-bit binary number representing the temperature. LM34: The LM34 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors. The output voltage is directly proportional to temperature in Fahrenheit degrees. Output voltage increases by 10 mV for every one degree Fahrenheit. For example, an output voltage of 720 mV (0.72 V) indicates a temperature of 72 F. LM34 has a range of -50 to +300° F and can be operated with a voltage supply of 5 to 30 VDC. It draws only 75 µA from its supply...
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...experiments is to introduce the most important of all analog building blocks, the operational amplifier (“op-amp” for short). This handout gives an introduction to these amplifiers and a smattering of the various configurations that they can be used in. Apart from their most common use as amplifiers (both inverting and non-inverting), they also find applications as buffers (load isolators), adders, subtractors, integrators, logarithmic amplifiers, impedance converters, filters (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-reject or notch), and differential amplifiers. So let’s get set for a fun-filled adventure with op-amps! 2. Introduction: Amplifier Circuit Before jumping into op-amps, let’s first go over some amplifier fundamentals. An amplifier has an input port and an output port. (A port consists of two terminals, one of which is usually connected to the ground node.) In a linear amplifier, the output signal = A ( input signal, where A is the amplification factor or “gain.” Depending on the nature of the input and output signals, we can have four types of amplifier gain: voltage gain (voltage out / voltage in), current gain (current out / current in), transresistance (voltage out / current in) and transconductance (current out / voltage in). Since most op-amps are used as voltage-to-voltage amplifiers, we will limit the discussion here to this type of amplifier. The circuit model of an amplifier is shown in Figure 1 (center dashed box, with an input port and an output...
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...DESIGN OF A HIGH-SPEED CMOS COMPARATOR Master Thesis in Electronics System at Linköping Institute of Technology by Ahmad Shar LiTH-ISY-EX--07/4121--SE Linköping 2007-11-07 DESIGN OF A HIGH-SPEED CMOS COMPARATOR Master Thesis in Electronics System at Linköping Institute of Technology by Ahmad Shar LiTH-ISY-EX--07/4121--SE Supervisor: Erik Säll ISY, Linköping University Examiner: Mark Vesterbacka ISY, Linköping University Linköping 2007-11-07 Presentation Date 2007-11-07 Publishing Date (Electronic version) 2007-12-07 Department and Division Division of electronics system Department of Electrical Engineering Linköpings university Linköpings Sweden Language English Other (specify below) Type of Publication Licentiate thesis Degree thesis Thesis C-level Thesis D-level Report Other (specify below) ISBN Master Thesis ISRN: LiTH-ISY-EX--07/4121--SE Title of series (Licentiate thesis) Series number/ISSN (Licentiate thesis) Number of Pages 30 URL, Electronic Version http://www.ep.liu.se Publication Title Design of a high-speed CMOS comparator. Author(s) Ahmad Shar A bstract T his m aster thesis describ es the d esign of high-speed latched com p ara tor w ith 6-bit resolution , full scale voltage of 1 .6 V and the sa m plin g frequ ency of 25 0 M H z. T he com p arato r is d esigne d in a 0.3 5 9 m C M O S process w ith a sup ply voltage of 3.3 V . T he com parator is designed for tim e-in terleaved bandp ass sigm a-delta...
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...Determine the hysteresis voltage for each comparator in Figure 8–47. The maximum output levels are ±11 V. FIGURE 8–47 Determine the output voltage for each circuit in Figure 8–49. FIGURE 8–49 12. Design a summing amplifier that will average eight input voltages. Use input resistances of 10 kΩ each. 13 . Find the output voltage when the input voltages shown in Figure 8–51 are applied to the scaling adder. What is the current through Rf? FIGURE 8–51 15 . Determine the rate of change of the output voltage in response to the step input to the integrator in Figure 8–52. FIGURE 8–52 16. A triangular waveform is applied to the input of the circuit in Figure 8–53 as shown. Determine what the output should be and sketch its waveform in relation to the input. FIGURE 8–53 1 . Determine the voltage gains of op-amps A1 and A2 for the instrumentation amplifier configura-tion in Figure 12–35. 2. Find the overall voltage gain of the instrumentation amplifier in Figure 12–35. FIGURE 12–35 Give 3 applications where a math operation is needed and which operational amplifier circuit will perform the task. The general purpose of operational amplifier was used as a comparator. Make 3 comments on the distinction between the usage of the op amp as a difference in amplifier and the comparator....
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...LM2907/LM2917 Frequency to Voltage Converter June 2000 LM2907/LM2917 Frequency to Voltage Converter General Description The LM2907, LM2917 series are monolithic frequency to voltage converters with a high gain op amp/comparator designed to operate a relay, lamp, or other load when the input frequency reaches or exceeds a selected rate. The tachometer uses a charge pump technique and offers frequency doubling for low ripple, full input protection in two versions (LM2907-8, LM2917-8) and its output swings to ground for a zero frequency input. The op amp/comparator is fully compatible with the tachometer and has a floating transistor as its output. This feature allows either a ground or supply referred load of up to 50 mA. The collector may be taken above VCC up to a maximum VCE of 28V. The two basic configurations offered include an 8-pin device with a ground referenced tachometer input and an internal connection between the tachometer output and the op amp non-inverting input. This version is well suited for single speed or frequency switching or fully buffered frequency to voltage conversion applications. The more versatile configurations provide differential tachometer input and uncommitted op amp inputs. With this version the tachometer input may be floated and the op amp becomes suitable for active filter conditioning of the tachometer output. Both of these configurations are available with an active shunt regulator connected across the power leads. The regulator clamps...
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...Part 4.5 An integrator amplifier is a circuit which output voltage proportional to the time integrator of the input voltage. As the name implies, the function of integrator amplifier is configure to perform the mathematical calculus, integration. Integration is the process to find the area under the graph. Hence integrator amplifier, the output voltage it designed to work responds to the input voltage respect to the time. By applying KCL VinRin=-C(dVoutdt) Vout=-1RC×0tVin(t)dt The integrator also always has a phase shift of +90⁰ to the output voltage. In which, the input voltage of a sine wave will be outputted with a cosine wave and vice versa. The interchanging of capacitor, Cf and resistance, R1 will become a differentiator circuit. ∅= +90°-tan-1(2πRC) As an ideal cases, there are no current can flow into the op-amp. This is due to the grounding at the non-inverting terminal and result in the 0V in the inverting terminal. During the experiment, one of the procedures is to use the dc offset to make sure no dc voltage is in Vin. This is because the input offset voltage is not zero or another word, the supplied voltage work together with AC and DC. Hence, the dc input voltage will be integrated and the output voltage starts to drift. Part 4.6 An op-amp without a feedback resistance is original a difference amplifier. The difference op-amp produces the algebraic difference between the two input signals. Few cases can be done in the difference op-amp. Example like the...
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... has a zero rate of change 2. The zero-level detector is one application of a_________. a. comparator b. differentiator c. summing amplifier d. diode 3. Noise on the input of a comparator can cause the output to_________. a. hang up in one state b. go to zero c. change back and forth erratically between two states d. produce the amplified noise signal 4. The effects of noise in a comparator circuit can be reduced by_________. a. using negative feedback b. using positive feedback c. using hysteresis d. answers (b) and (c) 5. A comparator with hysteresis_________. a. has one trigger point b. has two trigger points c. has a variable trigger point d. is like a magnetic circuit 6. A window comparator detects when_________. a. the input is between two specified limits b. the input is not changing c. the input is changing too fast d. the amount of light exceeds a certain value 7. If the voltage gain for each input of a summing amplifier with a 4.7 kΩ feedback resistor is unity, the input resistors must have a value of_________. a. 4.7 kΩ b. 4.7 kΩ divided by the number of inputs c. 4.7 kΩ times the number of inputs d. Unity gain cannot be achieved unless the feedback resistor becomes zero. 8. An averaging amplifier has five inputs. The ratio Rf /Rin must be_________. a. 5 b. 0.2 c. 1 d. 2 9. In a scaling adder, the input resistors are_________...
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...The Birth of Operational Amplifiers Terrell Zackery ITT Technical Institute June 25, 14 . Integrated circuits are referred to my multiple different names like IC, a chip, or a microchip. They are sets of electronic circuits on a small chip of semiconductor material like silicon. Varying in size they can contain billions of transistors and are used to make many of the household devices and appliances we have in our home function in the way we know them too. One circuit type that most people today have in their homes and not know about are what’s Operational Amplifiers or op-amps.. You can find them in the amplifiers in our home theater systems or simple TVs or in our transportation like airplanes and automobiles. The op-amp common used in radios or communication devices amplifies the voltage that flows in the differential input out of the single output thousands and thousands of times than the initial input which is why it’s the key component of amplification. This key function is why hooking up a car amp to a set of subs at one end and the head unit at the other gives you that loud booming bass that the young generation loves to have. The op-amp had its earliest begins in the 20th century by J.A.Fleming in 1904 which was a vacuum based rectifier. Used also in analog computers for solving mathematic equations it wasn’t until the 1920s when Bells Lab invented the feedback amp for the telephone. Used a lot in WWII these style of vacuum tubes were then starting...
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