...CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Scope Alcohol has been cited as the drug of choice among the youth (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 2006). It is prevalent, enduring, and rampant across the majority of the different realms worldwide. Underage drinking is when anyone under the minimum legal drinking age drinks alcohol. Aside from being illegal, it is a widespread public health problem that poses much risk attracting many developing adolescents and teens. The use of alcohol is a worldwide concern resulting to millions of death, including hundreds of thousands of young lives lost. Indicators revealed that underage drinking seem to be on the rise among the adolescents. Statistics showed the assessment of the five-year trend of under-age drinking where out of 73 responding countries, 71 percent indicated an increase, 4 percent a decrease, 8 percent were stable and 16 percent showed inconclusive trends (World Health Organization [WHO] Global Survey on Alcohol and Health, 2011). According to the World Health Report (2002) alcohol is responsible for 4 percent of total diseases burden and 3.2 percent of all premature deaths. It is associated with more than 60 types of diseases and other health conditions, including mental disorders and suicide, several types of cancer, and other non- communicable diseases such as cirrhosis, as well as intentional and unintentional injuries. It is very dangerous and harmful for the health and well-being of people especially...
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...or excessive drinking has become a social phenomenon… and in the eyes of college students, not a problem. Whether it is health risks, academic consequences, or social issues that may be caused due to binge drinking, it is not healthy for students. The Other Hangover is an anti-binge drinking campaign targeting college students nationwide. With the slogan “Put down the beer to keep your mind clear”, The Other Hangover is attempting end binge drinking one student at a time. What is causing binge drinking? Well it’s simply the thing to do in college. Students widely believe that alcohol makes them a better and more social person. In a nationwide survey done by CORE, students reported binge drinking to; enhance social activity, have something to do, have more fun, facilitate a connection with peers, break the ice, and have something to talk about. (CORE, 2011) The act of drinking alcohol is not exactly the problem, legal or not. The main problem is the act of binge drinking of college students, legal age or not. There are many students who binge drink and don’t see a problem with it. Many students don’t see an issue with drinking 10 shots and 7 beers in one night, and that is the problem. Due to social and media influence, drinking to the point of illness and possible hospital trip is the “cool” thing to do. After taking a trip to the ER for alcohol poisoning, binge drinking students will have a “funny story” to tell their friends the next day. Incoming freshmen are some of the...
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...Alcohol consumption poses a threat for many public health harms. Impaired driving is one of the largest contributors to motor vehicle crashes (Burris, Grunwald, Anderson, &ump; Filippoli, 2011). In the United States each year roughly 13,400 people die and an additional 255,500 are injured in motor vehicle crashes involving an alcohol-impaired driver according to Burris et al., 2011. In 2006, these crashes accounted for almost a third of all U.S. traffic-related deaths (Burris et al., 2011). Alcohol is the most commonly abused substance in the United States according to Pandrea, Happel, Amedee, Bagby, &ump; Nelson, 2010, and studies show that reducing alcohol consumption can lead to public health improvements such as decreased incidence of “liver cirrhosis, delirium tremens, male suicide, criminality, hospitalizations, alcohol-related disease mortality, workplace injuries, STDs, IPV, rape, robbery, and severe violence towards children” (Jernigan). Public heath deals with many other issues that cause burdens to individuals and society alike such as obesity and gun use. Over the past several months, headlines in the news have been echoing “Chocolate Milk Removed from School Lunches,” and “Senate Considers Federal Tax on Soda.” While the removal of chocolate milk from school menus has actually happened in certain school districts across the country, federal tax on sodas has only been a proposal at this point. However, both echoes resounding through the news originated from escalating...
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...'Alcohol-Attributable Cancer Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost in the Unites States' is a current 2013, peer reviewed research from The American Journal of Public Health. The Objective of the article was to "provide current estimates of alcohol-attributable cancer mortality and years of potential life lost in the United States" (Naimi, 2013). The research contains many methods, sources, discussions, statistical analyses, results, limitations and strengths. After conducting the research, they have found that alcohol is a major contributor to cancer mortality and years of potential life lost as it was approximated at 19,000 cancer deaths, or 3.5% of all US cancer deaths in 2009 and 18 years of Potential life lost (Naimi, 2013). The claim of the article is that alcohol is accountable for 4% of all deaths worldwide and it increases the risk for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, larynx oesophagus and liver. Quantitative methods used were successfully able to clarify the claim of the article thus conducting the results. These methods included using sensitivity analyses based on 2 different methodologies and 2 separate nationwide surveys. Examples of these include: Adult alcohol consumption on data from the 2009 and 2009-10 national alcohol survey. However, one limitation to the methods is that it did not have a leeway for the types of drinks consumed. There is no real ideology portrayed within the academic research due to it being based on pure research and facts rather...
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...Alcohol Related Problems Introduction Alcohol related problems is one of today’s contemporary issues, as there are studies that suggest that due to alcohol related problems there are various impacts that it can have to an individual, and it can include social harms and any antisocial behaviour, such as alcohol fueled violence. This literature review will explore academic readings that can help assist identity key issues relating to a criminology perspective of alcohol related problems. Alcohol can have a huge impact on an individual lives which can also effect the community. Ergo, based on past research from the academic readings this literature review will explore prevention strategies that help reduce social harm to the individual and the community, and also the consequences that alcohol can lead to. Benefits of the Literature Review By analysing the academic sources, it can assist in gaining proper knowledge of the effects that alcohol can lead to and the prevention strategies that are able to prevent and reduce social harm to the individual and community from the misuse of alcohol. Ergo, this literature review will benefit ‘assignment three’ as it is able to give a proper understanding of ‘alcohol related problems’ within areas, such as Manly. Consequences of Alcohol Related Problems The Australian Medical Association (2012) mentions that most Australians, especially the youths within society are drinking in a way that puts their own health at risk, which...
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...excessive consumption of alcohol over a short period of time. In the US, binge drinking is defined as consumption of five and above units of alcohol for a man or four and more units of alcohol for a lady in a single session. This term can also be termed as heavy binge drinking especially when it occurs more than twice in a week of more than thrice within a period of two weeks (Wechsler, Henry, and Toben F. Nelson, 2006). Almost 80% of alcohol consumption by youths is in a form of binge drinks. The most affected age is the age between 18 and 24, of which many these youths are college students. From a research, one of the big cause of binge drinking is by influence usually by adverts from beverage (alcoholic) companies. These companies put the adverts in a way that it seems attractive and fun to drink much, among the youths. Again peer pressure plays a big role in the cause of binge drinking among youths especially college guys. Other causes may be due to curiosity i.e. they want to be aware how someone feels when drunk, believing that someone feels so good when he or she is drunk (Cranford, James A., Sean Esteban McCabe, and Carol J. Boyd, 2006). Also due to some believes that one can reduce stress by taking alcohol push students to alcohol drinking mostly towards or after an exam. As per the latest report by National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, about four in a group of five college students take alcohol. Also, more than 50% of those who take alcohol consume it...
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...legal consumption of alcohol. In most western states, it is illegal for individuals below 18 years of age to consume alcohol. Other countries have an age limit of 15 years (Miller, 2010). All governments have reasons for setting this age requirements for alcohol consumption. For example, some argue that raising the legal age limit may not have an impact on society if people do not have the will to stop irresponsible drinking. Others argue that raising the legal age limit would allow individuals to drink when they are mature and responsible (Kolander, 2011). This would reduce chances of irresponsible drinking. This essay aims at discussing the legal age for alcohol consumption and whether it should be raised. According to reports from several police departments, most youth consume alcohol when they have not met the age limit. This implies that raising the age limit is effective albeit dutiful parenting (Miller, 2010). The need to raise the age limit, therefore, becomes crucial in curbing the negative effects caused by alcohol consumption. However, altering the age limit does not provide a conclusive solution to challenges of alcohol consumption. Governments can also create awareness in schools through program initiatives that educate children on the negative impacts of alcohol. Religious and social groups can collaborate with the governments on this aspect so as to make it effective. Secondly, raising the age limit for consumption of alcohol will reduce the harm of alcohol on the...
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...adults say that the minimum legal drinking age should be changed back to eighteen. There are many reasons that go behind the opinions of each. People believe that since the age of eighteen is the legal adult age in the United States of America that young adults should be able to make their own decisions on the consumptions of alcohol. Teens are still able to get alcohol due to parents, older siblings, friends, and other family members. Also, allowing eighteen to twenty year-olds to drink alcohol under supervision should lower the issue of underage drinking, and it will be good for the economy too. However, there are a lot of consequences that come with drinking at a younger age, such as eighteen year-olds have lower maturity than twenty-one year olds. Therefore, eighteens year-olds are more likely to get into negative alcohol and alcohol-related outcomes. With taking all opinions into consideration, you can see why this has been an ongoing debate on whether the minimum legal drinking age should be changed back to eighteen year-olds. I believe the debate should conclude on the prevision of allowing young adults to have the ability to make their own decisions upon alcohol consumption. Drew Saylor noted the effectiveness of the minimum legal drinking age, “The current push for lowering the MLDA centers on college campuses and the argument that an age 21 limit is ineffective or even worsens the problem of college binge drinking.” (330). The minimum legal drinking age of twenty-one is...
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...Professor Effects of Alcohol on College Students The use of alcohol among college students has been a recurring theme for years now. It is almost guaranteed that college students will be introduced to alcohol at one point or another during their time at school. Students taking part in drinking at college can be traced to a number of different factors: peer influences, fraternity and sorority involvement, social norms, etc. These influences all affect a student’s motives for drinking in college. When college students drink, it is usually not in a safe, appropriate way. Binge drinking has become common on the college campus. The risks of this type of drinking have an impact not just on the college student. Other students, family, and anyone in general feel the effects of this type of drinking behavior. “Alcohol identity also predicted engaging in behaviors that place the student at much greater risk for personal injury, harm to others, and legal consequences—binge drinking, drinking games, drinking intentionally to intoxication, and drunk driving.” (Casey & Dollinger, pg.18, 2007) The outcomes of alcohol consumption have many different outcomes for each student, and the root of this drinking can be attributed to many different factors. The explanation of how college facilitates certain drinking behaviors is not a simple one. There are many factors that go into why college students begin to drink. Greek life, peer pressure, and social norms all play a part in alcohol consumption for...
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...Name Professor Title 24 February 2014 Alcohol consumption among freshmen Alcohol consumption is very common among freshman in colleges. Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause addiction, and this situation are known as alcoholism which is more dangerous because one cannot do without alcohol. Consumption of alcohol is dangerous because it causes disorder, road accidents if drunken people drive, can cause miscarriages to pregnant mothers, loss of jobs due to failure of one’s responsibilities at work and divorce among many others. Research shows that freshmen in colleges consume alcohol at much higher rates than other students. This may be because the young adults love to experiment with alcohol and most of them it’s their first time to have faced decisions about alcohol. Stress is also viewed as a factor that makes these students drink since many of them when interrogated claim that they drink to reduce stress. Stress is a major cause of alcohol consumption to college students because just a little consumption of it, makes one feel closer to his friends, his mood is lifted high, one starts paying attention to the moment and so, they end up becoming more care free. Alcohol consistently reduces the body's physiological stress reaction. This is dangerous because overtime it may become a vicious circle and one will be forced to drink more and more to gain its stress-decreasing effects. Major causes of stress among fresh college students These freshmen undergo a transition from...
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...(1) Rethinking the boundaries of social marketing: activism or advertising? By Walter Wymer Journal of Business Research - J BUS RES , vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 99-103, 2010 Article Review: Walter Wymer is currently a faculty member in the Management department of University of Lethbridge, Canada. He has done extensive research in areas of nonprofit organizations’ marketing strategies and their effectiveness. His areas of expertise are nonprofit studies, volunteerism, business ethics and social activism. In the above mentioned article, Wymer aims to highlight the ineffectiveness of tactics of social marketers in trying to promote healthy food consumption by the public. The main focus of the article is to imply that conservative approach of social marketing in no longer helpful in yielding positive response from the people and a more rigorous approach is needed to negate the unhealthy consumer behavior. Marketing strategies around the world are enhancing, more and more is being invested in trying to influence peoples’ decisions and behaviors through marketing and advertisements. Social marketing agencies are highly lacking the right skills needed to direct the behavior of consumers whereas commercial marketing industries are vigilantly taking advantage of the wide array of mediums like television, radio, internet, social media websites, blogs, vlogs, etc to promote their products. Wymer emphasizes about the extent of influence on people created by commercial...
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...The Bad Effects of Fraternities Hazing * The ritual most people connect with negative outcomes in fraternities is hazing. Hazing refers to the initiation rituals, customs or traditions new pledges must be a part of in order to join. Hazing practices have caused deaths and injuries after fraternity leaders subjected pledges to dangerous tasks like binge drinking, locking them in enclosed spaces or asking them to perform risky physical stunts. Hazing practices are not only dangerous to the individuals who must perform them, but they also compromise the reputation and integrity of the fraternity as a whole. Alcohol Consumption * Most college fraternities are also known for being gatekeepers of the alcohol supply on campus. Underage students know they can drink at fraternity parties, which are usually hosted at fraternity housing. By offering underage students access to alcohol, fraternities promote illegal drinking, which often leads to hospitalizations for alcohol poisoning or alcohol-induced injuries. While some fraternities try to keep underage students out of their parties, many don't check ID's and will allow even high school students to attend -- especially underage girls. Social Exclusivity * Another negative effect of fraternities is the social exclusivity factor. Fraternities promote an environment where nonmembers are considered outsiders. Often times, students are encouraged not to associate with other students who are not brothers or will be punished for...
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...The Long-Term Effects of Binge Drinking on University Students Sociology Abstract Binge drinking on university campuses poses a concern for serious health issues and negative social implications. Education and awareness, about the non-gender specific short and long term effects associated with binge drinking, provides a mechanism for students to make informed decisions about the alcohol consumption levels they will indulge in. This report illustrates the risks associated with binge drinking and offers an info graphic for observation, and consideration by students that challenges them to stop and think before they engage in risky drinking behaviours. The information for this report is drawn from the research findings of studies carried out by a variety of academics and professionals. The objective is to alert or reiterate, to the entire university student population, the risks associated with binge drinking, and the hope is that students will be oriented toward making choices related to their optimal health and wellbeing and avoid binge drinking. For many students, relaxing after a difficult week of study and research is complemented by drugs and alcohol, and sometimes way too much of either or both. Evidence of imbibing plentifully can be witnessed on campus after wild nights, reminders of excess that lead binge-drinkers to unhealthy mornings and possibly to poor exam or paper results. The “What’s Your Cap?” initiative has presented...
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...The impact of health and health behaviours on educational outcomes in high-income countries: a review of the evidence Marc Suhrcke, School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom Carmen de Paz Nieves, Fundación Ideas, Madrid, Spain ISBN 978 92 890 0220 2 Keywords HEALTH BEHAVIOR - HEALTH STATUS - EDUCATIONAL STATUS - RISK FACTORS - SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS - REVIEW LITERATURE Suggested citation Suhrcke M, de Paz Nieves C (2011). The impact of health and health behaviours on educational outcomes in highincome countries: a review of the evidence. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe. Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). © World Health Organization 2011 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning...
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...EXAMINE THE INFLUENCE OF MARKETING AND ADVERTISING BY THE ALCOHOL INDUSTRY ON YOUNG PEOPLE’S ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION Research prepared for the World Health Organization by the Centre for Social Marketing at the University of Strathclyde Emma Cooke, Gerard Hastings and Susan Anderson March 2002 Acknowledgements For acquisition and translation of international data: Jill Bain, Marina Biniari, Liliana Carcamo and Ingrid Kajzer. For comments on the final draft: Anne Marie MacKintosh For administrative support: Kathryn Angus and Aileen Paton. CONTENTS Page No 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY 2 3.0 METHODOLOGY 4 4.0 RESULTS 7 4.1 Advertising 7 4.1.1 Econometric Studies 7 4.1.2 Consumer Studies 11 4.2 Other Forms of Marketing 15 4.3 Developing and Transitional Countries 21 REFERENCES 25 1.0 INTRODUCTION At the World Health Organization Ministerial Conference on Young People and Alcohol in Stockholm (February 2001) considerable concern was expressed about the nature and pervasiveness of advertising and marketing by the alcohol industry. Explicit examples were shown of alcohol promotion exploiting the themes of sexual, sporting and lifestyle success, often in direct violation of advertising codes. Furthermore, many of the advertising examples displayed images of excessive consumption. In addition, the Conference noted that marketing stretches...
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