...Academic Freedom Kimberly Melnick Amystique Y. Harris Church Wilmington University Reviewed by: Dr. Edward M. Jackson, Educational Consultant/Professor Academic freedom is a complex and at times, abstract concept that is not easily defined. The common goal of society depends upon the search for knowledge and its full exposition. Academic freedom in universities is essential to both these purposes in teaching function of the university as well as in its scholarship and research. Academic staff shall not be hindered or impeded in anyway by the university or faculty association from exercising their legal rights as citizens, nor shall they suffer any penalties because of the exercise of such legal rights. The parties agree that they will not infringe or abridge the academic freedom of any member of the academic community. Academic members of the community are entitled, regardless of prescribed doctrine, to freedom in carrying out research and in publishing the results thereof, freedom of teaching and of discussion, freedom to criticize the university and the faculty association, and freedom from institutional censorship. Academic freedom does not require neutrality on the part of the individual. Rather, academic freedom makes commitment possible. Academic freedom carries with it the duty to use that freedom in a manner consistent with the scholarly obligation to base research and teaching on an honest search for knowledge. USA case law seems at first...
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...debate for scientific accuracy has been a hot topic for many years. One aspect of study suggests that focusing on logical, ‘proven’ studies of science are the pinnacle of any teaching, while the other says that freedom of speech in an academic capacity is the primary goal. The way an individual looks upon such questions is mainly based on upbringing and social views. Someone raised in a religious household is bound to view the debate on intelligent design, creationism, and evolution in a radically different light than that of someone raised without religion as a basis for understanding. The concerns voiced throughout the article of choice about Professor Hedin are deep and wide. They are mostly based on the principles of freedom of academic speech, generic freedom of speech, sound science principles, and whether or not it is robbing a professor of their freedom of academic speech by forcing them to focus on what the majority of scientific scholars view as legitimate. The idea that Professor Hedin’s teaching on Intelligent Design is somehow a legal dilemma seems to be grasping for traction. That is to say, it is a far stretch of the imagination. It would seem that though it may be a legal dilemma, it is much more an ethical issue. The First Amendment protects freedom of speech, but it does not protect nor apply in this situation, because the university does not require Hedin’s course ‘Boundaries of Science’ to be taken. PZ Meyers, a biologist at the University of Minnesota puts...
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...“Academic Freedom: It’s Concept, Its History, Its Successes, and Its Failures.” “Without Freedom of Thought There Can be No Such Thing as Wisdom and No Such Thing as Public Liberty Without Freedom of Speech.” by Benjamin Franklin. The discussions that are done globally on Academic Freedom engulf controversy clashing into nature of humans such as morals, values, virtues, tradition and principles. This made the concept of academic freedom to be translucent which can be defined and understand but cannot follow. In the nerve of cracking the taboos all around, academic freedom itself became a taboo. No one can stop a people to think but the freedom of speech of those particular people who have higher information which is never brought before and is substantial, is violated. Well, the other side of this coin being academic freedom hurt the sentiments of other people following by out of control act which leads to chaos and might also include this to be potential danger politically and economically. Other put it as a violation of turning public into weapons in the search of higher knowledge and pursues it in a negative way. All of this end up in suppressing the people who are capable of letting the world to learn a new fact or to break the taboo of the society by enlightenment and the tool these days used to do this is by politically suppressing the people challenging them their daily life or by power, influence, terror, restriction and ones need to show the other about their own supremacy...
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...Masculinity was important in America in the 1950s when A View from the Bridge is set. Both Franzen and Miller show that masculinity can be expressed by the different characters in his novel in many different ways which highlight the many aspects of masculinity. Both Franzen and Miller present masculinity through the ways in which the male characters interact with each other. There are conflicting views of masculinity in A View from the Bridge; Eddie represents the judgmental views of masculinity. His character is unable to bear Rodolpho’s attitude and appearance as it attacks Eddie’s individual definition of masculinity. “He’s like a weird…with that wacky hair…he’s like a chorus girl” Eddie unloads his feelings and disapproval regarding Rodolpho and his conduct to Catherine and Alfieri who is used as a guidance counsellor for Eddie to discuss his worries, “I see it in his eyes; he’s laughin’ at her and she’s laughin’ at me.” Eddie notices the behaviour of Rodolpho and interprets it in a jealous way to mean he is being made fun of behind his back. Eddie is seen as a strong masculine father figure, whereas Rodolpho is viewed as a blonde feminine acting male figure. Rodolpho sings “Paper Doll” to Catherine which in Eddie’s point of view hints at Rodolpho’s feminine natures. Eddie is threatened by Catherine’s great enjoyment in Rodolpho’s singing, Eddie rises and moves upstage, as an attempt to stop the singing which insults his view of masculinity. Eddie’s bowling buddies are used...
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...Frozen With a beautiful combination of catchy songs, life-like animations, and an incredibly well developed plot, this Disney animated film leaves the world frozen in amazement. Released in December 2013, the movie “Frozen” speaks on being different and of love. The main character, Anna, and her older sister, Elsa were extremely close until Elsa’s wintery powers of which she was born with almost got Anna killed. While Anna held on to that relationship, Elsa had shut herself out in fear of hurting someone. Things got worse as their parents, the king and the queen died in a shipwreck, leaving the sisters more alone than ever. Years later, Elsa is forced to interact with others during her coronation, the build up of emotions and feelings gave way. Her powers bursted out, trapping all of Arendelle in a winter wonderland and causing the townsmen to chase out their new queen. Seeing Elsa’s well intentions all these years, Anna goes on a perilous journey where she met many new friends and ultimately shows Elsa that love is the way. In regards to Groen and Franzen's artistic criteria, the movie Frozen would be considered quality art as it exhibits “real” characters, is considered tragic in the sense that it’s realistic, and is relatable. The main character, Anna carries a large diversity of personalities that reaches the standards set by Franzen, being "not either/or but both/and”. At the start of the movie, Anna is a fun-loving, energetic, impatient child who is in love with her...
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...Liberty University The Contribution of Baptists in the Struggle for Religious Freedom A Research Paper Submitted to Dr. Jason J. Graffagnino in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Course CHHI 665 Liberty University Baptist Theological Seminary by Brian M. Hyde Lynchburg, Virginia Saturday, December 6, 2014 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 IN THE BEGINNING 2 THE STRUGGLE IN ENGLAND 4 THE STRUGGLE MOVES TO THE NEW WORLD 7 CONCLUSION 11 WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY 14 INTRODUCTION In this nation, and in much of the Western world, the right of each individual to worship as his or her own conscience dictates, or not to worship at all, is one that is all too often taken for granted. Few consider the tremendous lengths gone to and the enormous price paid by so many to obtain and preserve this right. In the United States when one does reflect on this matter his or her thoughts rightfully focus on the many men and women of the armed forces who fought to gain and keep the freedoms the citizens of this nation enjoy. What is often overlooked is the contributions of Baptists in the centuries long struggle to obtain religious freedom. Their struggle began not in the American colonies but rather in England a century earlier. “The freedom of religious belief and behavior which modern Baptists and others take for granted was forged in the crucible of persecution in seventeenth-century England” McBeth adds that, “No group can claim more credit for the Act of Toleration, passed by Parliament...
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...teacher not trust their students. Today, a lot of students are starting drugs at a younger age and also bring weapons to school. Therefore, teachers have certain responsibilities and rights and students also have certain responsibilities and rights too. Teachers have rights that are constitutional when becoming a teacher. Some of those rights would be substantive and procedural due process rights. This includes the teacher’s rights to receive notice of termination and right to a hearing. The freedom of expression and association provided by the First Amendment is another right as well. A teacher has academic freedom too. Academic freedom is a limited concept that is recognized by courts based on principles of the First Amendment. They also have protection against unreasonable searches and school officials of a teacher’s personal property (Glink, 2011). Teachers also have certain responsibilities as well. A teacher needs to maintain complete and accurate records of each student’s academic, spiritual, social, and emotional growth using both school wide and classroom based on formative and summative assessments. Also, they need to plan and carry out lessons to each...
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...The limitation of free speech on college campuses Many people believe in freedom of speech. Freedom of speech usually exist in democratic countries including the United States of America. Furthermore, The U.S, also known as “Free country” have legalized the freedom of speech in every institution such as school, college, or church. There are many people including myself who are against freedom of speech in specific sectors such as school and college. On the other hand, the University of Missouri believe in the power of free speech even though in some cases it can be offensive. Why should free speech be limited on campuses? When should free speech be limited on campuses? Who should take responsibility of free speech on campuses? Erika Christakis, the the Yale Associate House Matter states, “Free speech and the ability to tolerate offense are the hallmarks of a free and open society” (“Campus adults: protect free speech” 1) and the authorities of the university of Missouri adopted that slogan. I believe that free speech should be limited in the university of Missouri in order to reduce the effects of creating an offensive, demeaning, intimidating, and hostile environment for other students on campus. First, I am against the total freedom of speech in the university of Missouri because it can create an offensive environment on campus. The offense can be directed against other students because of their race, color, religion, sex orientation, age, or disability. The recent events...
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...I have read your memo to Prof. Daniel Borzutzky on the subject of our course. I read with half interest and half disgust your critique of Achy Obejas short story We came from Cuba so you could dress like this?. I am writing to state that your critiques are, at best, foolish and erroneous. Achy Obejas writes deep, insightful human stories about struggling with identity. Your conviction that they pose a threat to SAIC’s cultural homogeneity. Your mono-cultural attitude threatens the freedoms of us all and I, as a member of this community, will not tolerate intolerance, especially within academic policy. We came from Cuba so you could dress like this is a text that enables students of all backgrounds to procure and experience a vital engagement...
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...by murder. Since the onset of the U.S. led war on terror, no one has been spared by print, radio and television news accounts of the many local and international journalists being physically harmed and gruesomely killed, with Iraq contributing the most to the general increase in media deaths worldwide (Taback & Coupland 2006). Though arguably true, descriptive accounts of antipress violence, in particular murders have not been completely absent. In the early 1990’s, African journalists worked under turbulent environments, where nations such as Angola and Rwanda, nations plagued by civil war, reflected the situation of many other nations in the continent at that time (Matloff 1995). However, there is little attention in academic and mainstream media discussion on the targeted homicide of journalists in democratic nations. Murders of journalists affect many new and or transitional democracies-- “peace time” nations such as the Philippines, Mexico, India, Brazil and Russia 1 (CPJ 2009). One case in particular has garnered international attention, that of Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya, famed for her investigative reports on Chechnya (Chivers 2006). She was killed in 2006, gunned down in her own apartment building (ibid.). 1 Whether a nation is a peace-time democracy or not is considered in relation to several factors. First, it acknowledges that not all countries that are peacetime democracies are without conflict. However, it considers...
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...Bibliography Alexie, Sherman. "The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me." Http://www.qcounty.com/SCC/Spring10/Eng305_10035/Readings/ShermanAlexie--Superman.pdf. Web. Allen, James P. "Ethnic Geography Dynamics: Clues From Los Angeles." Yearbook Of The Association Of Pacific Coast Geographers 67. (2005): 97-116. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. Alpert, Emily. "Many Asian Americans Are as Segregated by Neighborhood as Latinos." Los Angeles Times 25 June. 2013. Web. 28 Oct. 2013. Didion, Joan. "Why I Write." (1976): 4-8. Print. Dweck, Carol. "The Perils and Promises of Praises." Print. <http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/oct07/vol65/num02/The-Perils-and-Promises-of-Praise.aspx>. Elbow, Peter. "Freewriting." (1973): n. pag. Print. Gruwell, Erin. The Freedom Writers. New York: Broadway, 1999. Print. Gurnee, Kim. Success Strategies. California: Impact, 2013. Print. Hughes, Langston. “Theme for English B.” The Presence of Others: Voices and Images That Call for Response. Eds. Lunsford, Andrea A., and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 484-485. Print. Rose, Mike. “Lives on the Boundary.” The Presence of Others: Voices and Images That Call for Response. Eds. Lunsford, Andrea A., and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 90-102. Print. Hurston, Zora Neale. “How It Feels to Be Colored Me.” The Presence of Others: Voices and Images That Call for Response. Eds. Lunsford, Andrea A., and John J....
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...It’s also important to understand that the court case ruling only applies to high school students. Thomas Jefferson once said, “Our liberty depends on freedom of the press and that cannot be limited without being lost.” A free press for students has many advantages. Teachers and advisors can help students tackle the controversial subjects that they face on a daily basis. Student editors and writers can learn to interpret facts and use critical thinking to write a story that will be fair and just to the parties involved. Students, who have freedom to publish the viewpoints they see as important to their peers, may consider careers in journalism. Squelching students' freedom of press can reverse all of these positive factors. This has been the fear since the Supreme Court issued its decision in Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (Abrams, 1). Freedom of press should be allowed within schools because, as citizens, students deserve their first amendment rights, it is practice for their potential journalism careers, and it promotes more compelling...
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...the independent media also provide a voice to the neglected and disadvantaged while simultaneously preventing governments from insulating themselves from public criticism. 2. LIMITS: Freedom of speech has to be UNCENSORED, because when you start putting limits or barriers where do you draw the line? When does it become manipulation of power? When you give the ability of putting limits in press you create the risk off putting this power in the hands to censure and manipulate news in their personal/ political interest. A free press is not a luxury. It’s the start of an equal development. The media can expose corruption. They can keep a check on public policy by throwing a spotlight on government action. They let people voice diverse opinions on governance and reform, and help build public consensus to bring about change. Such media help markets work better. They can facilitate trade, transmitting ideas and innovation across boundaries. The media are also important for human development, bringing health and education information to remote villages in countries from Uganda to Nicaragua. But as experience has shown, the independence of the media can be fragile and easily compromised. It is clear that to support development, media need the right environment-in terms of freedoms,...
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... SAMPLE ESSAY (MLA Style) cover page (may not be required by some instructors) What Limits to Freedom? Freedom of Expression and the Brooklyn Museum’s “Sensation” Exhibit by Melissa Davis all text centered Prof. K.D. Smith Humanities 205 16 May 2009 85 03f-BGtW-AmEd 85-106.indd 85 19/01/10 4:08 PM 86 | sample essay Davis 1 Melissa Davis Professor Smith Humanities 205 16 May 2009 name and page number in top right corner What Limits to Freedom? Freedom of Expression and the Brooklyn Museum’s “Sensation” Exhibit For over a century public galleries in Western democracies have been forums not only for displaying works by “old Masters” but also for presenting art that is new, as well as ideas that are sometimes radical and controversial. In the United States that tradition has been under wide attack in the past generation. Various political and first line of all religious leaders have criticized exhibits of works of art that they claim paragraphs indented offend against notions of public decency, and have crusaded against providing public funding for the creation or display of such works. The largest such controversy of the past generation was sparked by the display of a painting entitled “The Holy Virgin Mary,” by the British text left justified and ragged right artist Chris Ofili at the Brooklyn Museum in 1999. Though the image appears inoffensive at a distance, the artist has affixed to the painting cutouts of body parts from magazines, and has incorporated...
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...Term Paper on Hate Speech on College Campuses Introduction As colleges struggle to handle the various differences their students and faculty embody, the problem of “hate speech” has become a focal point of educational erudition and policy-making. In the most deliberate and alarming cases, hate speech is projected to degrade or disgrace those at whom it is directed, usually colored people, gays, lesbians, the physically or mentally challenged, and women, regardless of their sexual orientation, race, religion or ability. Less disturbing examples include insensitive or careless comments, jokes, and other expressions that are painful to those to whom they are directed, regardless of the intent of the person by whom they are spoken or written. The main focus of this essay is to discuss the current dominant structure within which the matter of hate speech is being debated. This structure draws heavily on the discussion of the Fourteenth and the First Amendments, which in my opinion are not adequate to the issue of hate speech. There is a pressing need for extra-legal standards for communicative interaction to handle this sensitive issue. Main Body In our society various laws have been invoked to regulate an increasingly extensive range of social communications. The very language with which we talk about our needs, desires and disagreements is often highly legalistic (Glendon 1991). When reacting to someone else’s hurting experience, one may lament that there should be a law against...
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