...The full Academic Word List (Coxhead, 2000) Sublist 1 Analyse approach area assess assume authority available benefit concept consist constitute context contract create data define derive distribute economy environment establish estimate evident export factor finance formula function identify income indicate individual interpret involve issue labour legal legislate major method occur percent period policy principle proceed process require research respond role section significant similar source specific structure theory vary Sublist 2 Achieve acquire administrate affect appropriate aspect assist category chapter commission community complex compute conclude consequent construct consume credit culture design distinct element equate evaluate feature final focus impact injure institute invest item journal maintain normal obtain participate perceive positive potential previous primary purchase range region regulate relevant reside resource restrict secure seek select site strategy survey text tradition transfer Sublist 3 Alternative circumstance comment compensate consent considerable constant constrain contribute convene coordinate core corporate correspond criteria deduce demonstrate document dominate emphasis ensure exclude framework fund illustrate immigrate imply initial instance interact justify layer link locate maximise minor negate outcome partner philosophy physical proportion publish react register rely remove scheme sequence sex shift specify sufficient task technical...
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...kindles my personal interest in studies of L2 vocabulary development. Because vocabulary has become one of the key elements in ELT and ELL, through decades, many research have been conducted to identify how vocabulary is learned and developed, and what factors that impede or boost learners’ lexical competence. Hence, this study attempts to respond to the research questions as follow: 1. What are existing vocabulary learning strategies that EFL learners use? 2. What are factors that affect vocabulary development in EFL learners? 3. What are effective vocabulary learning strategies for EFL learners? The findings suggested that EFL learners learn L2 vocabulary through multifarious strategies such as making a personal word list, guessing from contexts, and using word cards. From the results, these different strategies, however, vary in learning effectiveness. The studies also revealed that more than single factors impact on learners’ lexical competence. For...
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...Planning, organizing, leading and [in academic writing, if this is a series, place a comma before the final conjunction (and)] organizing is the primary goal and functions of the manager. Henry Mintzberg wrote about and studied manager’s style came up with a very unique [Unclear. Unique means there is nothing like it--from the French word "un" (one). Something is unique or it is not. Terms like very, more, less, or slightly do not apply. Use something like "very unusual," "very distinctive," "very different," etc.] way of assessing the managerial roles. His first assessment discussed the interpersonal roles which [Use "that" for a restrictive phrase (or place a comma before "which")] involves interacting with others, the informational role was assessed by the manager giving and receiving information, being [Doctoral rule (but good advice for any academic writer)--If not a noun (as in "human being"), the word "Being" is hard to imagine; it means "existing." Try to rewrite this without using "being"--with action words like "attending," "working," "living," "experiencing," simply "as"--or even removing "being" completely] able to facilitate to his subordinates and the final role was the decisional role which [Use "that" for a restrictive phrase (or place a comma before "which")] allowed the manager to be able to [Wordiness: Remove "be able to"; the sentence will read more smoothly without it] make decisions, negotiate, peacemaker and [in academic writing, if this is a series, place...
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...ACADEMIC READING Becoming an Active Reader UNIVERSITY READING TASKS Reading at university is very different from any other type of reading you may have done in the past. This is so because at university you have an enormous amount of material to read in a very short space of time. In addition, the material contains vocabulary and concepts which may be unfamiliar to you. The most effective way of coping with the volume of reading and of understanding and remembering what you read is by adopting active reading strategies. These strategies involve reading selectively, thinking about what you read and making informed choices in the use of reference sources. ACTIVE READING STRATEGIES In order to increase your reading speed, comprehension and retention you can adopt the following active reading strategies: • Read with a purpose in mind • Adjust your reading speed to suit the purpose • Preview the text before close reading • Look for main ideas in each paragraph • Use prior knowledge to understand new concepts • Study new words in context • Choose suitable dictionary sources READ WITH A PURPOSE It is not always necessary to read closely everything in the textbook or other assigned reading when you are completing an assignment. Close reading of academic texts is a slow, time-consuming activity so you need to be selective and read closely only the sections which are relevant to your task. To determine which sections are relevant you need to analyse the assignment question...
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...After reviewing the editing changes that WritePoint suggested, I realized that I had very few grammar mistakes. One mistake I made was with the word e-mail. I originally left out the hyphen in between the ‘e’ and the ‘m.’ I was unaware that was needed. Another mistake I made was the use of a phrasal verb ‘find out.’ A phrasal verb is two words together that mean something different from their individual meanings. Leaving a space after a comma was another mistake I incurred. Although it is just a simple mistake that I overlooked, it still affects the professionalism of my paper. It was also revealed that you do not capitalize the word president unless you are referring a specific president or stating the President of the United States. I also learned that if two words function as an adjective, they should be connected with a hyphen. For example, real time should be real-time. My review from WritePoint was better than I thought regarding my editing changes. Regarding the revision changes, according to WritePoint brought out that I use the passive voice. When writing an essay the passive voice can tend to agitate the reader because your paragraphs become officious and tedious. You must remain consistent with the active voice while writing. For example I wrote, “Within the same study it was indicated that 35% of Americans watched political videos online.” To remain consistent with an active voice throughout the sentence the writer should write, “Within the same study statistic...
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...Enrolling in school was one of the hardest decisions I [Avoid use of the first person (I, me, my) in academic writing unless writing about a personal experience. First person use may be allowed by the instructor. ] have ever made; the fear of going back to school after twenty [Express numbers higher than nine in digits (when not the first word in the sentence)] years was overwhelming. The first step of the process was, finding out ["finding out" is a "phrasal verb," two words that together mean something different from their individual meanings--looking up each word in the dictionary would not produce the meaning, which could cause misinterpretation in an international business communication. Use other words, like "discover" or simply "found"] if I have enough time to go back to school? [Writing suggestion: Unless in a quote or a title, avoid rhetorical questions in academic writing. A good idea is to provide answers, not questions] Working 40 hours a week and then [consider removing "then"] adding schoolwork on top of that, [Remove comma (unless it introduces a nonrestrictive phrase)] was a hard decision to make. After talking with the placement counselor I found that part of the process was easy. The next step was also easy, paying for it. I used the post 911 GI bill to pay for my tuition. [What point are you making in this paragraph? Try including a topic sentence.] Once the payment and time were not an issue, the feeling that I would not do well academically was...
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...Church management Introduction: We must begin to manage the church in a manner to build the kingdom of God. I. Why are people leaving the church? A. Lack of teaching (Matthew 28:20) B. Lack of assembling in prayer (Matthew 21:13) C. No real growth in the word (1 Peter 2:2) a. many know the word, but do not know how to apply it to their every day life. II. Does the church invest in the people? A. Where is our focus, the building or the people? B. People need to see the goodness of God through action (James 2:14-17) C. There is a need for both spiritual and academic education (Hosea 4:6) a. We need to ensure that our people are empowered in spiritual and academic knowledge III. Managing the Church in a biblical way. A. Do we see the church in a spiritual and business manner? (Proverbs 22:29) a. We have to put the natural business of the church in prospective as well as the spiritual. (Matthew 22:21; Proverbs 22:29; Acts 6:3) B. Are we putting the right people in place to carry out God work? (Ephesians 4:11-16). a. we can not put people in positions just to fill them b. People need to be taught to do the work, both spiritually and academically. C. Need to teaching people God business plan for church and life. (Malachi 3:10-12; Acts 2: 44-46) IV. Are leaders being effective in overseeing the Church A. Do we have a vision? And have we made it plain? (Proverbs 29:18; Habakkuk 2:2-3) ...
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...Academic Language Needs of English Language Learners Name Institution The development of reading and thinking abilities relates to oral language development. With this consideration, there is a possibility of enabling ELL students to use specialized language features by teaching them language construction, which also gives them a well-built foundation in English (Short and Echevarria, 2005). For this reason, some of the functional words that students should know and understand in order to master the curriculum include words such as bed, walk, look, clock, animal, insect, and radio. These words do not require extreme academic instruction since they are common expressions whose components are easy to understand. Conversely, some of the abstract words to consider include words such as fortunate, chance, coincidence, maintain, plot, setting, and between, among others. These are words that allow the students to connect some ideas that will enhance their language ability. It is vital to emphasize on learning and using these words frequently since they are necessary for language comprehension. By using word-smithing, a strategy suggested by Vanessa Girard, it is possible to teach the ELL students on the manner in which they can select words (Girard and Spycher, 2007). This involves the altercation of words in order to improve its precision in a sentence. For instance, many students use the word chance when in sentences that might...
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...ACADEMIC WRITING Centre for Teaching and Learning Signpost words and phrases Having researched your topic in preparation for writing an essay, you will probably have accumulated a wide range of facts, published research, and other information relevant to the topic. Many people simply throw these facts together in body paragraphs, without properly applying them to the topic or signalling to the reader the connections between them. Simply adding a few connecting words – known as “signposts” – make it much more readable: Incorporation offers several advantages to businesses and their owners. For one thing, ownership is easy to transfer. The business is able to maintain a continuous existence even when the original owners are no longer involved (Brown, 1999). In addition, the stockholders of a corporation are not held responsible for the business's debts (Henry, 2009). If the XYZ Corporation defaults on a $1 million loan, for instance, its investors will not be held responsible for paying that liability. Incorporation also enables a business to obtain professional managers with centralised authority and responsibility; therefore, the business can be run more efficiently (Schwartz, 2010). Finally, incorporation gives a business certain legal rights . For example, it can enter into contracts, own property, and borrow money (Brown, 1999). Transitions show the reader the “movement” between ideas/points. They show that the ideas follow a logical order and build on each other, creating...
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...brought about a dramatic change in the level of English used. Firstly, adolescents in schools have recently created new acronyms to be used on the Internet such as in discussion boards or blogs. Examples of acronyms contain: ‘FYI’ (which stands for ‘for your information’), ‘TMI’ (which stands for ‘too much information’), ‘BRB’ (which stands for be right back) and ‘TTYL’ (which stands for ‘talk to you later’). As a result, these new acronyms have caused students’ English proficiency to deteriorate. The spread of the recently created acronyms have been incorporated into students’ writings which therefore gives the teachers a harder time of ‘reiterating’ the importance of being able to distinguish between the ‘social networking language’ and ‘academic writing’ This means that the students might later suffer in university when it comes to writing a professional report in their field of interest. In the meantime, the effect of adolescents using up-to-date smartphones has given more evidence to linguists on how the English language is being misused. From the beginning, students are starting to make more unintended grammatical errors in their writing assignments at school. The cause of students increasingly making more errors in schoolwork is directly related to text messages that are becoming more...
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...opportunity of continuing the legacy of providing a comprehensive account of new theoretical and empirical contributions to reading research. Respectful of the cross-age approach that Pressley took in the last volume (account for progress of beginning readers, adolescent and adult readers— and along the way highlight some pedagogical processes that are salient at all levels, such as word recognition, vocabulary, and comprehension), we took a different approach. We decided to focus on reading as a fundamentally cognitive process that can be influenced by contextual forces at many levels, most notably for education, schools, and policy environments. Thus we deal with the fundamental psychological aspects of reading—word level processes (including subword processes such as phonological awareness and decoding, word reading, and vocabulary, with all of its entailments), and text-level processes as they are grounded in structures, genres, and disciplinary knowledge pursuits. After the account of these cognitive processes, we turn to a setting-level analysis, in which we examine word- and text level processes within schooling (including instruction in English language arts and the subject matters of history and science) and policy contexts. As we unpack each...
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...prepare for many things, such as many grammatical terms, new words, as well as sentence structures. In fact, as time passed people will deeply comprehend why a language has to follow several rules and some exceptions. Most people just think a language only contains few aspects such as grammar or words, which is so easy for learners to understand. In fact, there are a lot of burdens as well as difficulties which one will run into when he or she really wants to fully have a clear picture. Take English as a prime example. Obviously, English is more and more spoken around the world. In fact, there are many English levels in which one needs to realize when studying English. For example, in beginner or pre-intermediate levels, English seems to be easy for most people, because people just gain some basic words and most time they use English for only communicative purposes. However, far beyond these levels, learners will enter a much tougher level of English-studying, especially English used in many academic domains or many literary purposes. Thus, in these fields, English is no longer something easy; people have to meticulously understand how to precisely use English both in words and many grammatical points. For one thing, it is very easy to use English in many informal contexts, people feel free to express their ideas, talk about what they think and so on… Nevertheless, in some formal situations, particularly in academic writings, it is very difficult for us to determine who will...
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...attraction. This paper will dig deeper into the ongoing competition as well as the strategy that Amazon has taken putting themselves in the position Amazon, is it in today? [Writing suggestion: Unless in a quote or a title, avoid rhetorical questions in academic writing. A good idea is to provide answers, not questions] Everyone has the option to go with any website they choose while choosing the services they expect. Reasons along with examples are described [The passive voice is a form of "be" (are) and a participle (described). Over-use of the passive voice can make paragraphs officious and tedious to read. Prefer the active voice. For example, passive voice = The paper was completed on time. Active voice = the student completed the paper on time. See Center for Writing Excellence > Tutorials & Guides > Grammar & Writing Guides > Active & passive voice] and investigated within. The Evolution of Amazon There is fierce competition between different online retailers available. One of the largest being [Doctoral rule (but good advice for any academic writer)--If not a noun (as in "human being"), the word "Being" is hard to imagine; it means "existing." Try to rewrite this without using "being"--with action words like "attending," "working," "living," "experiencing," simply "as"--or even removing "being" completely] Amazon, Google should be included [Passive voice ] into the mix of competition. Everyone one around...
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...Health Care Models Complete the “Health Care Models Analysis” document. APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. 1 Unsatisfactory 0.00% | 2 Less Than Satisfactory 65.00% | 3 Satisfactory 75.00% | 4 Good 85.00% | 5 Excellent 100.00% | 80.0 %Content | | 30.0 %Health Care Model Knowledge | Includes little knowledge about each or several models. Subject knowledge is not evident. | Includes little knowledge about each model (medical, holistic, epidemiological triangle, and social). Outlines underlying causes and symptoms, as well as personal, social, economic, and environmental factors with few supporting details and examples. Little subject knowledge is evident. | Includes knowledge about each model (medical, holistic, epidemiological triangle, and social) with some supporting details and examples. Presents basic information in relation to underlying causes and symptoms, as well as personal, social, economic, and environmental factors. Some subject knowledge is evident. | Includes essential knowledge about each model (medical, holistic, epidemiological triangle, and social) with supporting details and examples. Addresses underlying causes and symptoms, as well as personal, social, economic, and environmental factors. Subject knowledge appears to be good. | Covers each model (medical...
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...redundancy : the act of using a word, phrase, etc., that repeats something else and is therefore unnecessary : a word, phrase, etc., that repeats something else and is therefore unnecessary : a redundant word, phrase, etc. : a part in a machine, system, etc., that has the same function as another part and that exists so that the entire machine, system, etc., will not fail if the main part fails. Repetition is the simple repeating of a word, within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular placement of the words, in order to secure emphasis. This is such a common literary device that it is almost never even noted as a figure of speech. Jargon is a type of language that is used in a particular context and may not be well understood outside of it. The context is usually a particular occupation (that is, a certain trade, profession, or academic field), but any ingroup can have jargon. Doublespeak is language that deliberately obscures, disguises, distorts, or reverses the meaning of words. Doublespeak may take the form of euphemisms (e.g., "downsizing" for layoffs, "servicing the target" for bombing[), in which case it is primarily meant to make the truth sound more palatable. It may also refer to intentional ambiguity in language or to actual inversions of meaning (for example, naming a state of war "peace"). In such cases, doublespeak disguises the nature of the truth. Doublespeak is most closely associated with political language. Archaic may refer to a period of...
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