...ACCOUNTING FOR INCOME TAX Aylin Alishahi University of Houston - Victoria Abstract The main idea of this paper is to introduce the concept of Accounting for Income Tax. As part of our discussion, we will understand the meaning of Income Tax and Tax Accounting. We will also look into the different terminologies of GAAP and IRS and the differences between the two. There are two basic kinds of differences between the two – temporary and permanent. In addition to looking at the basic kinds of differences, we will also look into Net Operating Losses. Examples have been provided for all the concepts to better understand the idea behind the concept. Although, this paper does not provide the detailed explanation, it will help us understand the overview of the whole theory. Keywords: Income Tax, Tax Accounting, Accounting for Income Tax, Temporary Differences, Permanent Differences, Net Operating Losses. ACCOUNTING FOR INCOME TAX Income Tax and Tax Accounting Income Tax is defines as “A tax that governments impose on financial income generated by all entities within their jurisdiction”. It is required by the law that businesses and individuals must file an income tax return every year to determine whether they owe any taxes or are eligible for a tax refund. Income tax is a key source of funds that the government uses to fund its activities and serve the public. Tax Accounting is defined as “Accounting methods that focus on taxes rather than the appearance of public financial statements”...
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...Accounting Policies for Reporting Income Accounting Policies for Reporting Income Dana Ferretti ACC 303 Dr. M. Austin Zekeri Intermediate Accounting 1 November 20, 2011 Accounting Policies for Reporting Income GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) refers to a common set of standards and procedures that companies follow to present their income and expenses, assets and liabilities of their financial statements. The FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) is the major operating organization that establishes and improves the rules of GAAP reporting. GAAP demands companies to disclose their accounting policies in their financial reports. The authoritative literature provided by the FASB, determines the classifications of comprehensive income and net income. Accounting policies are a group of specific policies that consist of principles, rules, and procedures that a company must follow when preparing and reporting its’ financial statements. These policies should include measurement systems, methods, and procedures for presenting disclosures. Accounting policies also include matters such as; depreciation methods, consolidation of accounts, inventory pricing, goodwill, and research and development costs. When these disclosures are presented, it assists the financial users and readers a better interpretation of the company’s financial status. [FASB 235-10-50] The authoritative literature of the FASB Accounting Standards...
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...Income taxes and financial accounting Abstract: The paper discusses the basic elements of tax allocation, analyzes extensively the principal timing difference: accelerated depreciation for tax purposes and straight-line depreciation for published financial reporting, looks into the major aspects of SFAS No. 109, and explores the difference of GAAP and IFRS on tax allocation. 1. Income tax allocation In order to comply with IRS tax code and make sense of the tax expands for income statement analysis, income tax allocation involves with high level of complexity for financial statement. This paper tries to explain how income tax allocation works by comparing of accelerated tax depreciation versus straight-line for financial reporting. The paper will focus on the change from SFAS No. 109 from SFAS No. 96. The discounting of deferred tax liabilities is also mentioned and analyzed. Because of the timing difference between time of the tax return and the time of the publication of the financial statement, different taxable results incur from the IRS tax basis and the financial reporting basis. Although the different exist, the difference will be smooth out in the cumulated ways for years and years. Income tax expense and income tax liability are always differ from each other in figures, but with the difference deferred in next year. 1.1 History In 1967, APB Opinion No.11 replaced ARBs 43 and 44 under the requirement of comprehensive allocation. If there is any difference...
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...Team 2: Defend the asset/liability approach of accounting for inter-period income tax allocation. The asset/liability method of income tax allocation is balance sheet oriented. The intent is to accrue and report the total tax benefit or taxes payable that will actually be realized or assessed on temporary differences when their respective future taxable or deductible amounts are expected to occur. The book states 5 arguments: 1. The balance sheet is becoming more important financial statement. Reporting deferred taxes based on the expected tax rates when the temporary differences reverse increases the predictive value of future cash flows, liquidity, and financial flexibility. 2. Reporting deferred taxes based on the expected tax rates is conceptually more sound because the reported amount represents either the likely future economic sacrifice (future tax payment) or economic benefit (future reduction in taxes). 3. Deferred taxes may be the result of historical transactions, but, by definition, they are taxes that are postponed and will be paid (or will reduce taxes) in the future at the future tax rates. 4. Estimates are used extensively in accounting. The use of estimated future tax rates for deferred taxes poses no more of a problem regarding verifiability and reliability than using, say, estimated lives for depreciation. 5. Because the tax expense results from changes in balance sheet values, its measurement is consistent with the SFAC No. 6 and SFAS...
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...través de las importaciones y exportaciones. Otros indicadores importantes a nivel laboral además del nivel del desempleo, los encontramos en las estadísticas de las nóminas, ya que de la cantidad de estos ingresos se generan gastos por algunos productos, mismo que deben ser medidos de acuerdo las preferencias de los consumidores. Otro aspecto notable a resaltar es que la creación de este tipo de sistemas de control de las variables macroeconómicas no ha sido en la historia un resultado de la libre actividad de las fuerzas del mercado, sino producto de la intervención estatal propia de la economía mixta, siguiendo el ejemplo en este tema de las ahora casi extintas economías planificadas. La lectura del caso “The Origins of National Income Accounting” explica como en la época de la "Gran Depresión" de la economía mundial, al tratar de entender el estado de la economía de los Estados Unidos, los funcionarios...
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...example, Shaw Communications Inc. reported total assets of $8.9 billion in 2009. Of this amount, only $2.5 billion is financed through shareholders' equity, with the balance, $6.4 billion, provided by debt in various forms. A sizeable portion of the debt is unearned revenue and deposits ($0.8 billion, or 9% of total assets) and long-term debt is 35% of total assets. Interest expense is reported at $237 million, eating up a significant portion of the reported $956 million in operating earnings. Appropriate measurement of these amounts is critical. This chapter reviews common liabilities, including both financial and non-financial liabilities. Technical measurement issues are reviewed in the context of bond liabilities. Chapter 13 will discuss accounting for share equity. Then, in Chapter 14, coverage returns to debt arrangements, those that have some attributes of debt and some attributes of...
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...Caso Harvard: "The Origins of National Income Accounting" Preguntas: 1. ¿Por qué es importante la contabilidad nacional? Es decir, contar con datos sobre el ingreso nacional: sus fuentes y destino. La contabilidad nacional, es el conjunto de información estadística que permite a los responsables de la política económica determinar si la economía de un país se contrae o se expande, y si existe amenaza de inflación o recesión severa. La contabilidad nacional contiene información estratégica sobre la macroeconomía nacional. La medición del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), es parte de la contabilidad nacional, el PIB es el nombre que le damos al valor total de mercado de bienes y servicios finales que produce un país en un año, es igual a la producción total de bienes de consumo y de inversión, las compras del Estado y las exportaciones netas a otros países. El fin más importante del PIB es medir el comportamiento global de una economía. En la actualidad los economistas del Estado se basan en una amplia variedad de fuentes, incluidas las encuestas, las declaraciones del impuesto sobre la renta, reportes de ventas al por menor y los datos sobre el empleo, de aquí que los economistas toman los datos para formar la contabilidad nacional, la cual también se apoya en la contabilidad de las empresas y la estadística para mostrar la información generada y de esta manera planificar ahorros, inversiones y consumos de un país y tomar decisiones sobre el rumbo de la nación. 2....
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...The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0268-6902.htm MAJ 21,5 The impact of international financial reporting standards: does size matter? John Goodwin School of Accounting and Law, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia, and 460 Kamran Ahmed School of Business, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia Abstract Purpose – This study seeks to examine the impact of Australian equivalents to international financial reporting standards (A-IFRS) on the accounts of small-, medium- and large-sized firms. Design/methodology/approach – For 135 listed Australian entities, the half-yearly accounts ended 30 June 2005 are examined to identify the effects of A-IFRS. Data are gathered on the change in major balance sheet and income statement elements, the major reconciling items and earnings variability. Findings – Findings show that more than half of small firms have no change in net income or equity from A-IFRS, and that there is an increase in the number of adjustments to net income and equity with firm size. The study also finds that A-IFRS has increased net income for small- and medium-sized firms. Equity has increased (decreased) under A-IFRS for small (large) firms. Small firms experience higher earnings variability than medium-sized or large firms under A-IFRS. Research limitations/implications – The sample is limited to 31 December reporting date firms and not all A-IFRS must be complied with when firms restate their comparatives...
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... Accounting Submitted by Objective: Three companies changed their inventory accounting policy. Find the reason behind the change and analyze the impact of the change on the Balance Sheet and Profit & Loss. What accounting lessons we can learn from these two cases? Case 1 Questions 1. Use a table to show general effects of FIFO vs. LIFO Answer: Difference between FIFO and LIFO Market price rise | FIFO | LIFO | VS | Ending inventory | ↑ | ↓ | FIFO > LIFO | Total assets | ↑ | ↓ | FIFO > LIFO | COGS | ↓ | ↑ | FIFO < LIFO | Income tax | ↑ | ↓ | FIFO > LIFO | Net income | ↑ | ↓ | FIFO > LIFO | Current ratio | ↑ | ↓ | FIFO > LIFO | Return on investment | ↑ | ↓ | FIFO > LIFO | 2. (a)What factors should the management of Example Corporation in this case consider when deciding whether to switch from LIFO to FIFO at the beginning of Year 2? (b) Would this change impact the balance sheet or income statement in a material way? Why or why not? Answer: (a) When the company considers whether to switch its inventory method, the impact on the Balance Sheet and P&L for each method needs to be considered. FIFO will allow report of a larger ending inventory and greater net income, but the company will pay more income taxes. Continuing to use LIFO will lead to lower net income but lower taxes. FIFO will also give shareholders, investors, and lenders more confidence in the company because the net income is higher...
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... Accounting Submitted by Objective: Three companies changed their inventory accounting policy. Find the reason behind the change and analyze the impact of the change on the Balance Sheet and Profit & Loss. What accounting lessons we can learn from these two cases? Case 1 Questions 1. Use a table to show general effects of FIFO vs. LIFO Answer: Difference between FIFO and LIFO Market price rise | FIFO | LIFO | VS | Ending inventory | ↑ | ↓ | FIFO > LIFO | Total assets | ↑ | ↓ | FIFO > LIFO | COGS | ↓ | ↑ | FIFO < LIFO | Income tax | ↑ | ↓ | FIFO > LIFO | Net income | ↑ | ↓ | FIFO > LIFO | Current ratio | ↑ | ↓ | FIFO > LIFO | Return on investment | ↑ | ↓ | FIFO > LIFO | 2. (a)What factors should the management of Example Corporation in this case consider when deciding whether to switch from LIFO to FIFO at the beginning of Year 2? (b) Would this change impact the balance sheet or income statement in a material way? Why or why not? Answer: (a) When the company considers whether to switch its inventory method, the impact on the Balance Sheet and P&L for each method needs to be considered. FIFO will allow report of a larger ending inventory and greater net income, but the company will pay more income taxes. Continuing to use LIFO will lead to lower net income but lower taxes. FIFO will also give shareholders, investors, and lenders more confidence in the company because the net income is higher...
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...to keep paid-in capital separate from earned capital is due to the amount of money that received from each investors for exchange of stock. When a company earns capital, the amount of money generated as profitable operations of the company (Intermediate Accounting, 12th ed., pg. 792). It is important to keep paid-in capital separate from earned capital because paid-in capital is not a true reflection of a company’s performance. Net income is the source of earned capital. If the two types of capital not kept separate, the net income would be overstated and show that the company is more profitable than it really is. As an investor, earned capital is more important when attempting to figure out how profitable the company paid-in capital is money exchanged for stock; this amount has nothing to do with how profitable the company’s operations are. Basic earnings per share are earrings per share of common stock. Calculate earnings per share by dividing net income available for the common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding. Diluted earnings are earnings per share are composed of common stock, preferred stock, unexercised stock options unexercised warrants and some convertible debt” (Intermediate Accounting, 12th ed., pg. 793). Diluted earnings per share calculated by subtracting the impact of convertibles and...
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...the value of a ratio over time to see if it is improving or deteriorating. Example: "The analysis of financial information, trend analysis is the presentation of amounts as a percentage of a base year. Example: The trend of a company’s revenues, net income, and number of clients during the years 2001 through 2007, trend analysis will present 2001 as the base year and the 2001 amounts will be restated to be 100. The amounts for the years 2002 through 2007 will be presented as the percentages of the 2001 amounts. In other words, each year’s amounts will be divided by the 2001 amounts and the resulting percentage will be presented. For example, revenues for the years 2001 through 2007 might have been $31,691,000; $40,930,000; $50,704,00; $63,891,000; $79,341,000; $101,154,000; $120,200,000. These revenue amounts will be restated to be 100, 129, 160, 202, 250, 319, and 379. Let’s assume that the net income amounts divided by the 2001 amount ended up as 100, 147, 206, 253, 343, 467, and 423. The number of clients when divided by the base year amount are 100, 122, 149, 184, 229, 277, and 317. From this trend analysis we can see that revenues in 2007 were 379% of the 2001 revenues, net income in 2007 was 467% of the 2001 net income, and the number of clients in 2007 was 317% of the number in 2001. Using the restated amounts from trend analysis makes it much easier to see how effective and efficient the company has been during the recent years". Trend analysis can also include the...
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...UNIT I NATIONAL INCOME AND MACROECONOMICS 1 National Income National Income is defined as the sum total of all the goods and services produced in a country, in a particular period of time. Normally this period consists of one year duration, as a year is neither too short nor long a period. National product is usually used synonymous with National income. Alfred Marshall in his ‘Principle of Economics’ (1949) defines National income as “The labour and capital of a country, acting on its natural resources, produce annually a certain net aggregate of commodities, material and immaterial, including services of all kinds…..and net income due on account of foreign investments must be added in. This is the true net National income or Revenue of the country or the national dividend.” Irving Fisher defined national income as “The national dividend or income consists solely of services as received by the ultimate consumers, whether from their material or from human environments. Thus, a piano or an overcoat made for me this year is not a part of this year’s income, but an addition to capital. Only the services rendered to me during this year by these things are income.” Central Statistical Organization defines National income as “National Income is the sum of factor income earned by the normal residents of a country in the form of wages, rent, interest and profit in an accounting year.” Concepts of National Income There are different concepts of National Income, namely; GNP, GDP...
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...UNIT I NATIONAL INCOME AND MACROECONOMICS 1 National Income National Income is defined as the sum total of all the goods and services produced in a country, in a particular period of time. Normally this period consists of one year duration, as a year is neither too short nor long a period. National product is usually used synonymous with National income. Alfred Marshall in his ‘Principle of Economics’ (1949) defines National income as “The labour and capital of a country, acting on its natural resources, produce annually a certain net aggregate of commodities, material and immaterial, including services of all kinds…..and net income due on account of foreign investments must be added in. This is the true net National income or Revenue of the country or the national dividend.” Irving Fisher defined national income as “The national dividend or income consists solely of services as received by the ultimate consumers, whether from their material or from human environments. Thus, a piano or an overcoat made for me this year is not a part of this year’s income, but an addition to capital. Only the services rendered to me during this year by these things are income.” Central Statistical Organization defines National income as “National Income is the sum of factor income earned by the normal residents of a country in the form of wages, rent, interest and profit in an accounting year.” Concepts of National Income There are different concepts of National Income, namely; GNP, GDP...
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...process at the corporate affiliate levels. The corporation’s interest-sensitivity position is managed as a function of balance sheet trends, asset opportunities, and interest rate expectations, and the corporation is normally well within policy risk limits at any given time. Definition of Interest-Sensitivity Risk Interest sensitivity risk is the risk that future changes in interest rates will reduce net interest income or the net market value of the corporation’s balance sheet. Two basic ways of defining interest rate risk in the financial services industry are commonly referred to as the accounting perspective and economic perspective. The corporation draws on aspects of each perspective to provide a more complete picture of interest rate risk than would be provided by either perspective alone. The accounting perspective focuses on the risk reported net income over a particular time frame. Differences in the timing of interest rate repricing ( repricing risk or ‘gap’ risk) and changing market rate relationships (basis risk) determine the exposure of net income to changes in interest rates. The economic perspective focuses on the risk to the market value of the corporation’s balance sheet, the net of which is referred to as the market value of balance sheet equity. The sensitivity of...
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