...Financial Accounting Chapters 1,2,3 Double Entry Accounting- each business transaction has dual effects. As a result, every transaction affects at least two accounts. One Debit and One Credit ACCOUNT | Debit | Credit | Assets | + | - | Expenses | + | - | Dividends or Withdrawals | + | - | Revenue | - | + | Liabilities | - | + | Capital | - | + | Retained Earnings | - | + | Normal Balance- side the account increases Contra Account- has a normal balance opposite of its companion account balance. Few examples of contra account – Allowance for doubt full account (ADA) for A/R - Sales Discount for Sales Revenue - Sales Return for Sales Revenue - Accumulated Depreciation for Capital Assets - etc. Accounting Equation- Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity Assets | Liabilities | Equity | | | | -Cash- Accounts Receivable- Notes Receivable- Prepaid Expenses-Land- Building- Equipment- Furniture & Fixtures | -Accounts Payable- Notes Payable- Accrued Liabilities- Mortgage Payable | - Capital- Withdrawals- Revenue - Expense | 4 Financial Statements- Order Of Preparation 1) Income Statement – presents a summary of the revenues and expenses of a company for a specific period of time (ex: month or year). Net Income/ Net Loss = Revenue – Expense. I/S is for the month ended December 31,20XX 2) Statement of Owner’s Equity- presents a summary of the changes that occurred in the entity’s owner’s equity during a specific period of time...
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...ACCT 1201 Lecture Notes – Hurley Spring 2016 Chapter 1 * Chapter 1 Learning Objectives: * Recognize the information conveyed in each of the four basic financial statements and the way that it is used by different decision makers (investors, creditors, and managers) * Identify the role of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in determining financial statement content and how companies ensure the accuracy of their financial statements. * Why do we need financial accounting and reporting? * Companies want to raise capital to fund their business * Debt from Creditors/Banks * Investments from Investors (in the form of stock) * Who owns a business? * Investors own a business that is publicly traded. * Investors have managers run that business on their behalf. * Investors want to be sure managers are making good use of their money (their investment) * Managers know more about the inner-workings of a company than do investors. (We call this information asymmetry). * Therefore investors need managers to report the operations of the business to them in a useable format. These are what we refer to as FINANCIAL STATEMENTS. * Managers can act in their own self-interest (at the expense of shareholders), even potentially lying to them (fraud) to increase investments in the company. How do we resolve this dilemma? * Financial Reporting according to...
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...get dividends * Creditors – trading bonds – get interest rate; risk is less than if you´re an investor * Managers Financial accounting – provides info for managers and people outside the firm. Managerial accounting – provides confidential info for internal decision-makers (“private” or internal accounting). GAAP – Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Most countries are converging to US GAAP or IFRS as a generally accepted standards. Private companies do not file IFRS. Qualities of accounting * Relevant * Reliable * Consistent (over time) * Comparable (across companies) Concepts of accounting 1. Accounting entity – хозяйствующий субъект 2. Going concern / Continuity – непрерывность – should be assumed that the business will continue to exist and bring economic benefits 3. Stable monetary unit – usually it is the currency. It is assumed that it has the same purchasing power throughout the time. 4. Time period 5. Concervatism / Prudence – расчетливость, практичность 6. Materiality Principles of accounting 1. Reliability 2. Historical Cost Basis – assets and rights of the Company are accounted for at their historical or production cost 3. Revenue – the company should establish rules when the revenue must be recognized and subsequently recorded. In accrual accounting revenue is recognized when the products are already delivered. 4. Matching – its important to link the income of the period with the...
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...Midterm Review Notes Okay Everyone, Here is the information you need for our Midterm. We are covering chapters 1-5 of our Managerial Chapters. * Know the differences between financial and managerial accounting. * Know about the ethical components of managerial accounting. * Know about direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. * Know period costs vs. products costs. * Know discretionary vs. committed fixed costs. * Know how to use T-accounts. * Know prime costs vs. conversion costs. * Know how to calculate Cost of Goods Manufacturing, Cost of Goods Sold. * Be able to do the inventory cost flow that we have done in class. * Basically, you need to know the High-Low method in every conceivable twist imaginable. Be able to use the formula to calculate variable cost, total cost, fixed cost, cost at a new level of activity, etc. * Understand fixed cost, variable costs, mixed costs and how they react. * Know and understand contribution margin format Income Statement. * Know Break-Even analysis and how to calculate this in both units and sales dollars. * Know how to figure out target profit. * Understand what happens if there are changes in fixed costs, variable costs, sales, etc. * Contribution margin is key to your understanding. * Contribution margin Income Statement will also be critical to know and undertstand. * Know how to calculate pre-determined overhead rate * Know how...
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...Chapter 1 Managerial Accounting and the Business Environment Lecture Notes Chapter theme: This chapter serves four main purposes. First, it explains the differences and similarities between financial and managerial accounting. Second, it describes the role of management accountants in an organization. Third, it explains the basic concepts underlying Lean Production, the Theory of Constraints (TOC), and Six Sigma. Fourth, it discusses the importance of upholding ethical standards. I. Globalization A. Import/Export Data i. Imports into the United States (in billions) 1. The data reveal an enormous increase in import activity from 1990 to 2004. In particular, imports from Canada, Mexico, and China skyrocketed. ii. Exports from the United States (in billions) 1. The data reveal an increase in exports to Canada and Mexico. Interestingly, the increase in exports to China pales in comparison to the growth rate in imports from China. iii. Internet Usage 1. The internet fuels globalization by providing companies with greater access to geographically dispersed customers, employees, and suppliers. 2. The number of internet users more than doubled during the first four years of the new millennium. 3. As of 2004, more than 87% of the world’s population was still not connected to the Internet...
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...Intermediate Accounting Chapter 1 * Essential characteristics of accounting are (1) the identification, measurement, and communication of financial information about (2) economic entities to (3) interested parties * Financial accounting – process that culminates in the preparation of financial reports on the enterprise for use by both internal and external parties * Users – investors, creditors, managers, unions, and government agencies * financial statements – (1) the balance sheet, (2) the income statement, (3) the statement of cash flows, and (4) the statement of owners’ or stockholders’ equity * president’s letter or supplementary schedules in the corporate annual report, prospectuses, reports filed with government agencies, news releases, management’s forecasts, and social or environmental impact statements * Managerial accounting – process of identifying, measuring, analyzing, and communicating financial information needed by management to plan, control, and evaluate a company’s operations * Capital Allocation – process of determining how and at what cost money is allocated among competing interests * Objective of general-purpose financial reporting is to provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to present and potential equity investors, lenders, and other creditors in decisions about providing resources to the entity. Those decisions involve buying, selling, or holding equity and debt instruments...
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...Accounting I 280 Solution to Quick Quiz State the four most common forms of business enterprises and briefly describe them. Answer: 1. Sole Proprietorship is an unincorporated business owned by one person. 2. Partnership is an unincorporated business owned by two or more persons. 3. Corporation is a type of business organization recognized under the law as an entity separate from its owners. It provides certain legal protection for the owners against lawsuits brought against the company. They are allowed to do many of the same things any person would be able to do: own land and other property; enter into contracts; sue and be sued in court; pay taxes; conduct business, and so forth. 4. Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a type of business organization recognized under the law as an entity separate from its owners. It has features of both a Corporation and Partnership. It provides certain legal protection for the owners against lawsuits brought against the company. LLCs provide certain tax benefits to the company and the owners. The Sole Proprietorship and Partnership forms are often considered "natural" business forms, because they can be created with only the actions of the owners. The mere conduct of business by an individual creates a Sole Proprietorship automatically. Two or more individuals conducing business together automatically creates a Partnership, although that may not have been the intention of the people originally. Corporations and LLCs are...
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...Managerial Accounting: Chapter 1: Managerial Accounting: An Overview - This chapter explains why managerial accounting is important to the future careers of all business students. It answers three questions: (1) What is managerial accounting? (2) Why does managerial accounting matter to your career? (3) What skills do managers need to succeed? It also discusses the importance of ethics in business and corporate social responsibility. □ What is Managerial Accounting? | Financial Accounting | Managerial Accounting | 1. Users | External persons whomake financial decisions | Managers who plan for and control an organization | 2. Time focus | Historical perspective | Future emphasis | 3. Verifiability versus relevance | Emphasis on objectivity and verifiability | Emphasis on Relevance | 4. Precision versus timelines | Emphasis on precision | Emphasis on timeliness | 5. Subject | Primary focus is on companywide reports | Focus on Segment reports | 6. Rules | Must follow GAAP / IFRS | Not bound by GAAP / IFRS | 7. Requirement | Mandatory for external reports | Not Mandatory | There are seven key differences between financial accounting and managerial accounting: 1. Users: Financial accounting reports are prepared for external parties, whereas managerial accounting reports are prepared for internal users. 2. Emphasis on the future: Financial accounting summarizes past transactions. Managerial accounting has a strong future orientation. 3. Relevance...
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...The value chain is the sequence of business functions in which customer usefulness is added to products or services. In supporting managers, management accountants have three guidelines. These guidelines are: Cost-benefit analysis, behavioral considerations and technical considerations, and different costs for different purposes. Galway Co. management desires cost information regarding its Celtic brand. The Celtic brand is a(n) cost object. Cost objects are anything for which a measurement of cost is desired The cost of a product can be measured as any of the following except as one b. identified as period cost Which of the following is not a factor in cost-volume-profit analysis? c. Total variable costs Chpt.4 PPT----Basic Costing Terminology: Cost objects are anything for which a measurement of cost is desired Direct costs -- can be traced to that cost object in an economically feasible way; indirect costs cannot be traced … Cost-allocation base—a systematic way to link an indirect cost or group of indirect costs to cost objects Costing Systems:In a JOB COSTING SYSTEM, the cost object is a unit or multiple units of a distinct product or service which we call a job. Each job generally uses different amounts of resources. In a PROCESS COSTING SYSTEM, the cost object is masses of identical or similar units of a product or service. In this type of system, we divide the total cost of producing an identical or similar product or service by the total number of units produced...
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...discussions. No warning will be given to you and the invigilator will make a note of your name and update the Program Manager. You are not allowed to leave the examination hall till you finish your examination. You are required to switch off your mobiles always. |Course |Date |Time |Duration |Type of Exam |Comments | |Principles of Management |Wednesday |10.30 am - 12.30 pm |2 hours |Closed Book/Closed notes |Multiple choice ( 50 min) | | |4th Feb, | | |Laptops not allowed |Descriptive(1 hr 10 min) | | |2009 | | |Internet not allowed |Write with pen no scribbling | | | | | | |Mobile phones are not allowed in the class | |Organisational Behaviour |Wednesday |2.30 - 4.00 pm |90 min |Open Book/Open Notes | ...
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...ACCOUNTING REVIEW NOTES Chapter 13 Corporations: Organization and Share Capital Transactions Page 688 Questions and Answers 1. Corporations can be classified in different ways. For example, they may be classified by purpose (e.g., profit, not-for-profit, or income trust) or by ownership (e.g., public or private). Explain the difference between each of these types of classifications. Ans. Corporations can be classified: • By Purpose -Profit: such as Tim Hortons’ -Not-For-Profit: such as Canadian Cancer Society -Income Trust: such as Yellow Pages • By Ownership -Publicly Held Corporation: –may have thousand of shareholders. -shares exchanged in TSX -e.g. Sears, Bombardier -Privately Held Corporation:-few shareholders -shares are not sold to the public -e.g. McCain Foods 2. Pat Kabza, a student, ask for your help in understanding the following characteristics of a corporation: (a) limited liability of shareholders, (b) transferable ownership rights, and (c) ability to acquire capital. Explain how these characteristics work together to create a significant advantage for the corporate form of organization. Ans. (a) Limited liability of shareholders: liability is limited to the amount invested on the corporation...
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...Those notes can only be sequenced so many times before they are repeated by a new musician and called “original”. Intellectual property has been protected in the courts systems, but has favored personal interest over creativity and borrowing. In the case of Weber vs. Repp for example, Repp was claiming to be the owner of the copied Catholic folk music stolen to create music by Weber. With help from a lawyer, it is proven that Weber wrote a song previous to the music and songs by Repp. It was demonstrated that Weber wrote a song, Repp wrote another song sounding similar, and then Weber wrote the song in question. This showing that Weber borrowed from himself and Repp borrowed from him. The musical notes played in the same sequence were copied by both composers and therefore the courts dismissed the case, musical notes are not owned by any one composer. It does not matter what you copy but how much you choose to take. The idea behind Gladwell’s argument is that borrowing some to be creative is and needs to be acceptable in the eyes of “plagiarism...
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...to harmonize, considering it was our first year learning an instrument. There was no reading or writing when it came to playing the instruments, but with music, a story can be made. For example, half the class would play our recorders in sync with one another, and other students in the class would play percussion. With the rhythm of the music combined, the feel and sound of the music gives the audience a feel of a different environment, such as feeling as though you are taking a journey through an Indian village, or celebrating the first fourth of July in America. As I progressed through the year, music classes turned into singing as well. In order to know the words that we were singing, we had paperback music, which had music lines, notes, and words for us to...
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...through the paper. Halfway through the paper, I saw my friend John suspiciously looking at the class. My instincts told me that something was wrong. As a result, I began to keep an eye on John. Suddenly, I saw John taking notes out from his pencil case! My mouth hung wide open and I gasped in shock. How could John do that! I thought should I report him? The devil in my mind said that I should not care about this thing after all, he is still my best friend while the angel said that I should be honest and report him. After thinking for a while, I decided to report him. I raised my hand and told the teacher “ Mr Tan, John is cheating by using notes from his pencil case.” The teacher nodded his head and walked towards John’s table. Mr Tan said “John! Why are you cheating?” John shook his head to deny that he did not cheat. Mr Tan confiscated his pencil case and dumped the contents out. Out came pencils, erasers and pens. But there was no notes inside! John let out a smirk from his mouth. I was shocked! I thought that there was a note? Just when I thought all hope was lost, Mr Tan found another zip at the pencil case and he opened it. Suddenly, John’s smirk began to vanish. Waves of panic overwhelmed him. The hidden note was found there! Mr Tan looked at John sternly. He brought John to the principal’s office to explain what had happened. On the next day, the fiery-tempered Discipline Master caned John during assembly period. After this incident...
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...Improving Your Note Taking ▪ Effective note taking is one of the keys to succeeding in school. Students should devote a considerable amount of time reviewing information discussed during classroom lectures. It is very difficult remembering specific details from classroom lectures without good notes. These note taking strategies will help you to take better notes: ▪ Make clear and accurate notes Make sure to take legible and accurate notes since it is not uncommon to forget key details discussed in class after it has ended. Frequently, students comprehend the teacher's lecture, so they'll neglect to jot down specific details only to forget them later. Students who keep accurate notes can review them later to fully grasp key concepts during personal study time. Additionally, since during classroom lectures teachers frequently cover many topics, effective notes enable students to concentrate on specific topics. ▪ Come to class prepared Students properly prepared for class usually take better notes. Proper preparation includes completing assigned reading prior to class and reviewing notes from previous lectures. Students who do this can ask questions about confusing concepts and be prepared for new topics. ▪ Compare your notes To ensure your notes are as accurate and detailed as possible, compare them with the notes of other students after class is over. This is useful because your colleagues will frequently write down lecture details that you...
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