...Financial Reporting and Standard Setting by the SEC, FASB, IASB, and, GASB Abstract In the accounting industry there are different organizations that have been established to design, implement, and oversee accounting standards and financial presentation processes. Such organizations include the Securities Exchange Commission, SEC, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, FASB, the International Accounting Standards Board, IASB, and the Governmental Accounting Standards Board, GASB. Each of these organizations works closely with the others to attempt to provide the accounting industry with a similar, if not identical, set of accounting standards that align with those of the U.S. GAAP – Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and IFRS – International Financial Reporting Standards. The strengths and weaknesses of these organizations identify their similarities and differences and enable the organizations to continue to grow with the finance and accounting industries. In the accounting industry there are several different organizations specifically designed to set, maintain, and regulate accounting standards and financial statement presentation. Among these organizations are the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB, and the Governmental Accounting Standards Board, or GASB. Each organization was established...
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...Accounting Cycle Paper ACC/421 Accounting Cycle Paper In this paper I will outline the purpose of both accounting and financial reporting within an organization in general. I will also give a description of the people, processes, and systems that are a part of the accounting and financial reporting processes followed by a conclusion. Purpose of Accounting The purpose of accounting to gather and report on any financial information within the organization about things such as: the performance of the company, their financial position, and the cash flows of the company. With this information the company can then make business decisions about management of their business, investments to be made, or money they can lend. All of this information is known as the accounting records and accounting transactions and recorded as invoices for either suppliers or customers of the company. Once the financial information has been added to the accounting records it is all put together into financial statements to include the following: income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flows, statement of retained earnings, and any disclosures. Purpose of Financial Reporting Documents, or the financial reports, are gathered in order to keep track of money going in or going out. Essentially, there is a record of how much money your business is making or losing. Anyone investing in the business has the right to know how their money is being used and can know this by looking at the financial...
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...Guide Accounting is a valuable service function designed to provide accurate and timely information to internal and external stakeholders. Those stakeholders rely on four primary financial statements: the income statement, the capital statement, the balance sheet, and the statement of cash flows. Naturally, you begin by studying those four financial statements and the accounting processes that lead to their creation. Those processes include recording financial transactions in journals and then posting to the general ledger. In this first week, you learn the purpose of those four statements, what the financial statements include, and how the financial statements are constructed to provide valuable information to stakeholders. You also learn the basic mechanics of accounting. These include journalizing transactions into accounting records using debit and credit rules. You also learn why the general ledger is critical to the accounting process and how transactions are posted to the general ledger. Basic Accounting Principles and Concepts OBJECTIVE: Identify the four basic financial statements. Resources: Ch. 1 & 2 of Financial Accounting Content • Ch. 1: “Introduction to Financial Statements” o Forms of Business Organization • Internal Users • External Users • Ethics in Financial Reporting o Business Activities • Financing Activities • Investing Activities • Operating Activities o Communicating with Users • Income Statement • Retained...
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...that financial statements are materially misstated. -lower audit risk by performing more audit work that will give them a high level of assurance that the financial statements are correct. 1) INHERENT RISK (IR)- the probability of material misstatement occurring in transactions entering the accounting system or being in the account balances. Auditors do not created or control inherent risk. Can only assess its magnitude based on prior experiences, management bias, and the nature of the transaction. Look at characteristics of clients business, types of transactions, and effectiveness of accountants. 2) CONTROL RISK (CR): risk that the clients internal control system will not prevent or detect a material misstatement. Auditors do not create control risk, they assess probability of failure to detect material misstatements. Assessment is based on study and evaluation of the company’s control system. **Control risk should not be assessed so low that auditors rely entirely on controls and do no substantive work. 3) DETECTION RISK (DR): the risk that any material misstatement that has not been corrected by the clients internal control will not be detected by the auditor. **Auditors can control this risk by conducting substantive (balance audits) tests. (include: audit of details of transactions and balances, and analytical procedures applied to dollar amounts in the accounts) AUDIT RISK (AR): THE PROBABILITY THAT AN AUDITOR WILL FAIL TO EXPRESS A RESERVATION THAT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS...
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...Audit Week 2: Financial Statement Audits, Financial Statement Assertions and Audit Evidence Financial Statement Audit * A systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertions about the economic actions and events to ascertain the degree of correspondence between assertions and established criteria * Purpose: To enhance the degree of confidence of intended users in the financial statements by the expression of an opinion by the auditor Overall Objectives of the Auditor: * To obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, thereby enabling the auditor to express an opinion on whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material aspects, in accordance with an applicable financial reporting framework * To report on the financial statements and communicate in accordance with the auditor’s findings Audit Process Overview: * Step 1: Client Acceptance and Retention * Step 2: Risk Assessment (Through understanding client business environment and operations Assess risks of material misstatement Assess Audit Risk) * Step 3: Audit Procedures Planning * Step 4: Test of controls (IF reliance on controls) * Step 5: Perform substantive tests * Step 6: Audit Completion and Reporting Financial Statement Assertions: * Assertions are representations made by management, explicit or otherwise, that are embodied in...
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...Financial Accounting: • Communicates economic information to individuals and organizations that are external to the direct operations of the company • Stresses the form in which it is communicated • Is based on historical information It is about the balance sheet, the income statement, the financial statement of the company (the notes). The stakeholders (shareholders, clients, suppliers, the government, employees, etc.) are interested by the financial statements. Financial accounting is mainly developed for external users. What can we find in a balance sheet? What does it tell us? The past financial performance of the company. The income statement gives us an overview of the expenses and revenues of the companies, their use, and more generally, what is the wealth of the organization. Another aspect, when we prepare a balance sheet, an income statement, there are legal constraints, rules, general principles that have to be followed. Everything is strictly regulated, there are very strict rules. I.e.: the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP): Belgian GAAP, etc. Management Accounting: Assumption: a CEO must decide whether or not he’ll produce a new product. Where will he find the required information (the price of the product, etc. and more generally, all the necessary information)? Are the financial statements helpful in this case? No, they don’t. Other example: are we going to outsource part of our production in another country...
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... TOPIC: LEAN ACCOUNTING- An Emerging Concept SUB CODE: 10MBA32 NAME: SPOORTHI.K USN: 1PB11MBA33 CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT WITH KEY WORDS 2. INTRODUCTION 3. THERORATICAL BACKGROUND 4. DISCUSSION 5. CONCLUSION 6. REFERENCE ABSTRACT WITH KEYWORDS From the last two decades of the 20th Century on, many companies have adopted production strategies that could be termed “lean manufacturing”. Lean team leaders state that traditional costing systems fail to properly assess their operational improvements and therefore ask for new cost accounting methods. The search for a new accounting paradigm has led to important applied research and several accounting methods. With the diversification of customer demand and competition of globalization, mass production is being replaced by lean production. In this background, the traditional accounting system is no longer applicable to lean production, and lean accounting supporting lean production comes into being. This paper introduces the background of lean accounting and the content of lean accounting, gives the measures of implementing lean accounting, finally compares lean accounting with traditional accounting and summarizes obstacles in the process of implementing lean accounting. The research and application of lean accounting will greatly enhance...
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...Abstract: The Australia Accounting Standard Board is an Australia government agency that developing, issuing, and maintaining Australia accounting standards and related pronouncements. In 2004, the Australia Accounting Standard Board (AASB) adopted the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statement. (Picker, Leo, Loftus and Wise, 2009, P30) The framework plays an important role as a guide to the AASB in developing accounting standards and resolving accounting disputes. Also, the framework address general purpose financial statement, which are the financial statements that an entity prepares and presents at least annual to meet the common information needs of a wide range of users external to the entity. (Picker, Leo, Loftus and Wise, 2009, P30) The essay following will talk about the purpose and status of a conceptual framework such as the use of framework, authority of framework and the development of the conceptual framework. Moreover, this essay will pay attention on the role that the framework plays in the standard setting process. Background: With the development of today’s global economic world, accounting standard setting process is been paid more attention. The framework that set by IASB has been adopted by more and more countries in which not to fall behind by others in accounting standards. The Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) is a body corporate with perpetual succession, and the most important function of AASB is to developing...
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...The Role of Accounting on Business and Our Society Adrian Smith Accounting 100 Prof. Eric Osei A Financial statement is a record of financial activities of a business entity. Main objective of financial statements is to provide information about financial position, performance and changes in financial position, and flows of cash in the business organization which in turn is essential in making decisions. In order for financial statements to provide the necessary information, they have to abide by the principles of understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability (Alexander et al, 2005). The first financial statement under consideration is statement of financial position. It is used to report on assets, liabilities, and capital of an entity. Assets are resources which have economic value attached to them, for example cash, debtors and inventory. Liabilities on the other side include creditors, deferred tax and accruals. Finally, capital is the owner’s equity. Statement of financial position is used to ensure that assets balance with combination of liabilities and capital. Second is the statement of comprehensive income. It provides information on revenues, expenses and profits incurred in a particular period of time. Its major purpose is to help in determining whether the business entity is operating at a profit or loss in a particular trading period. It also serves to reveal the rate of earning per share that is the amount of to be given to each stakeholder. Statement...
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...Financial Statements Paper ACC/290 – Principles of Accounting I May 14, 2010 Adael Acosta Assessment • Individual Assigment: Financial Statements Paper Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you do the following: o Identify the four basic financial statements. o Describe the purpose of each of the four financial statements. o Discuss how the financial statements would be useful to internal users, such as to managers and employees. o Discuss how the financial statements would be useful to external users such as investors and creditors. Format the paper consistent with APA guidelines. Abstract Accounting is a valuable service function designed to provide accurate and timely information to internal and external stakeholders. Those stakeholders rely on four primary financial statements: the income statement, the capital statement, the balance sheet, and the statement of cash flows. Naturally, you begin by studying those four financial statements and the accounting processes that lead to their creation. Those processes include recording financial transactions in journals and then posting to the general ledger. Financial Statements should be defined as journal entries. These entries tell a story about the daily accounting practices and they project the general assets and liabilities of any company. Journal entries must be consistent and must be entered on a regular basis. Investing in reliable accounting software would be a wise decision for any business...
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...| |[pic] | | | | Fig 7: Typical simple organization chart. Many enterprises use a database warehousing approach for the creation of accounting information systems. This approach, coupled with user-friendly software, allows management and other designated employees access to information to create a variety of accounting reports, including required external financial reports. For example, detailed cost information about a production process is used by the production line supervisor to help control production costs. A process design engineer, when considering the best configuration of equipment and employees, uses the same information to reduce costs or to increase efficiency. Finally, production-related cost information appears in the external financial statements used by investors and creditors. OBJECTIVES OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING INFORMATION |Each enterprise has implicit and explicit goals and objectives. Many enterprises have mission statement that describes their | | |goals. These goals can vary widely among enterprises ranging from nonprofit organizations, where goals are aimed at serving | | |specified constituents, to for profit organizations, where goals are directed toward maximizing the owners’ objectives. For | | |example, the American Cancer Society, a nonprofit organization, has the following mission: | | The American Cancer Society is the nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer as a major health problem...
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...International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) MBA 691: Managerial Accounting Professor: Prepared by: April 19, 2009 Bibliography: • Ernst & Young, “U.S. GAAP vs. IFRS: The basics”, January 2009. • Securities & Exchange Commission, “Roadmap for the Potential Use of Financial Statements Prepared in Accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards by U.S. Issuers”, www.sec.gov/spotlight/ifrsroadmap.htm (Release No. 33-8982; November 14, 2008). • The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), “Impact of IFRS in Europe”, www.accaglobal.com/publicinterest/activities/research/reports/global_integration/, October 7, 2008. • Internal Auditor, magazine, “Getting Up To Speed with IFRS’, October 2008. • International Accounting Standards Board, “IASB Responds to G20 Recommendation and US GAAP Guidance’, www.iasb.org/News/Press+Releases/IASB+Responds+to+G20+Recommendations+and+US+GAAP+Guidance.htm, April 7, 2009. • EU Finance Ministers Statement, www.eu2009.cz/en/news-and-documents/news/statement-by-the-informal-ecofin-15621/ , April 4, 2009. • National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD) – Directors Monthly article, “IFRS – What The Board Needs to Know”, http://www.deloitte.com/dtt/cda/doc/content/us_assur_IFRS_DM%20Sep08_20080911pdf.pdf, September 2008. • Deloitte, www.deloitte.com/us/debates/IFRS. • Deloitte, “IFRS Conversion: Front or back...
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...prospective client 3. Identify and evaluate factors important in the decision to accept or reject a prospective client 4. Understand the process of making and justifying a recommendation regarding client acceptance INTRODUCTION Your accounting firm is a medium-sized, accounting firm in Malaysia, formed in 2012, mainly provides auditing and tax services. But it has recently had success in building the information-systems-consulting side of the business. Recently, your group has been assigned for the first time to perform audit engagement procedures for a small and medium-sized company in Malaysia. One of team member has been a senior auditor for the past three years. Your first assignment is to assist an audit partner on a client acceptance decision. The partner explains to you that the prospective client, Unggul Holdings Berhad, is a medium-sized textile company. The partner recently met the company's top management during an informal social dinner. The company Chief Executive Officer (CEO) indicated that, after some difficult disussions, the company has decided to terminate its relationship with its current auditor. The CEO explained that the main reason for the switch is to establish a relationship with a more nationally known accounting firm because the company plans to...
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...Midterm review 1. Main sources of regulation of financial reporting 1. Government Regulation (true and fair; corporation act 2001) 2. ASX Listing Rules (firms on exchange) 3. Accounting standards (prepared by AASB) 2. International convergence: develop new or revise International harmonization: Australia accounting standards apply the international standard-setting bodies Adoption by Australia of international accounting standards by 1 January 2005 3. Aust standards are set for all reporting entities, but IFRS are primarily designed for large corporations 4. Objective of financial reporting Provide information to users that is useful for making and evaluating decisions about the allocation of scarce resources 5. Measurement of comprehensive income Income Less: Expenses = Profit or loss for the period +/- Items of other comprehensive income =Total comprehensive income for the period 6. Other comprehensive income Changes in asset revaluation surplus, actuarial gains and losses on defined benefit superannuation plans, gains and losses arising from translating the financial statements of a foreign operation, gains and losses on remeasuring available-for-sale financial assets, effective portion of gains and losses on hedging instruments in a cash flow hedge 7. The face of the statement of comprehensive income must include amounts for: -Revenue -Finance costs -Equity accounted share of profit or loss of associates [covered in ACCT6010] -Tax expense -Profit or...
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...Nature of Cost Accounting Cost accounting has been defined by many accounting scholars in various forums. There is no one watertight definition of cost accounting, but the various definitions all point to certain common aspects about the subject. Below are some definitions by certain authorities : “That part of management accounting which establishes budgets and standard costs and actual costs of operations, processes, departments or products and the analysis of variances, profitability or social use of funds” (Chartered Institute of Management Accountants - CIMA) “That which identities, defines, measures, reports and analyses the various elements of direct and indirect costs associated with producing and marketing goods and services. Cost accounting also measures performance, product quality and productivity” (Letricia Gayle Rayburn) “A systematic process of collecting, summarizing and recording data regarding the various resources and activities in a firm so as to calculate the basis of production costs used in financial accounting or making other relevant decisions in a firm (Horngren C.T) Cost accounting is broad and extends beyond calculating production costs for inventory valuation, which government-reporting requirements largely dictate. However accountants do not allow external reporting requirements to determine how they measure and control internal organizations activities. In fact, cost accounting focus is shifting from inventory valuation for financial reporting...
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